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And we are moving on in terms of the case,
Dr. Habermas, for Christians believing in

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the resurrection, the literal,
physical, bodily resurrection of Jesus

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Christ.

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Now, we have talked about hallucination.

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We've talked about there's 12 historical
facts that have been accepted by all

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critical scholars.

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And we've even gone down to four.

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I'd like to come back to a couple of
those.

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One is some people doubt that Jesus
actually died on the cross.

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In other words, Tony brought up at the
beginning of the program, we haven't got a

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date for His birth.

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We haven't got a date toward the end.

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What about that?

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How do we know that Jesus actually died on
the cross?

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Let's start with that.

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Do we have any other sources outside of
the New Testament that nail that one down?

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Well, I think on the case of crucifixion,
you have data coming in from a variety of

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angles.

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First of all, medical data.

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You have critical data from scholars.

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You have extra biblical data in a wide
variety.

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I said earlier that John Dominic Cross and
Marcus Borg, co-founders of the Jesus

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Seminar, both said that the fact that
Jesus was crucified is as sure as any fact

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in the ancient world, certainly in the
life of Christ.

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Why do they say that?

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Well, medical facts, real briefly,
in a Journal of the American Medical

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Association article about 15 years ago,
and there's many other dozens of medical

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articles, death by crucifixion is
essentially death by asphyxiation.

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The centurion or any other person standing
at a crucifixion does not have to have an

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EEG or an EKG.

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If you're hanging low on the cross for any
amount of time, studies from volunteers

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actually show a cutoff point of about 12
minutes.

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If you're hanging low for any amount of
time, you're not faking your death.

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And you've got the problem of the spear in
the side, which is in the Gospel of John,

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but which is confirmed from two other
sources outside the Bible, one Roman,

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one Christian, that they did these things,
that they offered a coup de grace.

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You've got David Strauss's critique,
a famous critique, who said that if Jesus

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got off the cross and he was alive,
you have a horrible problem because if he

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shows himself to the disciples,
you've got the problem that he's living,

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but he's not raised.

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And if they didn't believe he's raised,
there's no Christianity.

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Now that's some of the medicine.

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I told you about Borg and Cross.

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And why do they think that?

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Well, there's a lot of reasons.

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And I think they take the Gospels very
seriously here, but the extra biblical

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data that you asked for, of the 17 extra
biblical non-Christian sources within

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about 100, 150 years of the life of Jesus,
12 of them, roughly two-thirds,

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mention the cross and all kinds of
details.

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And also, Paul's our number one scholar
here.

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Give me a couple of them.

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Give me a couple of the outside sources.

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Outside sources, Tacitus mentions the fact
that Jesus died on the cross.

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He said Pontius Pilate was the Judean
procurator.

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He said that Tiberius was the governor.

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You have Lucian, the famous satirist who
called him a crucified sophist.

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You've got Marabar Serapion, who tells his
son to emulate Jesus, who gave his life

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and so on.

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Josephus and a passage that although it's
disputed, virtually everybody believes the

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portion about the cross there,
that he died.

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And Josephus also mentions Tiberius
Caesar.

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So this is all right there.

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You've got some Gnostic sources that
mentioned these things.

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You've got Thallus and Phlegon,
two scholars that mentioned that the

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darkness surrounded the world when Jesus
was crucified.

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So there's a bunch of them.

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And you've got Paul, that we both consider
the best source here.

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Paul mentions the crucifixion of Jesus on
several occasions and says that's his

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major preaching point.