WEBVTT 00:09.460 --> 00:14.180 The Scottish nation was once isolated from Europe and the rest of the world. 00:15.340 --> 00:19.540 They were known as an illiterate, barbarous people, with many fighting clans 00:19.540 --> 00:20.280 and tribes. 00:21.240 --> 00:26.060 But this nation went from isolation, being mocked and discredited by the 00:26.060 --> 00:30.200 English neighbours, as Macquards, where they rose up to become the most 00:30.200 --> 00:34.960 influential race of the modern world, influencing and dominating nearly every 00:34.960 --> 00:36.620 aspect of the planet. 00:37.460 --> 00:44.140 But they would have been insignificant if one man didn't decide to make a bold 00:44.140 --> 00:45.140 stand. 00:47.380 --> 00:50.140 Have you ever heard of a man by the name of John Knox? 00:50.560 --> 00:55.240 He was a 16th century Scottish reformer, a very controversial figure. 00:56.000 --> 00:58.460 To many he is labelled as a chauvinist. 00:58.460 --> 01:04.280 But one of his greatest inspirations for him making a stand was him studying the 01:04.280 --> 01:06.140 book of Daniel. 01:08.020 --> 01:12.240 A journey from England to Scotland by train is very expensive. 01:13.140 --> 01:16.900 It is actually cheaper to fly from England to Germany, where you pay half the price. 01:17.680 --> 01:19.780 But the scenery is very beautiful. 01:20.640 --> 01:25.240 But, as you arrive in Scotland's capital city since the 15th century, Edinburgh, 01:25.240 --> 01:29.660 the home of the Scottish Parliament, when you come out of the station and take 01:29.660 --> 01:32.680 a left, you'll walk up a long plight of stairs. 01:33.620 --> 01:36.680 If you are unhealthy, good luck. 01:37.780 --> 01:40.860 As you take a left at the top of the stairs and walk through an underpass, 01:41.280 --> 01:46.680 within 5 minutes from the station you will see St Giles Cathedral, also known as the 01:46.680 --> 01:47.860 High Kirk of Edinburgh. 01:48.680 --> 01:52.420 It is known as the central place of worship of the Church of Scotland in 01:52.420 --> 01:52.740 Edinburgh. 01:53.860 --> 01:58.380 Inside the building, it is huge, and it was once the headquarters of the 01:58.380 --> 02:01.240 father of Presbyterianism, John Knox. 02:02.340 --> 02:07.540 This statue of him presents him as a man who was huge in stature, but contemporary 02:07.540 --> 02:11.020 accounts of his day tell you that he was actually quite short. 02:12.060 --> 02:17.300 But the man, nicknamed the Thundering Scott, had a will of steel, and his bold 02:17.300 --> 02:21.840 stand was to greatly influence not only the landscape of Europe, but the entire 02:21.840 --> 02:22.240 world. 02:23.560 --> 02:26.440 But being a lone soldier does come with a price. 02:27.400 --> 02:32.600 In his early career, he was kidnapped by a French invasion of Scotland, and was a 02:32.600 --> 02:38.020 prisoner and a slave in fetters in France for two years until he was rescued. 02:39.200 --> 02:43.320 And there were apparent death threats and assassination attempts on his life. 02:44.580 --> 02:49.680 Though his beard could pass him as a modern-day Islamic imam, this man made a 02:49.680 --> 02:54.660 stand when there was no free press, no free platform, and no organ. 02:55.500 --> 02:59.180 The only way to defend your cause was via the church pulpit. 03:00.320 --> 03:04.840 And John Knox was standing in the middle of a very intense period of human history, 03:05.040 --> 03:09.840 the transition from the age of feudalism and the coming age of liberty. 03:10.420 --> 03:16.100 And he was one of many who was to play a key and pivotal role that brought about 03:16.100 --> 03:16.860 that change. 03:16.860 --> 03:20.580 But what inspired him to make that stand? 03:22.320 --> 03:27.920 Patrick Hamilton on the right and George Wishart on the left were two of many 03:27.920 --> 03:28.960 martyrs in Scotland. 03:29.820 --> 03:30.620 They were killed. 03:31.000 --> 03:31.200 Why? 03:31.680 --> 03:36.420 Because they put the authority of the Bible above the authority of the Catholic 03:36.420 --> 03:36.840 Church. 03:37.080 --> 03:39.420 That was a state crime. 03:40.820 --> 03:44.920 It was John Knox's close friend, George Wishart, whose death had the 03:44.920 --> 03:46.140 greatest impact on him. 03:47.200 --> 03:53.200 Wishart's arrest, trial, and execution at the age of 33 was ordered by Scottish 03:53.200 --> 03:59.200 statesman David Beaton, the most powerful figure in that nation, nicknamed the Cruel 03:59.200 --> 04:00.000 Persecutor. 04:00.880 --> 04:06.380 He was the Archbishop of St Andrews, Lord Chancellor of Scotland, and the last 04:06.380 --> 04:11.680 Cardinal Legate of Scotland, prior to the Reformation, being the first Scotsman to 04:11.680 --> 04:13.040 be raised in that position. 04:13.040 --> 04:19.220 He had eight children with his mistress and was an implacable opponent of the 04:19.220 --> 04:19.600 Reformation. 04:20.600 --> 04:25.960 But he was murdered by men who wanted to avenge George Wishart's death, 04:26.500 --> 04:31.520 and his mutilated body lay hanging from St Andrews Castle for months. 04:33.300 --> 04:38.720 John Knox was to learn from these deaths, and he aligned himself and worked within 04:38.720 --> 04:43.640 the birthplace of the Reformation, his sister country, England. 04:45.000 --> 04:50.940 Off Westminster Bridge is the famous St Thomas' Hospital, that was re-founded by a 04:50.940 --> 04:55.120 young man who was nicknamed the Young Josiah by the English reformers, 04:55.640 --> 05:02.340 King Edward VI, who wanted to reform England, and he appointed John Knox. 05:03.540 --> 05:08.220 John Knox became a chaplain in Westminster Cathedral and in Hampton Court Palace, 05:08.700 --> 05:10.160 the home of the Tudor monarchy. 05:11.360 --> 05:16.640 When King Edward VI continued and elaborated on his father's 1534 separation 05:16.640 --> 05:22.780 of England from Papal Rome, Knox was to be a part of that work, where he ministered 05:22.780 --> 05:28.740 in Berwick-upon-Teed, Newcastle, Kent and London, and left his mark on the 05:28.740 --> 05:32.220 Church of England, being a chief foster father of English Protestantism, 05:33.140 --> 05:37.340 who shaped the Articles and contributed to the Book of Common Prayer. 05:38.420 --> 05:41.140 But the young king's life was cut short. 05:42.180 --> 05:47.320 He got an illness and died at the young age of around 15 or 16. 05:48.460 --> 05:52.360 And though he tried at all costs to exclude his sisters from being his 05:52.360 --> 05:58.020 successor to the English throne, his older sister, Mary Tudor, was to turn 05:58.020 --> 06:03.680 England into a bloodbath during her five-year reign, by setting alight all 06:03.680 --> 06:08.600 those who put the word of God above the authority of the Catholic Church. 06:09.740 --> 06:14.760 John Knox fortunately fled the country in 1553 to France. 06:15.760 --> 06:21.060 And today, modern secular-minded, papal-leaning historians are trying to 06:21.060 --> 06:27.340 downplay the roughly 288 martyrs and those who also suffered imprisonment, 06:27.820 --> 06:31.040 torture and famine during her reign. 06:33.180 --> 06:37.680 English reformer and editor of Matthew's Bible, John Rogers, was the first 06:37.680 --> 06:39.740 Protestant martyr during Mary's reign. 06:40.960 --> 06:44.760 He was followed by other Protestant ministers, from left to right, 06:45.020 --> 06:48.420 Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. 06:49.440 --> 06:53.980 The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church, and they did not die in vain. 06:55.100 --> 06:59.200 In Smithfield, in London, was the beginning of martyrdom, and St 06:59.200 --> 07:03.400 Bartholomew's Hospital, on its wall, is a monument dedicated to the Smithfield 07:03.400 --> 07:04.460 martyrs. 07:04.620 --> 07:10.040 And the name that is engraved at the top is John Rogers, who was martyred in 1555. 07:11.380 --> 07:15.480 Not far from that monument is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, known as St 07:15.480 --> 07:21.520 Sepulchre without Newgate, and his name is also written at the top as vicar and first 07:21.520 --> 07:22.320 Protestant martyr. 07:23.460 --> 07:29.160 In Oxford is a monument as can be seen in the centre of the road, and at its top on 07:29.160 --> 07:33.760 the steeple are the martyrs, Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, 07:34.960 --> 07:40.380 Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London and Westminster, and Hugh Latimer, 07:40.900 --> 07:42.600 chaplain to King Edward VI. 07:43.820 --> 07:47.680 Their names are engraved on the monument, but why were they martyred? 07:48.680 --> 07:55.180 To be burned bearing witness to the sacred truths which they had affirmed and 07:55.180 --> 08:00.220 maintained against the errors of the Church of Rome. 08:01.480 --> 08:06.560 But their fellow reformer, John Knox, is sadly being undermined, and is 08:06.560 --> 08:12.100 presented to the public as an unbalanced fanatical killjoy, who brutalised the 08:12.100 --> 08:15.200 young teenage queen, Mary, Queen of Scots. 08:16.260 --> 08:20.840 The play in the Royal Lyceum Theatre in Scotland is called Glory on Earth, 08:21.500 --> 08:25.960 and it ran from the 20th of May to 10th of June 2017. 08:27.260 --> 08:32.340 And as you listen to the responses from the crowd, Knox is ridiculed, and one 08:32.340 --> 08:37.540 journal said that it is a call to arms for young women everywhere. 08:38.640 --> 08:42.900 The Roman Catholic Church has an absolutely cunning and clever way of 08:42.900 --> 08:48.920 making herself look like the victim of history, and the narrator has learned from 08:48.920 --> 08:54.200 a teenager that the best way of studying history is to go to the original 08:54.200 --> 08:54.980 documents. 08:55.960 --> 09:01.620 On a road called Seething Lane in London, still stands a house that was once the 09:01.620 --> 09:04.400 centre for gathering intelligence for the English government. 09:05.280 --> 09:09.820 Its name still bears the title of its former occupant, Walsingham House, 09:10.420 --> 09:14.720 and his documents can be found in the official archive of the UK government, 09:15.540 --> 09:20.040 a building in Kew in Richmond, in Greater London, the National Archives, 09:20.460 --> 09:23.440 that has documents dating back more than 1,000 years. 09:24.200 --> 09:27.940 And a handful of them belong to Sir Francis Walsingham, the Principal 09:27.940 --> 09:33.860 Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth I, known as her Spymaster, who is the 09:33.860 --> 09:37.380 godfather of modern-day intelligence and the secret services. 09:38.100 --> 09:43.800 He was a skilled diplomat whose knowledge of languages, French, Italian and Latin, 09:44.220 --> 09:48.940 and his recruitment of people from Cambridge and Oxford, nurtured the art of 09:48.940 --> 09:53.960 espionage and the questionable and controversial black art of psychological 09:53.960 --> 09:59.100 warfare, where he had the tools and techniques for making and breaking codes, 09:59.740 --> 10:04.200 and he was kept well informed on contemporary international politics. 10:05.200 --> 10:10.800 A book was published in 2006, titled Elizabeth Spymaster, by a highly respected 10:10.800 --> 10:16.440 OBE British historian, Robert Hutchinson, that is well documented and gives us a 10:16.440 --> 10:20.940 picture of the vast intelligence apparatus of Sir Francis Walsingham. 10:22.180 --> 10:28.160 An excerpt of it says that Sir Francis Walsingham changed the course of European 10:28.160 --> 10:28.580 history. 10:29.580 --> 10:35.760 His new network of intelligentsia was nearing full operational capability by 10:35.760 --> 10:36.480 1580. 10:37.620 --> 10:43.600 He now had agents based in 12 towns or cities in France, 9 in Germany, 10:44.240 --> 10:50.280 4 in Italy, 3 in the Low Countries, 4 in Spain, and others within the huge 10:50.280 --> 10:54.720 Turkish Empire in Algiers, Tripoli and Constantinople. 10:56.040 --> 11:00.580 Eight years after his death, his reputation as a clever and devious 11:00.580 --> 11:01.620 spymaster lived on. 11:02.840 --> 11:08.620 He outdid the Jesuits in their own bowl, that is, at their own game, and 11:08.620 --> 11:13.320 overreached them in their own equivocation, David Lloyd, the 17th 11:13.320 --> 11:18.300 century English biographer, wrote admiringly, in his state, were these. 11:19.620 --> 11:25.360 Many look at the fast-paced action-packed British intelligence flicks, mesmerized by 11:25.360 --> 11:27.800 the plots and intrigued by the storylines. 11:28.560 --> 11:34.280 But most are totally unaware that British intelligence, that consists of MI5 and 11:34.280 --> 11:40.660 MI6, was developed in the 16th century to protect the realm and to counter the 11:40.660 --> 11:45.680 deadly Catholic plots that were mostly spearheaded by Western Europe's once most 11:45.680 --> 11:50.480 deadliest foes, the Sons of Loyola, the Jesuits. 11:52.360 --> 11:56.980 English historians James Anthony Froud on the left and Protestant writer Walter 11:56.980 --> 12:02.060 Walsh on the right, a member of the Royal Historical Society, both used state 12:02.060 --> 12:06.720 documents to show what really happened during the days of John Knox and Queen 12:06.720 --> 12:07.460 Mary of Scots. 12:07.460 --> 12:13.440 And in the National Archives in Kew are a number of well-preserved documents that 12:13.440 --> 12:18.260 details who Mary Queen of Scots was, and she definitely was not innocent, 12:18.720 --> 12:20.400 but sinister and dark. 12:21.220 --> 12:27.580 It is clear one of Walsh's tasks was to review seditious books that were compiled 12:27.580 --> 12:35.920 by the Jesuits, and in 1577, May the 28th, it was discovered that Mary Queen of Scots 12:35.920 --> 12:41.120 was working with the Jesuits, one of many plots that were detected. 12:42.600 --> 12:46.200 John Knox's name is only mentioned a couple of times in the British state 12:46.200 --> 12:50.880 papers as a licensed preacher under the leadership of King Edward VI. 12:51.880 --> 12:57.660 But most are unaware that he collaborated with the English government and shared 12:57.660 --> 13:03.640 intel with Queen Elizabeth I and Lord Burley about a rumoured Franco-Spanish 13:03.640 --> 13:10.060 invasion and takeover of the British Isles, and to make by force Mary Queen of 13:10.060 --> 13:13.380 Scots monarch of both Scotland and England. 13:14.920 --> 13:22.020 In the 1973 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 13, under John Knox, 13:22.120 --> 13:28.440 it reads that in Scotland, matters wreaked a crisis in the spring of 1559. 13:29.540 --> 13:34.740 At this juncture, Henry II of France died and power fell into the hands of the 13:34.740 --> 13:39.460 Guises, the brothers of the Queen Regent and uncles of the young Queen of France, 13:39.900 --> 13:41.700 Mary Queen of Scots. 13:42.700 --> 13:48.180 Strong French intervention in Scotland was now assured in furtherance of the Guises' 13:48.280 --> 13:55.040 plan to displace Elizabeth and to unite France, Scotland and England under Francis 13:55.040 --> 13:57.600 II of France and Mary. 13:58.580 --> 14:04.000 A French victory in Scotland would place Elizabeth and England in grave peril. 14:04.000 --> 14:10.320 If not for religious, then for political reasons, it behoved England to make common 14:10.320 --> 14:12.560 cause with the Scottish Reformation. 14:14.020 --> 14:19.300 Knox lost no opportunity of driving this fact home to William Cecil, afterwards 14:19.300 --> 14:21.920 Lord Burley and Elizabeth. 14:23.180 --> 14:28.760 The autumn and winter of 1559 saw the Scottish Protestants in desperate plight. 14:28.760 --> 14:34.940 Only Knox's superhuman exertions and indomitable spirit kept the cause in 14:34.940 --> 14:35.260 being. 14:37.240 --> 14:43.240 In the blackest hour, his great sermon at Stirling put fresh heart into despairing 14:43.240 --> 14:46.800 Protestant leaders and saved off a revocable defeat. 14:47.760 --> 14:53.640 On Knox's resolution alone, in those months hung the fate, not only of Scottish 14:53.640 --> 14:59.280 Protestantism, but of Elizabeth England and perhaps of the Reformation throughout 14:59.280 --> 15:00.120 Europe. 15:02.140 --> 15:04.240 John Knox was a serious brother. 15:05.360 --> 15:09.880 Both himself and Walsingham's painstaking endearing efforts saved Europe of being 15:09.880 --> 15:15.400 gobbled up by a complete Roman Catholic takeover by the Franco-Spanish armies. 15:16.300 --> 15:21.340 John Knox believed that the confiscated property of lands and houses that were 15:21.340 --> 15:26.120 once owned by the Catholic Church in Scotland should be equally distributed to 15:26.120 --> 15:28.200 provide for the poor and the needy. 15:28.500 --> 15:32.120 But a greedy elite thwarted his plans and he was very upset. 15:33.180 --> 15:38.080 Along with other church ministers, John Knox compiled the Book of Discipline 15:38.080 --> 15:42.200 that outlined an elaborate educational scheme from parish school up to 15:42.200 --> 15:47.720 university, compulsory for all and free to the poor, where a peasant child, 15:48.060 --> 15:53.800 both girls and boys, can get access to education, and not just the nobility and 15:53.800 --> 15:54.160 the elite. 15:54.800 --> 15:59.320 And he believed not the state, but the church should finance this 15:59.320 --> 15:59.660 venture. 16:00.920 --> 16:06.120 John Knox, unlike other reformers, was not born into privilege, but from 16:06.120 --> 16:06.820 humble beginnings. 16:07.520 --> 16:10.160 But he was assisted by some of the nobility. 16:10.880 --> 16:14.800 One of them, before his untimely assassination, was James Stuart, 16:15.340 --> 16:20.880 the Earl of Moray, Regent of Scotland and the half-brother of Mary, Queen of Scots. 16:21.660 --> 16:24.420 This is how John Knox wanted to reform Scotland. 16:25.260 --> 16:30.500 But his nemesis, Mary Queen of Scots, is pictured as this guilty party by 16:30.500 --> 16:31.860 modern-day stage productions. 16:32.800 --> 16:37.680 But why was she so eager to govern both the thrones of Scotland and England? 16:38.520 --> 16:39.440 There is a reason why. 16:41.620 --> 16:46.680 Henry Tudor, also known as Henry VII, was an English monarch of Welsh descent 16:46.680 --> 16:49.580 who started the House of Tudor monarchy in England. 16:50.580 --> 16:53.880 He had a few children to continue the lineage. 16:55.060 --> 16:59.600 His successor to the English throne was Henry VIII, who also had a number of 16:59.600 --> 17:01.300 children to continue their legacy. 17:02.260 --> 17:07.240 And this allegorical painting shows him seated with his daughter Mary and her 17:07.240 --> 17:13.560 husband Philip II of Spain on the left, and his son Edward VI and his other 17:13.560 --> 17:15.560 daughter Elizabeth I on the right. 17:16.800 --> 17:21.980 Margaret Tudor was the brother of King Henry VIII and the daughter of King Henry 17:21.980 --> 17:22.320 VII. 17:23.200 --> 17:29.060 She married James Stuart, also known as James IV of Scotland, therefore forming an 17:29.060 --> 17:32.960 alliance between the Tudor and Stuart monarchy of England and Scotland. 17:34.060 --> 17:40.540 They had a child together, James V, and he married French Queen Marie or Mary 17:40.540 --> 17:45.660 the Guise of the Guise dynasty, that now formed a Franco-Scottish 17:45.660 --> 17:46.940 bloodline alliance. 17:48.380 --> 17:54.120 James V of Scotland and his wife, Mary or Marie, had a child who was born in 17:54.120 --> 17:59.720 Scotland but was raised in France, and she was Mary Stuart, better known as 17:59.720 --> 18:01.620 Mary Queen of the Scots. 18:02.640 --> 18:07.040 This Queen was therefore a descendant of the Tudors of England, being the 18:07.040 --> 18:11.700 great-niece of King Henry VIII, the Stuarts of Scotland on her father's 18:11.700 --> 18:14.320 side and the Guises of France on her mother's side. 18:15.460 --> 18:21.580 Her son, who the famous 1611 Bible is named after, James Stuart, King James VI 18:21.580 --> 18:26.860 of Scotland and the First of England, secured that position, and he was almost 18:26.860 --> 18:32.320 blown up by Guy Fawkes and his fellow co-Catholic conspirators in a failed coup 18:32.320 --> 18:37.000 who wanted to replace him with a Catholic king in what wasn't accomplished with Mary 18:37.000 --> 18:38.540 Queen of the Scots. 18:39.500 --> 18:45.040 When John Knox was summoned to her court, Mary Queen of Scots feared that her 18:45.040 --> 18:50.260 Scottish subjects were more obedient to him than to her, and though she could 18:50.260 --> 18:54.420 charm many with her bright intellect, not so with Knox. 18:55.060 --> 19:01.160 He told her that both Queen and subjects should obey God and not the religion of 19:01.160 --> 19:04.240 the monarch, for that violates their human rights. 19:05.560 --> 19:10.940 Your will, madame, said Knox, is no reason, neither does it make that Roman 19:10.940 --> 19:15.920 harlot to be the true and immaculate spouse of Jesus Christ. 19:17.380 --> 19:20.140 John Knox brought Mary to tears. 19:21.160 --> 19:23.020 Her authority was being challenged. 19:24.060 --> 19:29.360 But as he read through the state papers, Sir Francis Walsingham intercepted a plan 19:29.360 --> 19:36.260 in 1568, December 20th, of an attempt between France and Spain for altering the 19:36.260 --> 19:40.920 religion of England, and he wanted to place the Queen of Scots on the throne. 19:40.920 --> 19:48.520 In 1571, another plot was intercepted of an attempt of Spain invading England and 19:48.520 --> 19:51.080 setting up the Queen of Scots as the monarch. 19:51.840 --> 19:58.360 And in 1575, another plan was intercepted, where several Scots refugees in France 19:58.360 --> 20:03.580 attempted to liberate Mary Queen of Scots, who was under house arrest in England. 20:04.580 --> 20:08.880 There was also another reason why the English intelligence was so sharp. 20:08.880 --> 20:15.140 In the year John Knox died in 1572, as shown in the film Queen Margot, 20:15.860 --> 20:23.100 was the famous St. Bartholomew's Massacre, where roughly estimated 70,000 Protestants 20:23.100 --> 20:26.540 were massacred by a Catholic mob throughout France. 20:27.440 --> 20:31.060 Neither rank, sex, nor age was spared. 20:32.060 --> 20:37.000 In the Vatican, in St. Peter's Basilica, is a statue of Pope Gregory XIII, 20:37.680 --> 20:40.300 who the famous 1582 calendar is named after. 20:41.340 --> 20:45.920 He sits above his master, the dragon, but he endorsed the massacre. 20:47.180 --> 20:52.320 This coin struck by him is a glorification of that massacre in 1572. 20:53.280 --> 20:58.700 But who inspired the Catholic monarch, Catherine de' Medici, as can be seen in 20:58.700 --> 21:02.120 this painting, to conduct this papal bloodbath? 21:03.000 --> 21:07.980 In a book titled The Power and the Secret of the Jesuits, published in 1930, 21:08.600 --> 21:14.080 by Austrian cultural historian and writer René Fulop-Miller, he documents that it 21:14.080 --> 21:20.740 was Diego Lainez, the second superior general of the Jesuits, back then labelled 21:20.740 --> 21:25.520 the Black Pope, because of the colour of his ecclesiastical clothing, who 21:25.520 --> 21:31.560 intellectually masterminded the massacre after a firm meeting with Catherine de' 21:31.640 --> 21:31.900 Medici. 21:32.120 --> 21:38.980 Make no concessions to heresy, Lainez had declared, addressing himself to 21:38.980 --> 21:43.840 the Queen Regent, who was Catherine de' Medici, but rather uphold the Catholic 21:43.840 --> 21:46.240 faith with all your authority. 21:47.120 --> 21:52.380 Then will God, mindful of your piety, reserve to you your earthly kingdom, 21:52.860 --> 21:55.220 and admit you to the kingdom of heaven. 21:56.000 --> 22:01.200 If, however, on the other hand, you are unmindful of your duties toward 22:01.200 --> 22:08.900 God, then tremble lest, together with the heavenly kingdom, you lose also your 22:08.900 --> 22:09.680 earthly kingdom. 22:11.660 --> 22:17.000 Sir Francis Walsingham was an eyewitness to this bloodbath, for he was the English 22:17.000 --> 22:22.880 diplomat to Paris in France, who just about escaped it with his family where he 22:22.880 --> 22:27.620 smuggled them out, and what he saw was to scar him for life. 22:28.300 --> 22:33.320 And he saw what could happen to England and its Protestant subjects if the 22:33.320 --> 22:37.560 European armies of Papal Rome were to ever conquer England. 22:38.840 --> 22:43.640 These three documents was the indictment of Mary, Queen of Scots. 22:44.660 --> 22:49.820 They are a record of her secret liaison with fellow conspirators to undermine the 22:49.820 --> 22:52.660 English throne and place her as Queen. 22:53.760 --> 23:01.400 This one, titled State Paper 53.4.18, Mary, Queen of Scots, is what Walsingham 23:01.400 --> 23:02.820 used at her trial. 23:04.000 --> 23:08.900 It was a letter Mary wrote to Anthony Badminton of six gentlemen who were 23:08.900 --> 23:12.220 assigned to kill Queen Elizabeth I. 23:13.120 --> 23:21.700 And the two ciphers also in blue leather folio volumes, State Paper 53.4.22-23, 23:22.480 --> 23:27.340 are Walsingham's interception of Mary's letters that were written in codes. 23:28.640 --> 23:34.260 Walsingham's cipher school was able to decode these secret messages of Mary and 23:34.260 --> 23:37.640 expose her as a deadly, treasonous woman. 23:38.640 --> 23:45.120 She was executed for her crimes against the state and her body still lies in 23:45.120 --> 23:49.020 Westminster Cathedral in a well-preserved coffin at the back. 23:50.100 --> 23:53.060 But it was John Knox who first hindered her plans. 23:54.100 --> 23:57.160 But what was the impact he left in Scotland? 23:58.000 --> 24:03.380 Writers like John Lorenz von Mosheim, the German Lutheran church historian, 24:03.880 --> 24:07.860 preserved his legacy in his famous work An Ecclesiastical History. 24:09.020 --> 24:13.180 Philip Schaff, the Swiss-American German-educated Protestant theologian, 24:13.720 --> 24:17.680 also preserved John Knox's legacy in his History of the Christian Church. 24:18.400 --> 24:24.240 And Thomas McCree or McCrye the Younger, a Scottish minister and church historian, 24:24.720 --> 24:28.320 wrote one of the first biographies on John Knox's life. 24:30.680 --> 24:34.940 Scotland was an isolated country from the rest of Europe, known for its fighting 24:34.940 --> 24:35.400 clans. 24:36.220 --> 24:39.780 But Knox was to put it onto the highest plains in Europe. 24:40.880 --> 24:46.240 Thomas Sewell is an American economist and is currently a senior fellow at the Hoover 24:46.240 --> 24:48.120 Institution at Stanford University. 24:48.820 --> 24:53.260 He wrote what the Scots were like prior to and after the Reformation. 24:54.260 --> 25:01.580 In his book, Intellectuals and Race, he said In earlier centuries, Scotland had 25:01.580 --> 25:04.980 been one of the most backward nations on the fringes of European civilisation. 25:05.780 --> 25:11.120 Later, Scots had a spectacular rise to the forefront of European civilisation. 25:12.240 --> 25:17.800 As far back as Roman times, Scotland lagged behind England and, as late as the 25:17.800 --> 25:22.180 14th century, there were said to be no Scottish barons who could write his own 25:22.180 --> 25:22.500 name. 25:22.500 --> 25:28.500 Scottish agriculture was primitive and its industry virtually non-existent. 25:29.220 --> 25:33.820 The people were illiterate and there was no law and order except for the arbitrary 25:33.820 --> 25:35.880 ethics of local clan chiefs. 25:37.060 --> 25:41.680 The spread of the English language, beginning in the Scottish lowlands, 25:42.220 --> 25:46.880 opened a whole new world of literature in numerous fields to the Scots. 25:46.880 --> 25:52.320 Fields in which there was little or no literature in the indigenous Gaelic 25:52.320 --> 25:53.220 language. 25:54.280 --> 26:00.320 Education caught on so widely in the Scottish lowlands that they had compulsory 26:00.320 --> 26:06.600 education before England did and developed the most extensive system of schools in 26:06.600 --> 26:09.260 Europe, and that was down to John Knox. 26:10.440 --> 26:15.380 From the middle of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century, most of the 26:15.380 --> 26:20.040 leading British intellectual figures were either from Scotland or of Scottish 26:20.040 --> 26:20.640 ancestry. 26:21.600 --> 26:27.000 These included David Hume in philosophy, Adam Smith in economics, Joseph Black in 26:27.000 --> 26:32.100 chemistry, Robert Adam in architecture, James Watt in engineering, Sir Walter 26:32.100 --> 26:36.740 Scott in literature and John Stuart Mill in economics, philosophy and political 26:36.740 --> 26:37.600 science. 26:37.600 --> 26:43.640 In medicine, Scots likewise moved to the forefront, not only in Britain but also in 26:43.640 --> 26:48.220 Russia, where Catherine the Great had a Scottish physician, and in America, 26:48.660 --> 26:51.840 where Scots established some of the earliest medical schools. 26:53.500 --> 26:57.980 Scots also set the world standard in engineering in general and shipbuilding in 26:57.980 --> 26:58.400 particular. 26:59.160 --> 27:03.800 By 1871, nearly half the ships built in Great Britain were built in Scotland. 27:04.620 --> 27:09.680 Scottish universities surged ahead of English universities in science and 27:09.680 --> 27:10.220 engineering. 27:11.080 --> 27:16.780 In short, the Scots surpassed those from whom they once learned. 27:18.000 --> 27:22.240 From reading the works of Thomas Sewell, you would think that he borrowed it 27:22.240 --> 27:27.180 verbatim from a Scottish writer who wrote about his homeland and its development 27:27.180 --> 27:28.380 since the Reformation. 27:29.540 --> 27:35.280 East Preston Bell Ground is a well-kept cemetery in Edinburgh in Scotland that has 27:35.280 --> 27:39.600 the remains of what looks like many affluent people in Scotland, where the 27:39.600 --> 27:45.300 graves are very well kept, and among them lies the remains of a man and his family. 27:46.280 --> 27:51.580 His name is Dr James Aitken Wiley, a Protestant professor and Scottish 27:51.580 --> 27:52.100 historian. 27:52.900 --> 27:58.960 At the bottom of his grave are the words, till he come, where he waits to arise at 27:58.960 --> 27:59.860 the first resurrection. 28:00.680 --> 28:03.540 But until then, let us resurrect his words. 28:04.160 --> 28:09.660 Wiley was, and the narrator will say still is, a prolific writer and the leading 28:09.660 --> 28:13.300 Protestant authority throughout the English-speaking world in Christendom. 28:14.200 --> 28:19.320 He was not a patriot who romanticised about the past, he was not a polemic, 28:19.680 --> 28:23.740 and did not believe in the deus hero worship of the great man of history like 28:23.740 --> 28:25.380 fellow Scot Thomas Carlyle. 28:26.200 --> 28:31.640 He was balanced, and from young Wiley knew that through all the ages of the future, 28:32.540 --> 28:36.520 the foremost place among Scotsmen must belong to Knox. 28:37.360 --> 28:42.740 John Knox never feared man because he never mistrusted God. 28:43.920 --> 28:48.340 Knox grasped the eternal principle of liberty, the government of the human 28:48.340 --> 28:49.760 conscience, by the Bible. 28:50.600 --> 28:55.220 And planting his reformation upon this foundation stone, he endowed it with the 28:55.220 --> 28:56.820 attribute of durability. 28:58.760 --> 29:03.500 From an early date, Scotland had been in course of preparation for the part it was 29:03.500 --> 29:06.040 to act in the great movement of the 16th century. 29:06.940 --> 29:11.660 A small country, it was parted by barbarism as well as by distance from the 29:11.660 --> 29:12.940 rest of the world. 29:13.640 --> 29:18.680 The land was the dwelling of savage tribes who practised the horrid rites and 29:18.680 --> 29:22.580 worshipped, under other names, the deities to which the ancient Assyrians 29:22.580 --> 29:23.900 had bowed down. 29:25.100 --> 29:30.400 Of all the countries of Europe, Scotland is the country which owes most to 29:30.400 --> 29:33.340 the reformation, seeing it received most from it. 29:34.260 --> 29:38.600 The reformation found Scotland a country of inhospitable bogs and moors, 29:39.140 --> 29:43.340 and it has made it a country of gardens and richly cultivated fields. 29:44.420 --> 29:48.780 The reformation found Scotland a land without letters, and it gave it a 29:48.780 --> 29:53.760 literature destined to endure while the language lasts, rivalling in terseness and 29:53.760 --> 29:59.260 elegance of diction the purest models of the Augustan era, and far excelling them 29:59.260 --> 30:02.680 in dignity of matter and grandeur of sentiments. 30:03.720 --> 30:08.600 The reformation found Scotland a land without arts, and made it the inventress 30:08.600 --> 30:12.400 of the steam engine which has revolutionised the labour of the world, 30:12.400 --> 30:16.920 and is destined, after carving its own soil with the marvels of industry and 30:16.920 --> 30:22.200 trade, to extend the blessings of commerce to the remotest shores and the rudest 30:22.200 --> 30:22.620 tribes. 30:23.620 --> 30:28.540 In a word, the reformation found Scotland the least of the European nations, 30:28.960 --> 30:34.060 and it has placed it in conjunction with its sister of England at the head of the 30:34.060 --> 30:35.760 nations of the earth. 30:36.800 --> 30:41.520 This well-researched book, How the Scots Invented the Modern World, by Arthur L. 30:41.600 --> 30:47.540 Herman, an American public historian that was published in 2001, is the only known 30:47.540 --> 30:51.880 modern work that credits John Knox as developing the Scottish culture, 30:52.500 --> 30:57.180 whereby most historians credit Scotland's greatness to the Enlightenment period of 30:57.180 --> 30:58.140 the 1700s. 30:59.260 --> 31:03.720 King James VI of Scotland and the First of England's tutors were some of the best 31:03.720 --> 31:04.920 minds in Scotland. 31:06.320 --> 31:11.200 Scottish historian George Buchanan, on the left, was a protestant and known as 31:11.200 --> 31:12.580 Scotland's greatest humanist. 31:13.420 --> 31:16.220 He was educated in Paris, France and was a tutor to the young king. 31:17.160 --> 31:20.720 Sir Peter Young, on the right, was also a protestant. 31:21.400 --> 31:25.340 He was a Scottish diplomat who studied under Theodore Beezer in Geneva, 31:25.500 --> 31:25.760 Scotland. 31:25.760 --> 31:28.320 He was also a tutor to the young king. 31:29.780 --> 31:34.200 John Napier, the 8th Lord of Murchiston, was also a Scottish protestant. 31:34.760 --> 31:37.660 He was a mathematician, physicist and astronomer. 31:38.400 --> 31:42.440 He wrote a commentary on the Book of Revelation, published in 1593, 31:43.200 --> 31:48.400 and, like John Knox, identified the papacy as the harlot of Revelation, chapter 17. 31:48.400 --> 31:53.780 But he was also the discoverer of logarithms that revolutionised the 31:53.780 --> 31:59.800 mathematics from the 17th century to this day, from his 1614 publication that he 31:59.800 --> 32:01.740 spent over 20 years devising. 32:03.020 --> 32:07.520 Both the knowledge of science, math and the Bible were interchangeable at 32:07.520 --> 32:11.600 that time period, and one Scot made some very serious contributions. 32:13.220 --> 32:18.700 Alexander Cruden was a Scottish author who made one of the earliest concordances of 32:18.700 --> 32:19.080 the Bible. 32:20.520 --> 32:25.900 In Camden Passage, a small alleyway in Angel, in North London, is where he lived 32:25.900 --> 32:26.960 and where he died. 32:27.640 --> 32:31.600 And there is a monument just above this restaurant, on the top left, where it 32:31.600 --> 32:34.880 describes him as a humanist scholar and intellectual. 32:34.880 --> 32:40.980 A Tute appointed bookseller to Queen Caroline in 1737, who compiled the 32:40.980 --> 32:42.140 concordance of the Bible. 32:43.080 --> 32:48.380 But the Scots were to also influence philosophy, literature, architecture and 32:48.380 --> 32:52.640 construction, economics, building on England's foundation. 32:53.560 --> 32:58.240 And in the field of science were its top academic institutions, like the University 32:58.240 --> 33:03.120 of Glasgow, where it trained many of the leading men in the 1700s and onwards. 33:04.040 --> 33:09.200 In London's Piccadilly, the white building on the right houses the Royal Astronomical 33:09.200 --> 33:14.180 Society, that encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar system science, 33:14.580 --> 33:17.180 geophysics and closely related branches of science. 33:18.660 --> 33:23.060 Thomas Dick, the Scottish Church minister and scientist, who harmonised the Bible 33:23.060 --> 33:25.780 and science, was educated at the University of Glasgow. 33:27.040 --> 33:31.860 Joseph Black, Scottish physician and chemist, is best known for his discoveries 33:31.860 --> 33:37.320 of magnesium, the concept of latent heat and the rediscovery of fixed air, 33:37.720 --> 33:39.600 that we call today carbon dioxide. 33:40.180 --> 33:44.720 He was also educated at the University of Glasgow, where he also became a professor 33:44.720 --> 33:48.400 of anatomy and chemistry at that institution. 33:49.680 --> 33:54.080 Scottish anatomist and physician William Hunter has a museum named after him to 33:54.080 --> 33:54.860 further his studies. 33:55.780 --> 33:57.460 He was educated at the University of Glasgow. 33:58.420 --> 34:02.060 His younger brother, the surgeon John Hunter, though not educated in Glasgow, 34:02.440 --> 34:06.660 but in London, also has a museum named after him in London for his contributions 34:06.660 --> 34:07.680 to science. 34:09.060 --> 34:13.180 In London's Embankment is an architectural work that was designed by a Scot. 34:14.200 --> 34:19.040 This neoclassical style of building is called Somerset House on London's Waterloo 34:19.040 --> 34:19.400 Bridge. 34:20.700 --> 34:24.680 Overlooking London's River Thames, it is also the campus of London's King 34:24.680 --> 34:25.060 College. 34:25.780 --> 34:30.600 It was designed by Swiss-born Scottish architect Sir William Chambers, 34:31.240 --> 34:35.540 a member of the Swedish East India Company, the Royal Academy and the 34:35.540 --> 34:41.060 architectural tutor to the young Prince of Wales, later King George III, but he had a 34:41.060 --> 34:41.320 rival. 34:42.900 --> 34:48.060 It was Robert Adam who transformed the art of building in the modern world, 34:48.520 --> 34:53.320 and this Scot was to also have an impact on modern architecture. 34:54.560 --> 34:58.780 There is a road named after him by the Wallace Collection behind London's 34:58.780 --> 35:04.040 Selfridges, and the house where he once lived still has a plaque bearing his name. 35:05.060 --> 35:10.700 It is on a road called Fitzroy Square, and he was one of the men who reintroduced 35:10.700 --> 35:13.300 neoclassical architecture into Britain. 35:15.080 --> 35:19.400 And in the field of finance, when you come out of Bank Station in London's famous 35:19.400 --> 35:23.180 Square Mile, there is a building designed in neoclassical architecture. 35:23.320 --> 35:28.260 It is the headquarters of the Bank of England, the central bank of the United 35:28.260 --> 35:32.720 Kingdom, the second oldest central bank and the eighth oldest bank in the world, 35:33.300 --> 35:38.560 that was set up in 1694 for the benefit of English merchants in the 17th century 35:38.560 --> 35:44.500 after a terrible naval defeat from the French on the 10th of July 1690 on the 35:44.500 --> 35:48.740 English Channel at the Battle of Beachy Head, that would inspire England to build 35:48.740 --> 35:54.340 a powerful Royal Navy that would help in the development of trade, agriculture and 35:54.340 --> 36:00.020 industry, and the newly developed economic system of trafficking in slaves that 36:00.020 --> 36:04.140 contributed greatly to the build-up of the finances of the British Empire. 36:05.240 --> 36:09.540 Slave traders and bankers badly needed credit, so the merchants became the 36:09.540 --> 36:13.920 bankers of the slave trade, where the Bank of England governed the whole system of 36:13.920 --> 36:14.980 commercial credit. 36:15.920 --> 36:18.200 But who was one of its chief co-creators? 36:19.200 --> 36:24.080 William Paterson, a Dumfriesshire Scot, was a man who had drawn up the original 36:24.080 --> 36:26.260 proposal for the Bank of England. 36:27.740 --> 36:33.580 Another Scot, a convicted murderer and economist, John Law, set up a bank in 36:33.580 --> 36:38.480 France, the Banque Générale, that could issue paper money or banknotes. 36:39.240 --> 36:43.820 He was responsible for the Mississippi Company bubble that financed the monopoly 36:43.820 --> 36:46.020 and expansion of the French Empire. 36:47.580 --> 36:52.520 Another Scottish economist, Adam Smith, famous for the work World of Nations, 36:53.060 --> 36:56.100 that has played one of the major contributions to economic and political 36:56.100 --> 37:01.500 theory, laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory, and he was 37:01.500 --> 37:04.500 also educated at the University of Glasgow. 37:05.620 --> 37:08.080 What about modern trains and rail travel? 37:08.800 --> 37:12.920 How did the modern world get to reach their destinations in rapid time? 37:14.260 --> 37:19.980 In London's Science Museum are many, many inventions that are dedicated to the 37:19.980 --> 37:21.320 history of rail travel. 37:22.380 --> 37:28.700 Both Thomas Sewell and James Akinwiley are clear that it was the Scots who started 37:28.700 --> 37:31.960 rail travel, but it was developed from the English. 37:32.800 --> 37:37.800 This is the workshop of James Watt, the Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer 37:37.800 --> 37:42.840 and chemist, educated at the University of Glasgow, who developed a steam engine that 37:42.840 --> 37:44.680 has impacted modern travel. 37:45.740 --> 37:50.320 He was a fellowship at the Royal Society of both London and Edinburgh, and the 37:50.320 --> 37:54.280 London Independent says that his workshop changed the world. 37:55.200 --> 37:59.940 And the Guardian said that James Watt changed history and the future of our 37:59.940 --> 38:00.240 planet. 38:00.240 --> 38:02.420 But it doesn't stop there. 38:03.320 --> 38:08.640 Most of us, not all, for there is a lot of poverty out there, possess a mobile cell 38:08.640 --> 38:08.880 phone. 38:09.740 --> 38:14.920 And modern smartphones are like computers, where you can pay bills, take pictures, 38:15.360 --> 38:19.700 watch a documentary, film or the news, make a call and the list goes on. 38:20.520 --> 38:23.260 But who is responsible for this invention? 38:24.500 --> 38:29.040 Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell is credited with patenting the telephone. 38:30.240 --> 38:34.260 But there seems to be a very heated discussion of recent times, for Americans 38:34.260 --> 38:36.560 are claiming that he stole it from them. 38:38.440 --> 38:39.860 What about the television? 38:40.780 --> 38:45.500 Homes that are privileged have their slick paper-thin flat-screen TVs on the wall, 38:46.000 --> 38:49.880 or it is like having a cinema in your living room with surround sound. 38:49.880 --> 38:55.020 But once again, it was an invention that was developed by another Scot, 38:55.700 --> 39:01.240 John Logie Beard, an unknown figure in the development of modern day technology. 39:02.100 --> 39:07.120 In London's Soho, there is a street just off Oxford Street called Fifth Street. 39:08.140 --> 39:11.840 And as you walk down the road, there is a plaque that commemorates the 39:11.840 --> 39:17.180 house where John Logie Beard first developed or demonstrated television. 39:18.220 --> 39:24.300 But with greatness always comes wickedness and abuses, and unbeknownst to many, 39:24.720 --> 39:27.040 the Scots greatly profited from slavery. 39:27.820 --> 39:32.660 The narrator's surname, McQueen, Mac meaning son of, son of a queen, 39:33.160 --> 39:34.420 is Scottish Celtic. 39:35.120 --> 39:39.260 So the Scots played a role in those Caribbean slave plantations, though the 39:39.260 --> 39:43.580 Scottish educational system prefers that it is not mentioned in the curriculum to 39:43.580 --> 39:44.940 be taught in the schools. 39:46.140 --> 39:50.300 Thomas Carlyle, the Scottish historian and philosopher, whose statue stands in 39:50.300 --> 39:56.600 Chelsea, saw the slave trade as a fully justified act, embracing the racist ideas 39:56.600 --> 39:59.440 of other Scots, David Hume and John Hunter. 39:59.860 --> 40:05.640 And he shared his views with another Scot, whose statue is in Embankment Gardens, 40:06.280 --> 40:09.920 John Stuart Mill, a proponent of utilitarianism. 40:10.700 --> 40:13.500 He inherited a lot of his ideas from his father. 40:14.580 --> 40:20.800 They both at one time lived in the same house, and his father was a Scotsman whose 40:20.800 --> 40:26.420 name was James Mill, an opponent of religion and one of the chief strategists 40:26.420 --> 40:28.860 of British colonial rule in India. 40:30.040 --> 40:35.320 When Britain ruled India, the jewel in the crown it was called, they left some very 40:35.320 --> 40:40.600 bad scars, famines, massacres, and by the time India got its independence 40:40.600 --> 40:45.560 in 1947, over 90% of the population were illiterate. 40:47.660 --> 40:52.180 The Scots have also influenced how the world measures the age of the earth. 40:53.540 --> 40:59.380 The earth is young, thousands of years old, but there are those who have a 40:59.380 --> 41:05.620 uniformitarian view, which is the theory that geological processes are always due 41:05.620 --> 41:09.480 to continuously and uniformly operating forces. 41:10.640 --> 41:16.560 James Hutton, a Scottish geologist, physician and naturalist, was the original 41:16.560 --> 41:22.100 proposer of uniformitarianism that taught that sedimentary strata were laid down 41:22.100 --> 41:27.840 slowly over long periods and this continuous cycle of events would take an 41:27.840 --> 41:31.280 immense time or millions of years. 41:32.240 --> 41:36.720 This view was embraced by English naturalist Charles Lyell, the man who 41:36.720 --> 41:42.320 inspired Charles Darwin, and it is the accepted basis for geological teaching 41:42.320 --> 41:42.920 today. 41:43.960 --> 41:49.360 But as this study draws to a close, we will look at two more Scotsmen trained 41:49.360 --> 41:53.000 at the University of Glasgow who influence the modern world. 41:54.340 --> 42:00.700 William Thompson, 1st Baron Kelvin, was an Irish-born Scottish physicist and 42:00.700 --> 42:05.500 engineer who is famous for being the discoverer of the second law of 42:05.500 --> 42:10.500 thermodynamics and an inventor of telegraphic and scientific instruments. 42:11.600 --> 42:16.300 Just off Belgravesca in Belgravia, that houses a high number of foreign 42:16.300 --> 42:20.360 embassies in London, is a road called Eton Place. 42:21.560 --> 42:24.800 It was once the home of the Scottish inventor Lord Kelvin. 42:25.860 --> 42:32.080 On display in London's Science Museum is one of his inventions, a tide-predicting 42:32.080 --> 42:35.820 machine to predict the motion of tides in the 1870s. 42:36.340 --> 42:41.740 But the most influential chemist of the 19th century also had a classmate who was 42:41.740 --> 42:46.760 studying in his chemistry class, fellow Scot and medical missionary and 42:46.760 --> 42:51.900 explorer from the London Missionary Society, David Livingstone, who has a 42:51.900 --> 42:53.440 sextant in his hand. 42:54.880 --> 42:57.180 David Livingstone was a serious man. 42:58.020 --> 43:02.700 He may look like he had issues from this photo, but it was very rare to see people 43:02.700 --> 43:04.740 smile in the 19th century photo-ops. 43:05.620 --> 43:10.360 But in his exploration in the interior of Africa, he was to expose one of the most 43:10.360 --> 43:16.940 downplayed, rarely spoken about episodes of modern human history, the Arab Muslim's 43:16.940 --> 43:19.560 role in the slave trade in Africa. 43:21.040 --> 43:24.160 Slavery, till this very day, is still a touchy subject. 43:25.160 --> 43:28.940 Though it has existed for thousands of years and still continues to this day, 43:29.880 --> 43:36.100 everybody today sees themselves as victims when both blacks, whites and Arabs all 43:36.100 --> 43:38.060 collectively played a central role. 43:38.980 --> 43:44.020 It is rumoured that in Arab-dominated states in Mauritanian West Africa and the 43:44.020 --> 43:48.680 famine-cholera-stricken Yemen, blacks are still slaves in the Muslim 43:48.680 --> 43:49.060 world. 43:50.100 --> 43:54.520 This courageous missionary wanted to put an end to it, and David Livingstone 43:54.520 --> 43:56.980 attended night classes to get the education he craved. 43:57.800 --> 44:02.320 By the time he was 14, he had learned Latin and Greek, and mastered stacks of 44:02.320 --> 44:03.200 theological literature. 44:04.040 --> 44:09.000 He got on well with Africans, better in fact than he did with white Europeans. 44:10.180 --> 44:14.600 Livingstone clashed repeatedly with the local Moors, those were the Dutch 44:14.600 --> 44:19.300 descendants who later set up the state of apartheid in South Africa, especially when 44:19.300 --> 44:23.040 he supported a local native revolt against their rule. 44:24.060 --> 44:27.540 Livingstone did what he could to hinder the slave traders. 44:28.340 --> 44:32.720 He did not hesitate to give modern firearms to African communities to fight 44:32.720 --> 44:33.200 them off. 44:34.420 --> 44:38.440 Livingstone's third and final African expedition was sponsored by the Royal 44:38.440 --> 44:39.580 Geographical Society. 44:40.480 --> 44:44.280 He planned to discover the source of the Nile in Eastern Africa. 44:45.480 --> 44:49.980 This was one serious brother, whose last expedition was financed by the Royal 44:49.980 --> 44:51.000 Geographical Society. 44:51.960 --> 44:56.560 He was so respected by them, that on the north side of their building, on the main 44:56.560 --> 45:02.720 road called Kensington Gorge, is a bronze statue of Scotsman David Livingstone. 45:02.720 --> 45:07.820 He died in Africa, but his body was transferred to England where he now sleeps 45:07.820 --> 45:10.820 in Westminster Cathedral until the first resurrection. 45:11.860 --> 45:16.480 But his children, his daughter and his son on the left, his son Caesar and his 45:16.480 --> 45:22.580 daughter standing, still continued in bettering race relations as can be seen in 45:22.580 --> 45:24.880 this photo that was taken in Nottingham. 45:25.660 --> 45:31.460 But none of these accomplishments of the Scots would have been possible if John 45:31.460 --> 45:33.880 Knox did not make a bold stand. 45:35.780 --> 45:39.760 Behind this church in a parking lot are his remains, under number 23. 45:40.940 --> 45:45.360 Many feel this greatly discredits him, but like Livingstone and others before 45:45.360 --> 45:49.900 them, these all died in faith, not having received the promises, 45:50.360 --> 45:52.060 but having seen them afar off. 45:53.940 --> 45:59.600 John Knox was to preserve many of his theological and prophetic beliefs that he 45:59.600 --> 46:04.140 committed to his two secretaries, that many reformers and churches in 46:04.140 --> 46:08.460 succeeding centuries in the English speaking world were to continue to expound 46:08.460 --> 46:12.140 upon in their prophetic discourses of where they were in time. 46:12.920 --> 46:17.880 Knox preserved it in his The History of the Reformation of Religion within the 46:17.880 --> 46:22.920 Realm of Scotland that was published between 1559 and 1566. 46:24.320 --> 46:30.060 At Easter, after Anno 1547, came to the castle of St. Andrews John Knox, 46:30.840 --> 46:35.580 and so the next Sunday was appointed to the said John to express his mind in the 46:35.580 --> 46:40.120 public preaching place, which day approaching, the said John took the next 46:40.120 --> 46:46.680 written text in Daniel 7 and made a short discourse of the four empires. 46:46.680 --> 46:52.000 The Babylonian, the Persian, that of the Greek, and the fourth of the Romans, 46:52.380 --> 46:58.120 in the destruction of Ruth, wrote up that last piece, which he affirmed to be the 46:58.120 --> 47:04.200 Roman church, for no other power that ever hath yet been to all the notes that God 47:04.200 --> 47:08.720 hath showed to the prophet appertain except to it alone. 47:09.480 --> 47:13.040 The man of sin, the Antichrist, the whore of Babylon. 47:13.040 --> 47:15.400 And what will this power attempt to do? 47:16.560 --> 47:21.580 And shall speak great words against the Most High, and shall consume the saints of 47:21.580 --> 47:26.680 the Most High, and think to change times and laws, and they shall be given into his 47:26.680 --> 47:30.760 hands until a time, and times, and dividing of time. 47:31.860 --> 47:35.420 This was John Knox's expose of Daniel chapter 7. 47:36.700 --> 47:43.420 Unfortunately, the Banner of Truth 1982 and 1994 reprint edition edits out the 47:43.420 --> 47:48.220 four kingdoms in Daniel chapter 7, whether it's deliberately or by mistake, 47:48.580 --> 47:49.580 the narrator cannot say. 47:50.580 --> 47:54.080 But that is why the narrator only deals with originals. 47:55.420 --> 48:00.720 John Knox left his mark on the planet, both in the religious world and in the 48:00.720 --> 48:01.260 secular world. 48:02.160 --> 48:07.340 And even though there are those who are trying to eclipse his legacy, it was the 48:07.340 --> 48:12.420 martyrdom of his close friend George Wishart and his study on the book of 48:12.420 --> 48:18.340 Daniel that shaped his worldview and steered his path towards reforming a 48:18.340 --> 48:18.720 state. 48:19.860 --> 48:24.140 We are living in a time where church freedoms are slowly and gently being 48:24.140 --> 48:26.280 chipped away, each and every day. 48:27.460 --> 48:32.460 And while there are many who are scared, those who carefully study the book of 48:32.460 --> 48:38.360 Daniel, like John Knox, will not worry about the future at all. 48:51.440 --> 48:52.720 Thank you for watching.