WEBVTT 00:00.680 --> 00:05.000 The Lutheran Reformation, an Explain Everything presentation by Kevin F. 00:05.160 --> 00:05.380 Conley. 00:06.000 --> 00:09.500 The first thing I want to do is connect the Reformation to our previous unit, 00:09.620 --> 00:10.460 the Age of Discovery. 00:10.700 --> 00:13.560 Now, the Age of Discovery brought a lot of wealth to Spain and Portugal. 00:14.220 --> 00:17.040 But very quickly, the fact is that that wealth moves north. 00:17.560 --> 00:21.720 Just as an illustration of this, here is a picture of Cortes offering his 00:21.720 --> 00:24.540 new realms of Mexico to Charles V. 00:24.640 --> 00:26.740 He's offering the New World to Charles V. 00:26.740 --> 00:30.880 And just to give you an idea, just remember that Charles V himself has 00:30.880 --> 00:34.320 everything in the green, as well as the Holy Roman Empire. 00:34.540 --> 00:36.360 So, the Holy Roman Empire's borders are right here. 00:36.860 --> 00:38.540 Southern Italy, these islands are his. 00:38.700 --> 00:39.500 Spain is his. 00:40.100 --> 00:44.320 He's also got these purple areas, the Burgundy and the Netherlands. 00:44.940 --> 00:47.260 But then also, of course, he's got Peru and Mexico. 00:47.720 --> 00:50.200 And those are going to keep bringing wealth to the previous ones. 00:50.380 --> 00:52.200 So, basically, the wealth is moving there. 00:52.200 --> 00:55.080 But eventually, in Europe, it will move there. 00:55.320 --> 00:58.880 Mainly because the ports of the Low Countries, especially, are just better 00:58.880 --> 01:03.000 suited for and better connected to the actual spice markets of Central Europe. 01:03.400 --> 01:05.380 They have access to the Baltic Sea. 01:06.240 --> 01:08.320 And they can just basically do more with it. 01:10.160 --> 01:14.300 Northern Italy has lost its supremacy because its own dominance of the 01:14.300 --> 01:17.820 Mediterranean has been taken by both Spain and by the Ottoman Empire. 01:17.820 --> 01:21.640 So, the northern Baltic city-states that used to compete with Italy are doing 01:21.640 --> 01:24.260 better than the Low Countries in the north. 01:25.740 --> 01:27.680 Especially, the port of Antwerp comes forward. 01:28.060 --> 01:35.100 This mainly starts because Antwerp was a Finnish textile place of wealth due to its 01:35.100 --> 01:38.040 early textile industry in the late Middle Ages. 01:38.480 --> 01:43.080 But eventually, it became a city of trade and commerce and well-suited to the Baltic 01:43.080 --> 01:43.900 routes. 01:44.820 --> 01:47.460 The Mediterranean advantage has been lost due to the Turks. 01:47.720 --> 01:51.120 And the banking houses of Germany, therefore, begin to underwrite massive 01:51.120 --> 01:53.200 expenditures involved in trade with the Indies. 01:53.360 --> 01:56.040 Basically, the main way this works is that... 01:56.700 --> 01:57.980 Well, I think it's on the next slide. 01:58.040 --> 02:02.060 In particular, the Fuggers of Augsburg stepped up to become the most successful 02:02.060 --> 02:03.460 banking institution in Europe. 02:03.580 --> 02:07.140 Mostly because they could connect Hungarian copper to Portuguese spices 02:07.140 --> 02:09.820 through their satellite house of, again, Antwerp. 02:09.820 --> 02:15.260 So basically, very early on, Portugal decides to stop using Lisbon as its main 02:15.260 --> 02:18.580 port of bringing goods from the East Indies. 02:18.720 --> 02:22.800 And instead, it goes straight to Antwerp, where it gets from the Fuggers copper from 02:22.800 --> 02:23.220 Hungary. 02:23.720 --> 02:25.880 And then, in exchange, they give the spices to the Fuggers. 02:26.000 --> 02:30.400 And that becomes a very wealthy enterprise for the Fuggers, who become the main 02:30.400 --> 02:32.040 banking family of Europe. 02:32.040 --> 02:33.940 They surpass the Medicis. 02:35.040 --> 02:38.420 Eventually, Charles V would also turn to the Fuggers, since their connectedness to 02:38.420 --> 02:42.300 all of Europe made them the most suitable institution for making its payments in the 02:42.300 --> 02:44.200 many different monies of the Habsburg Europa. 02:44.440 --> 02:47.240 This is basically... this picture is basically Europa. 02:47.420 --> 02:49.540 It's from the time of the Habsburgs of Charles V. 02:50.020 --> 02:52.120 And it shows you what their dream is, basically. 02:52.700 --> 02:53.500 It's Europe. 02:53.700 --> 02:56.200 And notice that Spain is at the head. 02:56.580 --> 03:01.120 And the idea is that Spain is going to be the head of a new Europe, possibly ruled 03:01.120 --> 03:01.980 by the Habsburgs. 03:02.000 --> 03:03.540 It seems to be a bit of a tool of propaganda. 03:03.540 --> 03:05.260 And, of course, here's Charles V himself. 03:06.140 --> 03:09.840 Ultimately, what this means is that after the discovery, the wealth is just simply 03:09.840 --> 03:10.520 moving north. 03:11.140 --> 03:12.300 They're no longer northern Italy. 03:12.300 --> 03:13.380 It's now going to northern Europe. 03:13.480 --> 03:17.100 And that made Germany an easy target, though, for the Popes to raise revenues. 03:17.320 --> 03:22.260 As a matter of fact, the Fuggers become the main banking house of the Papal 03:22.260 --> 03:23.580 States, of the Pope himself. 03:23.960 --> 03:26.780 It used to be the Medicis, but now it's the Fuggers of Augsburg. 03:27.820 --> 03:33.620 But otherwise, lots of preachers of indulgences and other papal finance 03:33.620 --> 03:38.140 raisers go to northern Germany to fund all the Renaissance projects of the Popes. 03:38.220 --> 03:41.460 Remember, they're building Rome at this time, St. Peter's, for example, 03:41.660 --> 03:42.620 and they need money. 03:43.380 --> 03:45.980 Germany also has a disadvantage in this situation. 03:46.120 --> 03:49.440 They're very wealthy, but they have very few protections against ecclesiastical 03:49.440 --> 03:50.500 draining on their economy. 03:51.040 --> 03:52.980 For one thing, there is no Germany, really. 03:52.980 --> 03:56.680 The Holy Roman Empire is what there is, but it's more of a loose federation of 03:56.680 --> 03:58.060 about 300 principalities. 03:58.660 --> 04:01.360 The only one who can speak for all of them is the Holy Roman Emperor. 04:01.680 --> 04:04.860 But his job is to be the secular arm of Christendom, to be the secular arm, 04:04.960 --> 04:05.920 essentially, of the Pope. 04:06.000 --> 04:10.420 So he's not going to be the one to make some kind of decree that sets the Church 04:10.420 --> 04:14.940 at a disadvantage, temporally speaking, in terms of temporal welfare in connection 04:14.940 --> 04:16.100 to the Holy Roman Empire. 04:16.480 --> 04:19.020 After all, it's the Pope who crowns the Holy Roman Emperor. 04:19.280 --> 04:21.000 He can't really go against the Pope. 04:21.860 --> 04:24.940 This means that Germans look with a little bit of jealousy on the other great 04:24.940 --> 04:25.280 nations. 04:26.300 --> 04:30.540 For example, as far as the other great nations of Western Europe go, England is 04:30.540 --> 04:33.640 basically free from a lot of papal interference, because they have the 04:33.640 --> 04:37.920 Statute of Premonire, which was issued by Richard II, the last of the Plantagenet 04:37.920 --> 04:38.400 dynasty. 04:39.160 --> 04:42.240 This statute basically forbade any communication with the Holy See that 04:42.240 --> 04:44.980 resulted in injury or loss to England or Englishmen. 04:45.260 --> 04:45.740 Examples. 04:46.320 --> 04:49.900 No non-Englishmen could take an ecclesiastical benefice, even if the Pope 04:49.900 --> 04:50.460 said so. 04:50.460 --> 04:56.100 Nobody could transport monies from England to Rome without the King's permission. 04:56.640 --> 05:00.300 No one could procure an excommunication for an Englishman, etc. 05:00.480 --> 05:00.640 etc. 05:01.300 --> 05:05.120 In a certain sense, if you know the history of the Plantagenet dynasty, 05:05.760 --> 05:12.060 he brings to a term the whole dream of Henry II, of trying to eliminate the 05:12.060 --> 05:15.460 powers of the Church because it was perceived as a state within a state or a 05:15.460 --> 05:16.440 government within a government. 05:17.100 --> 05:20.380 Two hundred years earlier, Henry II was the one who killed Thomas Becket over 05:20.380 --> 05:24.040 similar ideas, but he's also the father of common law. 05:24.940 --> 05:29.660 In France, there's also protection because France was protected by the pragmatic 05:29.660 --> 05:34.940 sanction of Bourges that was given by Charles VII in the time, shortly, 05:35.160 --> 05:38.560 twenty years after the Great Schism, when conciliarism was at its height. 05:38.680 --> 05:41.920 It basically says that a council will trump the Pope and should meet regularly. 05:41.920 --> 05:45.860 It says that the collection of annates, or the first fruit, so to speak, 05:45.960 --> 05:49.660 of a benefice, the whole first year's proceeds from a benefice, cannot go to the 05:49.660 --> 05:52.340 Pope, which is the normal custom, but France says no, they don't want money 05:52.340 --> 05:53.020 leaving France. 05:53.400 --> 05:55.640 And it forbids papal appointments to dioceses. 05:55.700 --> 05:57.820 In other words, France names its own bishops. 05:59.340 --> 06:02.540 So the Church mostly depends on Germany because Germany doesn't have these 06:02.540 --> 06:06.640 protections that France and England have. 06:06.980 --> 06:08.400 And the princes of Germany don't like it. 06:08.480 --> 06:11.460 They're just waiting for their own version of the pragmatic sanction, their own 06:11.460 --> 06:13.200 version of premonire, or whatever. 06:13.400 --> 06:17.180 And that, of course, will come to them in the form of the Reformation itself. 06:18.100 --> 06:21.300 The political situation in the Holy Roman Empire is also very different from its 06:21.300 --> 06:22.720 western neighbors. 06:23.380 --> 06:25.700 For one thing, it's complicated. 06:26.320 --> 06:30.280 Remember, it starts out as a hereditary monarchy under Charlemagne, according to 06:30.280 --> 06:32.520 Salic's Law's old interpretation. 06:32.800 --> 06:36.260 In other words, the old interpretation was, all sons get a share in their 06:36.260 --> 06:37.040 father's holdings. 06:37.160 --> 06:40.280 Now, Charlemagne only had one son, but he had three grandsons. 06:40.280 --> 06:46.520 So when his son died, Louis the Pious, in 843, his three grandsons, Charlemagne's 06:46.520 --> 06:50.880 three grandsons, had to split the realm into three pieces at the Treaty of Verdun 06:50.880 --> 06:51.440 in 843. 06:52.200 --> 06:55.620 Now, the imperial title went to the middle part, the part that includes northern 06:55.620 --> 06:57.420 Italy, to directly protect the Pope. 06:57.480 --> 06:59.380 So it got the Holy Roman Empire title. 06:59.820 --> 07:03.240 But eventually, that kingdom completely disappeared in 924. 07:03.520 --> 07:07.060 So there ended up only being two kingdoms, the Western Kingdom of the Franks and the 07:07.060 --> 07:09.620 Eastern Kingdom of the Franks, what we would call today, basically, 07:09.760 --> 07:10.060 Germany. 07:10.520 --> 07:12.260 They even started to speak different languages. 07:12.720 --> 07:16.620 The Western Kingdom of the Franks stuck to Latin, which eventually became French, 07:16.980 --> 07:20.780 whereas the Eastern Kingdom of the Franks stuck to their Frankish, which eventually 07:20.780 --> 07:21.400 became German. 07:22.280 --> 07:25.540 Meanwhile, that Eastern Kingdom of the Germans, of the Franks in Germany, 07:25.920 --> 07:28.140 that line only lasted until 911 AD. 07:28.360 --> 07:30.640 The last Carolingian king died in 911 AD. 07:30.800 --> 07:32.400 So then they had to figure out, well, what are we going to do? 07:32.500 --> 07:35.840 Now that Charlemagne's progeny is gone, who do we do? 07:35.840 --> 07:38.060 Well, they couldn't really agree, so they started a new system. 07:38.520 --> 07:41.900 The nobles of Germany get together at the death of every king and they elect their 07:41.900 --> 07:43.040 own King of the Germans. 07:43.240 --> 07:45.460 They didn't call it the King of the Germans, they called it King of the 07:45.460 --> 07:50.100 Romans, because again, they see themselves as the Roman Empire, but we tend to call 07:50.100 --> 07:50.920 it the King of the Germans. 07:51.520 --> 07:56.900 Now in 962 AD, Pope John XII crowned the German king of the time, Otto I, 07:56.960 --> 07:58.560 as Emperor of the Romans. 07:58.720 --> 08:02.580 He basically repeats the 800 event, crowning Charlemagne. 08:02.700 --> 08:03.840 Now he crowns Otto I. 08:03.840 --> 08:06.200 But this Otto I is the King of the Germans. 08:06.680 --> 08:10.200 It was in recognition mainly of his pacification of the Magyars, who were 08:10.200 --> 08:13.660 pretty much a terror before they were pacified by Otto at the Battle of 08:13.660 --> 08:14.140 Lechfeld. 08:15.340 --> 08:19.160 Thus, the King of the Germans now becomes basically identified with the Holy Roman 08:19.160 --> 08:19.700 Empire. 08:20.700 --> 08:22.100 Thus, the noble process was this. 08:22.200 --> 08:25.280 The German nobles elected their king, and then the Pope, for the most part, 08:25.360 --> 08:26.200 crowned him as Emperor. 08:26.740 --> 08:31.380 Now this takes another step in the year 1356 with the Golden Bull. 08:32.060 --> 08:33.460 The Golden Bull, just give me a second. 08:34.360 --> 08:35.800 No, no, not that kind of bull. 08:35.900 --> 08:37.300 A bull in the sense of leaden seal. 08:37.400 --> 08:40.420 But this one was a golden seal, a seal that actually seals the document. 08:40.540 --> 08:41.700 That's what we mean by golden bull. 08:42.780 --> 08:47.580 This Golden Bull decided that from now on, seven electors in particular would be the 08:47.580 --> 08:51.060 seven that would always elect, not the Emperor, here it says the Emperor, 08:51.260 --> 08:51.940 sorry, that's a mistake. 08:52.060 --> 08:54.160 It really should say the King of the Germans. 08:55.160 --> 09:00.400 These seven electors from now on would be the Archbishop of Cologne, the Archbishop 09:00.400 --> 09:06.380 of Mainz, the Archbishop of Trier, the King of Bohemia, the Duke of Saxony, 09:06.840 --> 09:11.440 the Margrave of Brandenburg, and the Count of the Rhine-Palatinate. 09:11.920 --> 09:13.680 You can see their basic lands right here. 09:14.320 --> 09:20.340 Brandenburg, Saxony, Bohemia, the Palatine, Mainz's lands, Cologne, 09:20.500 --> 09:20.840 and Trier. 09:20.840 --> 09:22.500 So you get the idea. 09:23.460 --> 09:24.360 These would be the ones. 09:25.060 --> 09:27.360 These prince electors now became very powerful. 09:27.560 --> 09:31.720 I should mention briefly that this did cause a bit of dissension because all the 09:31.720 --> 09:33.660 other nobles are now wondering why they're slighted. 09:33.700 --> 09:35.140 So it does cause a little bad blood. 09:35.540 --> 09:37.200 Nevertheless, they become extremely powerful. 09:37.660 --> 09:40.940 Even though they in theory could elect anyone, they often stuck to the Habsburgs 09:40.940 --> 09:45.020 ever since the fall of the Hohenstaufen, that is Frederick II, the most powerful 09:45.020 --> 09:45.940 Holy Roman Emperor ever. 09:46.360 --> 09:49.320 After that, the German nobles don't really like powerful Holy Roman Emperors, 09:49.320 --> 09:50.460 so they stick to the Habsburgs. 09:50.500 --> 09:51.980 At the time, it seemed like a good idea. 09:52.480 --> 09:53.980 So they almost always pick Habsburgs. 09:54.000 --> 09:55.480 There's only a couple exceptions in history. 09:56.320 --> 09:57.560 But here's the one thing they did do. 09:57.640 --> 10:01.420 They often negotiated the conditions for their election before the election itself. 10:01.520 --> 10:03.980 So they say, hey, what will you give us if we elect you? 10:04.240 --> 10:08.100 And then each time they actually elect a Holy Roman Emperor, they rewrite contracts 10:08.100 --> 10:11.160 with the Holy Roman Emperor, spelling out their own powers and liberties. 10:11.360 --> 10:13.520 In other words, Germany is not one. 10:13.760 --> 10:16.900 It's really just a collection, a bare federation, where the Holy Roman 10:16.900 --> 10:20.460 Empire pretty much successively loses power with almost every election. 10:21.200 --> 10:23.460 But the one who's gaining the power are the prince electors. 10:23.520 --> 10:25.680 The prince elector becomes a very coveted position. 10:26.540 --> 10:30.060 And by the time of the Reformation, there are some very interesting characters 10:30.060 --> 10:32.480 indeed among the prince electors. 10:32.560 --> 10:35.980 These are the electors of 1519, which is close to the Reformation. 10:36.400 --> 10:38.080 And I just want to mention a few things about them now. 10:38.660 --> 10:41.980 One thing I'll say while we're on this board is that two of them are brothers. 10:42.460 --> 10:44.080 This is the Archbishop of Mainz. 10:44.660 --> 10:47.380 He is known as Albert of Magdeburg or Albert of Mainz. 10:47.520 --> 10:49.080 He is from the family Hohenzollern. 10:49.780 --> 10:50.640 It's extremely important. 10:50.760 --> 10:53.520 They will be the family that basically rules the later German Empire. 10:53.700 --> 10:54.620 But here they are right now. 10:54.680 --> 10:55.640 We're talking about them now in the Reformation. 10:56.200 --> 11:01.160 His brother is the Margrave of Brandenburg, also an electoral position, 11:01.320 --> 11:02.520 also Hohenzollern. 11:03.640 --> 11:05.400 And Brandenburg, of course, is where Berlin is. 11:05.520 --> 11:07.240 So this is important to keep this in mind. 11:07.540 --> 11:10.120 The German Empire, of course, its capital will be Berlin. 11:10.700 --> 11:11.760 And right now we're getting it. 11:11.920 --> 11:13.800 Brandenburg is where Berlin is. 11:13.800 --> 11:15.000 Berlin is the capital of Brandenburg. 11:15.100 --> 11:17.400 So right now we're beginning to see already the influence of the 11:17.400 --> 11:17.800 Hohenzollerns. 11:18.780 --> 11:24.460 One last thing I just want to make clear while we're on this board is that besides 11:24.460 --> 11:28.840 Germany, besides the Holy Roman Empire itself, there is one other major 11:28.840 --> 11:32.100 German-speaking principality that we're going to have to watch for a second. 11:32.180 --> 11:33.560 So I'm just going to alert you to it right now. 11:33.600 --> 11:35.240 And that is the Teutonic Order. 11:35.340 --> 11:36.440 Here's the Holy Roman Empire. 11:36.640 --> 11:38.040 Then here's Poland in between. 11:38.380 --> 11:40.380 But there's also this state called the Teutonic Order. 11:40.540 --> 11:40.960 What is that? 11:40.960 --> 11:42.360 Well, Teutonic means German. 11:42.580 --> 11:48.940 It comes from Tacitus, who said that the main god of the Germans was named Twisto. 11:50.800 --> 11:52.940 So Teutonic is just a fancy word for German. 11:53.560 --> 11:57.480 The Teutonic Order was literally a state ruled by night monks. 11:57.600 --> 11:59.640 It's one of the military orders of the Crusades. 12:00.120 --> 12:03.700 When the Crusades failed, they got permission to basically try to convert the 12:03.700 --> 12:05.160 Prussians, the old Prussians. 12:05.580 --> 12:07.800 And in doing so, they just established their own state. 12:07.800 --> 12:12.220 This is a state ruled literally by the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 12:12.360 --> 12:13.220 who is a night monk. 12:13.340 --> 12:15.900 So he doesn't have children, which means this is not a hereditary state. 12:15.980 --> 12:17.120 It's a monastic state. 12:17.240 --> 12:20.500 It's a state where people are ruled by monk knights. 12:21.180 --> 12:22.440 Just keep that in mind right now. 12:22.560 --> 12:24.460 Catholic monk knights rule this area. 12:25.020 --> 12:30.620 And it just so happens that the same year that these guys down here, the 12:30.620 --> 12:35.940 Hohenzollerns, have two electorates, their cousin, Albert, also is the Grand 12:35.940 --> 12:37.040 Master of the Teutonic Knights. 12:37.040 --> 12:39.540 So this is also Hohenzollern territory. 12:39.700 --> 12:44.140 You have Hohenzollerns here, Hohenzollerns here, and you have Hohenzollerns in Mainz, 12:44.180 --> 12:46.040 which is complicated down there. 12:46.360 --> 12:50.380 And two of them are electors, and one of them has the Teutonic, the greatest German 12:50.380 --> 12:52.520 territory outside of Germany itself. 12:53.380 --> 12:56.540 There is also Duke Frederick III, the Wise of Saxony. 12:56.640 --> 13:01.320 He's a very pious individual, but in a kind of Northern European way, 13:01.360 --> 13:01.860 in some ways. 13:01.860 --> 13:05.500 He does own 17,000 relics, including some very strange ones, like a vial of the 13:05.500 --> 13:08.140 Mother of God's Milk and a Holy Innocent. 13:08.180 --> 13:10.420 He just has a skeleton of one of the Holy Innocents. 13:10.880 --> 13:14.260 But also, he forbids the selling of indulgences in his own lands. 13:14.380 --> 13:18.720 And as we shall see, he's going to become the main protector of Martin Luther 13:18.720 --> 13:19.260 himself. 13:19.620 --> 13:22.520 Then, of course, there's Albert Hohenzollern himself of Mainz. 13:22.860 --> 13:25.320 Now, as I mentioned, his brother was already the Elector of Brandenburg, 13:25.420 --> 13:27.500 and his cousin was the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. 13:27.880 --> 13:30.640 Thus, a very powerful family, and you don't know the half of it yet. 13:30.640 --> 13:32.700 Just watching it now, it's going to become big later. 13:33.460 --> 13:37.500 By 1514, Albert was already Archbishop of Magdeburg and Administrator of 13:37.500 --> 13:38.040 Halberstadt. 13:38.500 --> 13:39.520 But that's not enough for him. 13:39.640 --> 13:40.860 He wants an electorate. 13:41.240 --> 13:46.100 So he paid Pope Leo X for the nomination to the See of Mainz. 13:46.560 --> 13:48.180 Can you say clerical pluralism? 13:48.480 --> 13:49.340 Can you say simony? 13:49.800 --> 13:54.580 To pay for this dispensation, he borrows a huge sum of money from the Fuggers of 13:54.580 --> 13:54.800 Augsburg. 13:55.240 --> 13:55.940 There they are again. 13:56.620 --> 13:58.380 Well, now he needs to pay back those fuggers. 13:58.380 --> 14:01.900 So he received permission from the Pope to have indulgence preachers in his 14:01.900 --> 14:02.520 territory. 14:03.140 --> 14:06.000 Half the proceeds from the indulgence preachers will go to St. Peter's in Rome, 14:06.140 --> 14:08.240 and half will go to pay back those fuggers. 14:09.400 --> 14:13.040 And by the way, again, just to show you, same guy is right here. 14:13.160 --> 14:15.540 This is him right here, Albert of Mainz. 14:18.970 --> 14:22.490 Now, to preach these indulgences, Albert used the services of the Dominican 14:22.490 --> 14:26.830 quaestor, that means indulgence preacher, Johannes Tetzel, who is known for his fire 14:26.830 --> 14:29.610 and brimstone homilies and his exact charts displaying the appropriate 14:29.610 --> 14:31.650 indulgence to atone for various sins. 14:32.030 --> 14:37.150 Now, in the process of this, in 1517, Johannes Tetzel began preaching in 14:37.150 --> 14:37.450 Utterborg. 14:59.010 --> 15:02.610 The point of this image is to show you that he's a pretty successful preacher. 15:02.770 --> 15:04.770 People do follow him, and he's got little ditties. 15:04.910 --> 15:10.230 What he said there was, when the coin in the coffer clings, a soul from purgatory 15:10.230 --> 15:10.830 springs. 15:11.690 --> 15:16.770 And this, of course, is very disturbing theology, and so, of course, it's going to 15:16.770 --> 15:17.470 be reacted to. 15:17.570 --> 15:20.270 And that's when we start in earnest the Reformation. 15:21.570 --> 15:23.390 This was too much for Martin Luther. 15:23.390 --> 15:30.190 On October 31st, 1517, he nailed 95 theses on the power and efficacy of indulgences 15:30.190 --> 15:34.750 on the door of Wittenberg Cathedral, just a short distance away from Utterborg. 15:35.050 --> 15:40.030 He also sent a copy of these 95 theses to Archbishop Albert himself, along with a 15:40.030 --> 15:42.610 letter expressing his concern regarding how indulgences were preached. 15:42.710 --> 15:45.580 Again, the date was October 31st, 1517. 15:48.730 --> 15:49.870 Happy Halloween! 15:51.630 --> 15:53.270 But who is this Martin Luther? 15:53.810 --> 15:56.890 Well, it's time to talk a little bit about how he got to this point. 15:57.310 --> 16:01.790 He was born in Eisleben in 1483 to very strict parents who had been making their 16:01.790 --> 16:02.670 way up in the world. 16:02.810 --> 16:06.510 They used to be farmers, and now they were rich miners, or medium, middle-class 16:06.510 --> 16:06.870 miners. 16:07.190 --> 16:10.070 And they wanted young Martin to continue the trend, as you can see in this 16:10.070 --> 16:10.850 particular video. 16:19.610 --> 16:23.690 You're going to law school, whether you like it or not! 16:24.130 --> 16:29.610 Of course, this is just funny, but the point is, he does talk about how 16:29.610 --> 16:32.770 often his parents beat him, even for trivial offenses, and his dad was very 16:32.770 --> 16:33.710 emphatic that he wanted him to stay. 16:34.770 --> 16:37.450 Following his father's wishes, young Martin began studying law at the 16:37.450 --> 16:38.390 University of Erfurt. 16:38.390 --> 16:41.950 But then, one evening in 1505, his life took a different turn. 17:00.010 --> 17:05.590 Martin Luther, intending to keep his vow, true to his vow, and also to the great 17:05.590 --> 17:09.190 anger of his father, who said maybe it was the devil who inspired it, not St. Anne, 17:09.690 --> 17:11.870 Martin Luther became an Augustinian priest. 17:12.390 --> 17:16.630 Very early on, he began teaching the Bible at the newly founded University of 17:16.630 --> 17:20.750 Wittenberg, founded by Elector Frederick of Saxony himself. 17:20.770 --> 17:22.710 Let me see if I can get the rest of this text here real quick. 17:23.970 --> 17:24.870 No, I can't. 17:24.930 --> 17:27.270 I don't know what's the matter there, so I'm just going to take my word for it. 17:27.510 --> 17:29.490 Founded by Elector Frederick of Saxony himself. 17:30.170 --> 17:37.310 Now, Luther's monastic experience was not pleasant. 17:37.310 --> 17:41.830 He was assailed by doubts about his own salvation, and even his own ability to be 17:41.830 --> 17:43.410 saved, his own capacity for salvation. 17:44.350 --> 17:47.630 Time and time again, he confessed his sins, only to fall into them again. 17:47.970 --> 17:51.830 And all his monastic observances, all of his works, seemed to yield very 17:51.830 --> 17:52.690 little progress. 17:53.410 --> 17:56.990 Then, after he obtained his doctrine in 1512, and while preparing lectures on the 17:56.990 --> 18:01.030 Psalms, Romans, and Galatians, Luther had what has been termed his Turm 18:01.030 --> 18:01.730 Erlebnis. 18:02.370 --> 18:05.770 Inspired by the book of Romans, which by the way, I said in the class it 18:05.770 --> 18:06.790 was Galatians, I was wrong. 18:06.870 --> 18:08.170 It's Romans, I was being stupid. 18:09.290 --> 18:12.510 Inspired by the book of Romans, Luther came to the conclusion that man can 18:12.510 --> 18:14.190 never become righteous before God. 18:14.370 --> 18:19.010 After the fall, our will is enslaved to sin, never to regain the ability to do the 18:19.010 --> 18:19.310 good. 18:19.790 --> 18:24.430 But Christ's righteousness covers over us like a mantle, if we but take hold of this 18:24.430 --> 18:25.890 mantle by faith alone. 18:25.890 --> 18:30.630 Faith pulls the mantle of Christ upon us, so that when the God the Father looks upon 18:30.630 --> 18:34.050 us, he doesn't see our sins, but he sees the righteousness of Christ. 18:34.270 --> 18:38.850 This righteousness covers us as Schnee Überscheisse, which hopefully from class 18:38.850 --> 18:39.950 you remember what that means. 18:41.410 --> 18:44.490 And thus, with this insight, Luther's scruples disappeared. 18:45.010 --> 18:49.230 In Lutheran language, the law and its terrors gave way to the gospel and its 18:49.230 --> 18:49.590 comfort. 18:49.750 --> 18:51.850 That's a typical Lutheran dichotomy. 18:52.170 --> 18:54.590 Law means terror, gospel means comfort. 18:55.770 --> 18:59.430 This was the insight that again partially drove Luther to his own dramatic act of 18:59.430 --> 19:03.210 1517, which, let's review, the nailing of the 95 Theses. 19:06.570 --> 19:07.450 Happy Halloween! 19:09.930 --> 19:14.850 Now, in reaction to this, Pope Leo X took very little notice of Martin Luther. 19:15.470 --> 19:18.750 But the 95 Theses were, let's talk about this little notice, there's a little 19:18.750 --> 19:19.390 cartoon for that. 19:19.450 --> 19:22.050 So he took very little notice, he just thought it was boring. 19:22.050 --> 19:26.710 Ho ho, just another squabble among monks. 19:27.910 --> 19:31.370 Remember, Pope Leo is a demented chief, so he's got better things to do like look 19:31.370 --> 19:33.670 at ancient manuscripts and count money. 19:35.350 --> 19:37.810 Basically, though, he couldn't stop the tide. 19:38.030 --> 19:42.190 The 95 Theses were reprinted, read widely, and talked about all over Germany. 19:42.710 --> 19:47.470 In 1518, the Pope finally did act by having his German-legged cardinal Thomas 19:47.470 --> 19:48.650 Cajetan interview Luther. 19:48.650 --> 19:52.670 And in 1519, Luther debated the Catholic theologian Johann Eck. 19:54.310 --> 19:58.330 Cajetan, in his meeting, had warned Luther to recant, but Luther shone brightly in 19:58.330 --> 19:59.150 the debate with Eck. 19:59.650 --> 20:02.490 His intelligence and memory seemed to outperform Eck's. 20:02.550 --> 20:06.210 They both were bright men, they both had good memories, but Luther was slightly 20:06.210 --> 20:08.110 brighter, and Luther had a slightly better memory. 20:08.470 --> 20:09.310 He seemed to win. 20:10.010 --> 20:13.250 One major result of both of these meetings, with Cajetan and Eck, 20:13.270 --> 20:17.290 is that it became apparent that Luther was moving beyond mere criticism of the manner 20:17.290 --> 20:18.930 in which indulgences were being presented. 20:19.090 --> 20:24.070 That's what the basic content of the 95 Theses and his letter to Archbishop Albert 20:24.070 --> 20:25.470 of Magdeburg originally said. 20:25.530 --> 20:28.430 It was mainly a contention against the way this was being done. 20:28.910 --> 20:32.430 But now, in these debates, he made clear that he accepted the authority of neither 20:32.430 --> 20:34.250 the Pope nor of general counsel. 20:34.350 --> 20:35.550 He's not even a conciliarist. 20:35.630 --> 20:36.150 Neither one. 20:36.570 --> 20:37.970 Sola Scriptura. 20:38.190 --> 20:39.770 Scripture alone is the measure. 20:40.330 --> 20:41.130 Sola Fides. 20:41.370 --> 20:43.290 We only grab Christ by faith. 20:43.290 --> 20:45.150 And Sola Grazia. 20:45.550 --> 20:47.810 No works help us, it is all the grace of God. 20:48.710 --> 20:52.490 All these things became even clearer in 1520, when Luther published three of his 20:52.490 --> 20:53.810 most influential works. 20:54.950 --> 20:58.710 On Christian liberty, spoke about the freedom enjoyed by Christians. 20:59.090 --> 21:02.750 There was no need for them to sacrifice this freedom to the law, particularly the 21:02.750 --> 21:04.030 laws of the Church of Rome. 21:04.770 --> 21:07.730 The address to the nobility of the Christian nation appealed to the German 21:07.730 --> 21:11.170 nobles to stop living under the yoke of Rome and have their own counsel for 21:11.170 --> 21:14.330 reforming the Church in Germany, apart from the Church of Rome. 21:14.730 --> 21:18.190 And then finally, the big one, the Babylonian captivity of the Church, 21:18.650 --> 21:21.730 which attacked the entire sacramental and priestly system of the Church. 21:22.130 --> 21:25.430 Luther ultimately only accepted two sacraments, baptism and Eucharist, 21:25.750 --> 21:28.090 because both of them are very clearly asserted in Scripture. 21:28.650 --> 21:32.590 But in this work, he begins that he attacks the entire sacramental system. 21:32.850 --> 21:35.890 That means he attacks priests, he attacks, especially the Pope, 21:35.890 --> 21:40.110 who he basically argues is the Antichrist of the Book of Revelation. 21:40.850 --> 21:44.650 On that topic, we should remember that the printing press is a great boon to Luther. 21:45.170 --> 21:49.170 Luther would go on to write about 3,000 individual titles, most of them pamphlets. 21:49.330 --> 21:52.550 In general, it is important to recall that the Reformation was a movement that made 21:52.550 --> 21:54.210 enthusiastic use of the printing press. 21:54.610 --> 21:58.670 Both sides published little books or even cards, woodcuts, in a sort of war of 21:58.670 --> 21:59.190 propaganda. 21:59.370 --> 22:01.530 So here we have the card I showed before during the Renaissance. 22:01.530 --> 22:04.990 It is a card of Alexander VI, but if you fold down the top, this is what is 22:04.990 --> 22:05.970 revealed to be underneath. 22:06.130 --> 22:10.990 This demon thing saying, Ego sum Papa, Ego sum Papa, like Alexander VI said when 22:10.990 --> 22:11.630 he was elected. 22:12.050 --> 22:17.530 Over here is a particular woodcut whose inscription said, The Pope can interpret 22:17.530 --> 22:20.410 Scripture about as well as an ass can play the bagpipes. 22:21.350 --> 22:22.930 Bagpipes seemed to be a big thing at the time. 22:23.030 --> 22:25.450 It might be because of the Hundred Years' War and Scotland's involvement with 22:25.450 --> 22:26.690 France, blah, blah, blah, who knows. 22:26.690 --> 22:31.510 Here is another one that presents Martin Luther as the devil's bagpipe. 22:31.610 --> 22:35.990 He did have a big bellowy voice, and so maybe the idea is that he is the 22:35.990 --> 22:37.570 bagpipe on which the devil plays. 22:37.990 --> 22:41.790 Here is another one that shows Martin Luther as the seven-headed dragon of 22:41.790 --> 22:42.270 Revelation. 22:42.550 --> 22:44.710 Here is Martin Luther with his seven heads like a hydra. 22:47.130 --> 22:51.010 In the same year that Martin published these three works, the Pope finally acted. 22:51.010 --> 22:55.870 By issuing the bull, Exsurge Domine, rise up, O Lord, and judge thy cause. 22:56.490 --> 22:59.030 This bull condemned the views of Martin Luther and threatened him with 22:59.030 --> 23:00.970 excommunication if he did not recant. 23:01.410 --> 23:03.810 Martin Luther responded by burning the bull. 23:14.450 --> 23:18.450 Thus, Pope Leo X did excommunicate Martin Luther in 1521. 23:19.550 --> 23:21.290 So much for the Pope at this point. 23:21.750 --> 23:23.650 Now it is time for the Holy Roman Emperor to intervene. 23:23.930 --> 23:25.670 As you know, this was Charles V. 23:26.190 --> 23:30.790 Charles V had been elected in 1519, the same year as Luther's debate with Eck. 23:31.090 --> 23:32.230 Remember how he was elected? 23:32.350 --> 23:34.510 It was mainly by bribing the seven electors. 23:35.050 --> 23:38.490 And to pay for the bribe, he of course took out a loan from, guess who? 23:38.790 --> 23:40.310 The Fuggers of Augsburg! 23:40.430 --> 23:40.610 Hello! 23:41.050 --> 23:42.250 They just keep coming back. 23:42.870 --> 23:46.690 Now, when he becomes Holy Roman Emperor, this is just a bad time for something like 23:46.690 --> 23:47.670 the Reformation to happen. 23:47.670 --> 23:50.190 Poor Charles has got a lot on his plate. 23:50.570 --> 23:53.230 His first problem is King Francis I of France. 23:53.910 --> 23:57.910 He is fighting right now with King Francis I of France over northern Italy. 23:58.070 --> 24:01.530 Again, we have talked before in the Renaissance about the Angevin and the 24:01.530 --> 24:03.470 Aragonese claims to southern Italy. 24:04.030 --> 24:07.450 Well, eventually that moved to Milan in northern Italy. 24:07.590 --> 24:10.130 Charles VIII claimed it when he marched down to southern Italy. 24:10.470 --> 24:14.210 And now there have been wars going back and forth with the Pope switching sides 24:14.210 --> 24:15.750 and asking each one to defend each other. 24:15.750 --> 24:18.510 And ultimately it just becomes a big contest for Milan. 24:19.470 --> 24:21.230 It was also somewhat of a personal war. 24:21.770 --> 24:24.630 Francis had been one of the main candidates for the Holy Roman Empire. 24:24.770 --> 24:25.850 As a matter of fact, the Pope's candidate. 24:25.990 --> 24:27.730 That's who Pope Leo X wanted to be Pope. 24:28.170 --> 24:33.290 But now, instead, Francis was not the Holy Roman Emperor and he was surrounded by 24:33.290 --> 24:34.130 Habsburg lands. 24:34.250 --> 24:39.610 Remember Spain, Holy Roman Empire, the Low Countries, Burgundy, southern 24:39.610 --> 24:40.430 Italy and the islands. 24:40.830 --> 24:43.050 This poor Francis is surrounded by Habsburgs. 24:44.230 --> 24:47.610 So, basically, Francis decided to press his claims to Milan in order to weaken the 24:47.610 --> 24:49.530 Holy Roman Empire and its allies. 24:50.650 --> 24:55.310 He even goes so far as to make an alliance with none other than the non-Catholic, 24:55.390 --> 24:57.310 non-Christian Ottoman Turks. 24:57.590 --> 24:59.350 And that's our next problem, the Ottoman Turks. 24:59.810 --> 25:02.770 Now, what's been going on with the Ottoman Turks since the fall of Constantinople? 25:03.230 --> 25:07.790 Well, the second sultan after Mehmed II was Selim the Grim. 25:07.790 --> 25:11.570 He gets that reputation because as soon as he became sultan, he exercised what's 25:11.570 --> 25:13.170 called the Law of Fratricide. 25:13.590 --> 25:17.830 He killed his brother and he killed all his other male relatives except his own 25:17.830 --> 25:20.970 sons in order to secure his line of succession. 25:21.230 --> 25:22.470 So, he's a pretty brutal guy. 25:22.930 --> 25:24.630 And he does expand the Ottoman Empire. 25:24.750 --> 25:26.930 It is expanding right now to the east mostly. 25:27.130 --> 25:33.110 He conquers the Levant, he conquers Egypt, which means he takes it from the Mamluk 25:33.110 --> 25:36.290 Sultanate that was there since the 7th Crusade. 25:37.130 --> 25:43.210 And by taking the Mamluks, he also claims protection of the Hijaz, which is always a 25:43.210 --> 25:44.970 way to show if you're a real Caliphate. 25:45.590 --> 25:50.230 You take the Hijaz, you are the protector of Muslims as they make their pilgrimage 25:50.230 --> 25:52.570 to Mecca, their Hajj to Mecca. 25:52.970 --> 25:53.810 So, now he's got that. 25:54.030 --> 25:55.850 He also, in his time, conquers Armenia. 25:56.390 --> 25:57.930 So, the Ottoman Empire is expanding. 25:59.430 --> 26:00.890 But that's not even the half of it. 26:00.890 --> 26:05.490 The danger to Charles is not Selim the Grim, but his son, Suleiman the 26:05.490 --> 26:07.910 Magnificent, the greatest Ottoman Sultan. 26:08.150 --> 26:09.190 We'll just say it like it is. 26:09.230 --> 26:10.410 He's the greatest Ottoman Sultan. 26:11.670 --> 26:15.750 When Selim died, Suleiman took over the Ottoman Empire uncontested. 26:15.850 --> 26:17.770 Remember, all the other male relatives are dead. 26:18.330 --> 26:20.990 Thus, he could just immediately focus on expanding. 26:21.130 --> 26:23.470 He would have a firm place in which to expand the Ottoman Empire. 26:23.910 --> 26:27.830 And he begins to look west, mainly because King Francis I himself had formed an 26:27.830 --> 26:29.470 alliance with him against the Habsburgs. 26:29.470 --> 26:32.390 And Suleiman would eventually be the one to bring the Ottoman Empire to its 26:32.390 --> 26:33.050 greatest extent. 26:34.230 --> 26:38.170 So, basically, this is not a good time for Charles V to alienate his German nobles. 26:38.290 --> 26:41.870 He needs to keep the Germans together with him, because those Turks are coming. 26:42.770 --> 26:47.830 He needs their support for his wars, and he also needs them to remain united in 26:47.830 --> 26:48.250 the faith. 26:48.350 --> 26:51.170 In his mind, they can only help him if they stay Catholic. 26:51.790 --> 26:53.810 Thus, in 1521, he's got to deal with Luther. 26:53.810 --> 26:56.950 He summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms. 26:57.290 --> 26:59.370 1521, Diet of Worms, both important. 27:00.130 --> 27:01.390 Now, so here it is. 27:01.430 --> 27:02.510 Here's the Diet of Worms. 27:02.790 --> 27:03.830 No, just kidding. 27:03.930 --> 27:05.190 It's not that kind of diet. 27:05.710 --> 27:11.150 Diet, in this case, means a Reichstag, an imperial day, is what it literally 27:11.150 --> 27:11.870 translates to. 27:12.330 --> 27:16.770 It was a somewhat irregular administrative grand meeting of the nobles of the Holy 27:16.770 --> 27:19.450 Roman Empire, where they could all meet and talk to the Holy Roman Emperor, 27:19.590 --> 27:20.050 theoretically. 27:21.050 --> 27:23.790 And Worms was just the city where he was meeting in 1521. 27:24.490 --> 27:28.410 At this diet, Charles V put Luther's books on a table and asked him if he still held 27:28.410 --> 27:29.570 the doctrine contained in them. 27:29.950 --> 27:31.770 And Luther was unequivocal. 27:41.190 --> 27:47.670 Again, that basically means, here I stand, I can do no other, so help me God. 27:47.830 --> 27:48.070 Amen. 27:51.050 --> 27:54.570 Charles V was not happy about Luther, and in any other situation, he probably 27:54.570 --> 27:55.550 would have had him executed. 27:55.930 --> 28:00.630 But he cannot alienate the German nobles at this point, and he had promised Luther 28:00.630 --> 28:02.770 safe conduct to the Diet of Worms. 28:02.930 --> 28:05.170 We don't want to repeat another Jan Hus incident. 28:05.910 --> 28:07.850 Thus, he let Luther go. 28:08.390 --> 28:12.650 But then, after he left, he declared him an outlaw, which basically means anybody 28:12.650 --> 28:13.450 can kill him. 28:13.930 --> 28:17.850 Thus, on his way home, Luther indeed is suddenly kidnapped. 28:20.430 --> 28:20.990 Hmm. 28:21.110 --> 28:21.450 Hmm. 28:21.690 --> 28:22.070 Hmm. 28:22.490 --> 28:22.630 Hmm. 28:22.630 --> 28:23.070 Hmm. 28:23.310 --> 28:23.310 Hmm. 28:23.850 --> 28:23.850 Hmm. 28:24.110 --> 28:24.230 Hmm. 28:24.570 --> 28:24.810 Hmm. 28:24.810 --> 28:24.870 Hmm. 28:24.870 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:25.410 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:25.410 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:25.410 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:25.410 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:25.410 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:25.410 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:25.410 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:25.410 --> 28:25.410 Hmm. 28:27.930 --> 28:28.490 Ha. 28:29.050 --> 28:29.330 Pfft. 28:29.350 --> 28:29.790 Ha. 28:30.190 --> 28:30.750 Pfft. 28:31.030 --> 28:31.570 Pfft. 28:32.330 --> 28:32.890 Daaah. 28:33.070 --> 28:33.330 Pfft. 28:33.410 --> 28:33.730 Pfft. 28:38.330 --> 28:39.450 Wait for me! 28:41.870 --> 28:43.950 It turned out to be a benevolent kidnapping. 28:44.290 --> 28:46.910 Frederick of Saxony was behind it, Frederick the Wise. 28:46.910 --> 28:51.490 And his intentions were to place Martin Luther in a sort of protective custody in 28:51.490 --> 28:53.290 his own Wartburg castle. 28:58.490 --> 29:04.810 While there, Luther translated the New Testament to German. 29:04.930 --> 29:06.490 He used his time relatively well. 29:06.570 --> 29:08.890 He does talk sometimes about how bored he was there. 29:09.370 --> 29:13.690 But he translated the New Testament to German using Erasmus' own Greek edition. 29:14.610 --> 29:16.390 This is the room where he did it. 29:16.490 --> 29:17.870 This is his room at Wartburg Castle. 29:17.990 --> 29:20.710 And of course, here's the frontispiece of the Luther Bible. 29:21.750 --> 29:24.150 After his stay in Wartburg, he returned to Wittenberg. 29:24.390 --> 29:26.990 Eventually he married... he stayed there for about a year in Wartburg. 29:27.430 --> 29:28.210 He returned to Wittenberg. 29:28.330 --> 29:31.290 Eventually he married an ex-nun from a convent that he converted to Lutheranism. 29:31.410 --> 29:35.770 Basically, in this convent, Luther decided to find husbands for all the nuns who left 29:35.770 --> 29:37.770 the Catholic Church and left their vows. 29:38.230 --> 29:42.770 And he did find marriages for all of them except the elderly mid-twenties gasp. 29:42.770 --> 29:43.330 That's a joke. 29:43.430 --> 29:45.950 She's not that elderly by our standards, but by that time she was. 29:46.450 --> 29:47.290 Katharina von Bora. 29:47.410 --> 29:48.190 No one would marry her. 29:48.270 --> 29:48.810 So he did. 29:48.970 --> 29:49.470 He married her. 29:50.010 --> 29:52.910 They took up residence in a former Augustinian monastery in Wittenberg. 29:53.350 --> 29:54.470 They had several children. 29:55.890 --> 29:58.790 Luther the outlaw pretty much stayed in Wittenberg from then on. 29:58.830 --> 30:03.730 But his influence continued with his table talk, late-night symposia, in every sense 30:03.730 --> 30:04.090 of the word. 30:04.150 --> 30:05.530 In other words, there was a lot of beer drinking. 30:05.790 --> 30:09.350 After all, this is near... this is basically the area of Saxony, in which he 30:09.350 --> 30:12.930 spoke about several topics with his students, fellow faculty, or curious 30:12.930 --> 30:13.350 visitors. 30:13.490 --> 30:17.290 These were all collected later in his table talk, his thoughts on all issues, 30:17.350 --> 30:17.790 basically. 30:18.550 --> 30:22.150 And this is pretty much how his life continues until his death in 1546. 30:23.270 --> 30:25.930 But meanwhile, there is war all around him. 30:26.010 --> 30:29.430 He's living a pretty happy life in Wittenberg, but there's war all around 30:29.430 --> 30:30.010 him, literally. 30:30.630 --> 30:35.050 A very important conflict arose due to Martin Luther between 1524 and 1525, 30:35.270 --> 30:36.890 known as the German Peasants' War. 30:37.490 --> 30:40.730 The peasants of Germany were hearing about Martin Luther, and they also took heart 30:40.730 --> 30:42.270 from his words about Christian liberty. 30:42.610 --> 30:46.190 That is, literally from his book in 1520, On Christian Liberty. 30:46.810 --> 30:49.890 Thinking that they were free from the law, because that's what Martin Luther talked 30:49.890 --> 30:52.950 about in that book, and that their own faith in Christ absolved them of 30:52.950 --> 30:57.450 subjection to others, peasants from all over Germany revolted, sometimes very 30:57.450 --> 30:58.030 violently. 30:59.470 --> 31:02.210 Of course, this probably was not what Martin Luther meant, but it's true. 31:02.310 --> 31:05.530 If you read On Christian Liberty, there's not much distinction between what 31:05.530 --> 31:07.730 law we're free from and what laws we're not free from. 31:08.710 --> 31:11.490 In order to answer this threat, Luther has to do something of an 31:11.490 --> 31:12.130 about-face. 31:12.330 --> 31:15.550 He writes his Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants. 31:16.010 --> 31:19.710 In this book, he explains that faith in Christ does not absolve one from the law 31:19.710 --> 31:21.010 of one's legitimate prince. 31:21.910 --> 31:23.750 This is going to be key for Lutheranism. 31:23.830 --> 31:28.210 Remember, Martin Luther doesn't really see good works following a law, even the 31:28.210 --> 31:30.170 natural law, as necessary for salvation. 31:30.170 --> 31:31.870 Definitely not ecclesiastical law. 31:32.150 --> 31:34.990 There seems to be, at first, an almost absolute negation of law. 31:35.410 --> 31:39.530 But remember, if law has nothing to do with salvation, then the only purpose for 31:39.530 --> 31:40.970 law is civic order. 31:41.390 --> 31:45.790 And that means that the only law and the supreme law is the law of your prince. 31:45.990 --> 31:47.070 That is the law. 31:47.230 --> 31:48.410 There is no absolving from it. 31:48.750 --> 31:51.230 There is no... nothing... it has nothing... law has nothing to do with 31:51.230 --> 31:51.690 salvation. 31:51.850 --> 31:54.650 It has everything to do with civic order, and therefore the will of the prince is 31:54.650 --> 31:55.450 that civic order. 31:56.270 --> 31:59.730 For Lutherans, this civic law becomes a supreme earthly law. 32:00.030 --> 32:02.350 It is ungodly to disobey one's secular prince. 32:02.850 --> 32:06.710 So Luther, in this book, called on the German princes to squash these revolts in 32:06.710 --> 32:08.270 almost Machiavellian tones. 32:08.390 --> 32:09.070 Let's listen to him. 32:09.110 --> 32:09.910 Here's an actual quote. 32:11.770 --> 32:16.670 My opinion is that it is better that all the peasants be killed than that the 32:16.670 --> 32:20.870 princes and magistrates perish, because the rustics took the sword without 32:20.870 --> 32:22.070 divine authority. 32:22.670 --> 32:27.890 The only possible consequence of their satanic wickedness would be the diabolic 32:27.890 --> 32:30.050 devastation of the kingdom of God. 32:30.470 --> 32:36.150 Even if the princes abuse their power, yet they have it of God, and under their 32:36.150 --> 32:39.970 rule, the kingdom of God at least has a chance to exist. 32:40.410 --> 32:44.950 Wherefore, no pity, no tolerance should be shown to the peasants, but the fury and 32:44.950 --> 32:49.790 wrath of God should be visited upon those men who did not heed warning nor yield 32:49.790 --> 32:51.290 when just terms were offered them. 32:51.570 --> 32:57.030 To justify pity or favor them is to deny blaspheme and try to pull God from heaven. 32:57.590 --> 33:02.730 Therefore, let everyone who can smite, slay, and stab, secretly or openly, 33:03.030 --> 33:07.630 just remembering that nothing can be more poisonous, harmful, or devilish than a 33:07.630 --> 33:07.850 rebel. 33:08.290 --> 33:10.790 It is just as when one man must kill a mad dog. 33:11.030 --> 33:14.810 If you do not strike him, he will strike you and a whole land with you. 33:23.190 --> 33:26.750 This text exemplifies the trend of the Reformation will begin. 33:26.930 --> 33:31.290 The territorial sovereignty of secular rulers in their own lands over all things, 33:31.410 --> 33:32.070 even religion. 33:32.830 --> 33:35.430 The peasants revolts were squashed, but in the same year that they were 33:35.430 --> 33:39.950 squashed, 1525, for example, we see the first Lutheran nation appear. 33:40.170 --> 33:43.270 It's actually completely unrelated to the peasants revolts, but at least that idea 33:43.270 --> 33:48.490 of territorial sovereignty that you see in Martin Luther's Against the Murdering and 33:48.490 --> 33:52.690 Robbing Hordes of Peasants, you start to see Lutheran countries appear. 33:52.990 --> 33:58.090 The first Lutheran country we ever get is basically the former Teutonic Order. 33:58.510 --> 34:02.430 In 1525, in the Teutonic Order, which remember is up here, it's not in the 34:02.430 --> 34:03.810 Holy Roman Empire, but it's close. 34:04.130 --> 34:05.230 Let's pull this forward. 34:05.710 --> 34:08.390 Here it is right here, that order ruled by monk knights. 34:09.970 --> 34:14.090 Let's see, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights is Albert Hohenzollern, 34:14.190 --> 34:17.570 again one of those Hohenzollerns, and he converted to Lutheranism. 34:17.870 --> 34:21.050 This means he's no longer a Catholic and no longer a monk knight. 34:21.570 --> 34:27.070 Thus he proclaims himself a duke, secularizes his lands as Ducal Prussia. 34:27.210 --> 34:30.030 That means Prussia ruled by a duke, and he of course is that duke. 34:30.070 --> 34:31.350 You can see it right here now. 34:31.550 --> 34:33.230 It becomes the Duchy of Prussia. 34:33.670 --> 34:36.430 That's to oppose it from Royal Prussia, which is owned by Poland. 34:37.490 --> 34:41.610 He basically creates Ducal Prussia, and he gets married. 34:41.670 --> 34:42.330 He also gets married. 34:42.430 --> 34:43.010 That's a big deal. 34:43.110 --> 34:47.010 This used to be held by monks who take a vow of celibacy and who elect their Grand 34:47.010 --> 34:47.370 Master. 34:47.410 --> 34:51.530 The Grand Master is automatically ruler of the Teutonic Order, but now it's 34:51.530 --> 34:51.870 different. 34:52.010 --> 34:53.510 Now it's a duchy, and it's hereditary. 34:54.170 --> 34:59.270 This also means that just by luck, the Hohenzollerns also keep Prussia in 34:59.270 --> 34:59.830 their family. 34:59.970 --> 35:05.330 So the Hohenzollerns now have Prussia as a hereditary monarchy, a hereditary duchy, 35:05.330 --> 35:09.030 and they have the Electorate of Brandenburg as a hereditary margraviate. 35:09.630 --> 35:13.210 So it's pretty important for later, but there's our first Lutheran state. 35:13.410 --> 35:14.450 Now our last. 35:14.650 --> 35:16.530 Sweden follows quickly in 1527. 35:16.830 --> 35:17.890 It becomes Lutheran. 35:18.110 --> 35:22.190 Finland in 1528, and Denmark-Norway, which is one country right now, 35:22.230 --> 35:23.130 in 1536. 35:24.330 --> 35:28.790 Christendom is breaking up, and the timing is really bad for poor Charles V. 35:29.010 --> 35:31.990 Of course, these guys want to break up, but it's gonna take a little bit longer 35:31.990 --> 35:33.770 because they have to get through some legal things first. 35:35.130 --> 35:39.470 The reason it's a really bad time is because Suleiman is on the warpath. 35:39.670 --> 35:42.490 As a matter of fact, things are getting really way too close for comfort. 35:42.610 --> 35:49.190 In 1526, Suleiman the Magnificent defeated Hungary in the Battle of Mohács, 35:49.610 --> 35:51.770 and basically has this entire area. 35:52.030 --> 35:56.210 He's right up against the Holy Roman Empire and Austria itself. 35:56.930 --> 35:59.590 So Charles needs the Germans to stay on board. 36:00.150 --> 36:01.750 In 1527, Charles has another problem. 36:01.830 --> 36:03.330 He alienates the Pope himself. 36:03.410 --> 36:04.990 He's basically acting alone now. 36:05.050 --> 36:07.770 He's the lone defender of Christendom in his mind. 36:08.050 --> 36:09.430 Why is he alienated by the Pope? 36:09.550 --> 36:13.990 Well, because in his wars against Francis I of France, he has been paying his 36:13.990 --> 36:14.590 mercenaries. 36:14.970 --> 36:17.130 So his mercenaries decide to take it out on Rome. 36:17.270 --> 36:20.050 There's this event in 1527 called the Sack of Rome. 36:20.810 --> 36:22.170 It was not good for Rome. 36:22.250 --> 36:24.710 The Pope himself was a prisoner in Castle San Angelo. 36:25.070 --> 36:27.130 I think the sack went for three days, but I can't quite remember. 36:27.190 --> 36:28.630 That's a traditional number, three days. 36:29.610 --> 36:32.090 And this event is basically the end of the Renaissance. 36:32.330 --> 36:35.150 It's seen as the end, a date of the Renaissance, because basically from then 36:35.150 --> 36:39.090 on, the Habsburgs also dominate northern Italy now. 36:39.510 --> 36:40.550 Italy is no longer free. 36:40.670 --> 36:41.770 Northern Italy is no longer free. 36:42.130 --> 36:45.010 This basically starts a trend that will end up with the Habsburgs owning northern 36:45.010 --> 36:45.330 Italy. 36:45.810 --> 36:47.730 And it's also a setback for Rome. 36:48.190 --> 36:52.330 So Charles is alone, except for possibly those German princes. 36:52.410 --> 36:53.430 So he's gonna dig in his heels. 36:53.830 --> 36:58.230 Unfortunately, it goes bad for him in a couple years, because even though he needs 36:58.230 --> 37:01.630 the German nobles to stay behind him, it doesn't quite work out that way. 37:01.930 --> 37:05.030 At this point, he thinks he can only keep the Germans, nobles behind him, 37:05.030 --> 37:06.970 if they stay Catholic, which is basically true. 37:07.330 --> 37:10.630 Part of the period of Lutheranism is a territorial independence of the local 37:10.630 --> 37:10.910 prince. 37:10.990 --> 37:13.830 In other words, these local princes become independent of the Holy Roman Empire. 37:14.990 --> 37:17.950 And unfortunately, there's not much he can do about the way things are going. 37:18.370 --> 37:22.990 For one thing, in the Diet of Speyer of 1526, the legate of Charles, who was too 37:22.990 --> 37:25.450 busy to come personally, they didn't know what to do. 37:25.590 --> 37:30.510 Basically, Charles strictly instructed the legate to make the German princes recant 37:30.510 --> 37:32.710 Lutheranism and to execute the Diet of Worms. 37:32.770 --> 37:36.650 But instead, after a lot of discussion, the legate granted the German princes a 37:36.650 --> 37:40.090 temporary right to reform the church as they saw fit in their own lands, 37:40.430 --> 37:43.930 until the whole reform of the church issue could be settled by an ecumenical council. 37:44.550 --> 37:47.970 I should mention that Charles V has been calling for an ecumenical council for 37:47.970 --> 37:48.550 years now. 37:48.630 --> 37:50.090 He knows the church needs reform. 37:50.370 --> 37:52.750 He knows this isn't a bad way, and he's been begging for a council. 37:53.070 --> 37:56.030 And the popes have basically been saying, oh sure, sure, sure, but later. 37:56.070 --> 37:59.250 They've been using a delay tactic, and it's gonna take another 20 years from 37:59.250 --> 38:01.850 this point before an ecumenical council is called. 38:02.510 --> 38:06.370 So this was actually was meant to be a temporary patch, an armistice, 38:06.430 --> 38:09.790 or an amnesty if you will, but instead it becomes a big deal because there's not 38:09.790 --> 38:12.230 gonna be an ecumenical council for a long time. 38:12.830 --> 38:16.030 Though the concession was meant to be temporary and minor, it turned out to be 38:16.030 --> 38:19.610 huge, because it basically gave the German princes three years of being completely 38:19.610 --> 38:23.910 independent rulers in their own realms, choosing their own religion and choosing 38:23.910 --> 38:25.770 their own measures for regulating the church. 38:26.390 --> 38:30.070 Thus, when Charles V finally did come to the second Dieter Spire, that is, 38:30.270 --> 38:34.350 as the Ottoman Turks were getting even closer, as they were preparing to attack 38:34.350 --> 38:38.730 Vienna, which they will do in 1529, he's desperate, so he comes personally to 38:38.730 --> 38:42.550 the second Dieter Spire, which is only three years later, and he tried to revoke 38:42.550 --> 38:43.870 the first Dieter Spire there. 38:44.070 --> 38:49.370 He commanded these princes of Germany to abandon Lutheranism, but it was too late. 38:49.470 --> 38:54.250 They got used to their rights, they got used to being able to regulate 38:54.250 --> 38:58.990 things in their own way, so they formally disobeyed in the Protestation of Spire. 38:59.090 --> 39:01.630 You can see it right there, there it is, they're writing a formal protest, 39:02.070 --> 39:04.390 and thus was born Protestantism. 39:04.490 --> 39:05.670 That's where the word comes. 39:06.170 --> 39:11.070 And now there shall be war, wars of religion, and we'll do that in the next 39:11.070 --> 39:11.370 unit. 39:11.650 --> 39:12.430 Thank you very much.