WEBVTT 00:00.970 --> 00:03.270 Let me tell you a story. 00:04.170 --> 00:06.910 A story of the Protestant Reformation. 00:07.410 --> 00:13.250 It may sound to you as something that is history, that is dry and dusty. 00:13.430 --> 00:15.310 It's the stuff of midterms. 00:16.050 --> 00:20.410 But the Reformation is the foundation of the modern world. 00:21.050 --> 00:24.090 It is the foundation of fundamentalism. 00:24.710 --> 00:26.990 The authority of Scripture alone. 00:28.090 --> 00:30.030 Salvation by faith alone. 00:30.870 --> 00:34.010 The independence and authority of the local church. 00:34.490 --> 00:36.190 The priesthood of the believer. 00:37.210 --> 00:40.110 Our direct approach to God through Christ alone. 00:40.610 --> 00:42.770 The Bible in one's native tongue. 00:43.530 --> 00:47.570 The importance of mass education and of mass literacy. 00:48.250 --> 00:53.070 The significance of the individual and a personal relationship to God. 00:53.450 --> 00:56.290 All of these wonderful ideas. 00:57.290 --> 00:58.650 All from the New Testament. 00:59.370 --> 01:02.210 Yet all of them were lost for centuries. 01:03.050 --> 01:05.570 Recovered in the Protestant Reformation. 01:06.470 --> 01:11.610 A movement that is foundational to our faith and to the foundation of the United 01:11.610 --> 01:12.070 States. 01:12.910 --> 01:15.290 Foundational to Western civilization. 01:16.150 --> 01:23.690 A protest that saw its day as deformed and through much trial and bloodshed reformed 01:23.690 --> 01:26.170 to the purity of the New Testament. 01:26.930 --> 01:33.130 The fountain from which all Americans have drunk, but most know only sound bites. 01:34.110 --> 01:42.630 We know images of 95 theses, of a Wittenberg door, a diet of worms, 01:43.830 --> 01:47.530 a place that's fostered Luther and Calvin. 01:48.690 --> 01:54.450 And so let me tell you the story of the Reformation and the story of our roots as 01:54.450 --> 01:57.150 Americans and our roots as Protestants. 01:57.870 --> 02:05.590 First, why was there ever a need in the 15th century for a reform? 02:06.650 --> 02:08.730 Why was there a need for a protest? 02:09.070 --> 02:12.050 We need to know the context of the times. 02:12.910 --> 02:19.490 By the year 1500, Europe was undergoing convulsions because Europe was awakening. 02:20.690 --> 02:23.610 The ancient feudal system was breaking down. 02:24.250 --> 02:29.870 The feudal system was that of man's birth into a set social assignment of landowners 02:30.560 --> 02:37.330 or the set social assignment of the cast of those who served them, lords and serfs. 02:38.130 --> 02:39.210 There was no movement. 02:39.730 --> 02:40.870 There was no change. 02:41.490 --> 02:43.350 You were what you were born. 02:45.290 --> 02:50.130 But what had been accepted since the barbarian invasions now was seen with 02:50.130 --> 02:53.250 discontent, and the reason was threefold. 02:54.070 --> 03:00.690 A new world had been discovered in 1492, freedom to attain position, to attain 03:00.690 --> 03:06.430 wealth, were now possibilities that were a boat ride away for venturesome men. 03:07.230 --> 03:12.530 Literacy, number two, was becoming advantageous as a German named Gutenberg 03:12.530 --> 03:15.750 was making books available to any who could read. 03:16.850 --> 03:22.430 The universities were beginning to flourish, and now education was another 03:22.430 --> 03:23.490 means to freedom. 03:24.150 --> 03:25.210 It was a ticket upward. 03:26.130 --> 03:33.610 And in society, the middle class had arisen, not merely that of landowners and 03:33.610 --> 03:39.130 servants, but that of tradesmen, of businessmen, of craftsmen. 03:40.050 --> 03:45.470 Wealth, position, and comfort were now possibilities for more than just the 03:45.470 --> 03:45.930 entitled. 03:46.750 --> 03:53.390 Social change, social freedom, vertical movement in society were now a 03:53.390 --> 03:54.490 real possibility. 03:55.130 --> 03:58.170 Dreams before were now realities. 03:59.470 --> 04:04.490 The result was that the three established major foundations of the Middle Ages, 04:04.810 --> 04:11.810 culture, religion, and politics, felt the tremors of a medieval world's 04:11.810 --> 04:12.350 awakening. 04:13.390 --> 04:14.830 First, the culture was shaking. 04:15.290 --> 04:16.830 It was the time of the Renaissance. 04:18.630 --> 04:23.270 The rebirth or the return to the ancient classic culture of Greece and Rome, 04:23.270 --> 04:29.590 beginning in 1350, there was a change in the way that Europeans viewed the world as 04:29.590 --> 04:29.990 real. 04:30.890 --> 04:38.210 Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael sought to sculpt and to paint man not as a symbol of 04:38.210 --> 04:44.630 man, but true to the form God gave them, true to nature, that depicted by the 04:44.630 --> 04:50.130 Greeks, man in his glory, because the Greek world had begun arriving from the 04:50.130 --> 04:50.470 east. 04:51.270 --> 04:57.950 And when the Turks seized Constantinople in 1453, Greek scholars fled to the west, 04:58.170 --> 05:05.050 bringing their Greek art, Greek language, Greek manuscripts, and Greek philosophy 05:05.050 --> 05:14.170 with its Aristotelian, Platonic emphases on the place of human reason and of human 05:14.170 --> 05:15.430 life before death. 05:16.250 --> 05:18.590 Life was now worth living and enjoying. 05:19.570 --> 05:24.470 A reform was beginning at the cultural level spawned by the Renaissance. 05:25.670 --> 05:26.890 And religion was shaken. 05:28.090 --> 05:33.730 As with the Greek language came Greek New Testament manuscripts that predated the 05:33.730 --> 05:36.950 Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible. 05:38.590 --> 05:44.630 The Catholic Latin Vulgate Bible could now be compared for its trustworthiness of 05:44.630 --> 05:47.710 translation to New Testament Greek manuscripts. 05:48.550 --> 05:53.430 The Vulgate was discovered to be misleading, and Catholic leadership was 05:53.430 --> 05:54.410 brought into question. 05:54.970 --> 05:59.270 But the Renaissance went deeper than the discovery or rediscovery of Greek 05:59.270 --> 05:59.770 manuscripts. 06:00.610 --> 06:04.430 Humanism had arisen, a new word for the time. 06:05.210 --> 06:11.570 Humanism was the idea that humans were the controlling force of life, that they were 06:11.570 --> 06:12.970 free to direct life. 06:14.470 --> 06:20.050 But the authority of human reason and the centrality of man, both ideas of the 06:20.050 --> 06:25.250 Renaissance, were contrary to Christianity, where faith superseded 06:25.250 --> 06:28.050 reason and God overruled man. 06:28.850 --> 06:34.010 So should the church turn away, it would turn away from the Renaissance in 06:34.010 --> 06:39.930 full swing and be hopelessly out of step with what was becoming European culture. 06:40.510 --> 06:44.910 Should it embrace these ideas, Christian beliefs could become tainted. 06:45.790 --> 06:47.110 The church faced a decision. 06:48.010 --> 06:50.030 The church embraced the Renaissance. 06:51.210 --> 06:52.730 Its message would be compromised. 06:53.670 --> 06:56.830 Aristotle would be studied more than the Apostle Paul. 06:57.570 --> 07:01.770 Opulence and art would be taught more than holiness. 07:03.230 --> 07:06.970 And the political atmosphere gave a sense of reform. 07:07.870 --> 07:12.730 The church had become the dominant political influence for 1,000 years. 07:13.350 --> 07:18.150 When Rome fell to the barbarians in the fourth century, it was the church that 07:18.150 --> 07:22.790 held Roman society together and became the civilizing force of Europe. 07:23.030 --> 07:28.210 And it became Europe's most powerful force by its seeming control of salvation. 07:29.170 --> 07:35.890 The church declared seven church sacraments or sacred moments as the means 07:35.890 --> 07:43.090 of salvation as they accumulated merit, shortening, it was said, the Christian's 07:43.090 --> 07:49.650 time in purgatory where they must be punished for sins insufficiently repented 07:49.650 --> 07:50.830 of in life. 07:53.610 --> 08:01.030 Baptism, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, penance, communion, 08:01.890 --> 08:07.170 last rites, all of these could only be ministered by the Catholic priesthood. 08:07.970 --> 08:13.270 Thus, the church had gained a control of men's souls and thus of men's countries. 08:13.890 --> 08:17.990 From the womb to the tomb, the church controlled salvation. 08:18.540 --> 08:24.830 And should a country resist the Pope's edicts, the Pope would issue an interdict, 08:25.410 --> 08:31.830 refusing communion and the Lord's table to that country, thus supposedly confining it 08:31.830 --> 08:32.370 to hell. 08:34.230 --> 08:37.810 And there was also the rise of the Holy Roman Empire. 08:38.710 --> 08:43.630 As the church established itself as the political authority of Europe in its 08:43.630 --> 08:48.150 recognition of Charlemagne on Christmas Day, 800 A.D. 08:48.150 --> 08:53.810 as the divinely sanctioned Roman Emperor and the Roman Empire lived again. 08:54.370 --> 09:01.010 The church had an enforcer, but the church became entangled in politics as it imposed 09:01.010 --> 09:08.450 its rule on the almost 400 feudal principalities of Germany, the dynastic 09:08.450 --> 09:10.990 Spanish family of the Habsburgs. 09:11.290 --> 09:18.690 By the 15th century, controlled Spain, Portugal, Belgium, France, Germany, 09:19.250 --> 09:25.370 Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy, the new world across the sea. 09:26.110 --> 09:33.630 But the Habsburgs interfered in Germanic politics and the papacy bled Germany in 09:33.630 --> 09:36.330 taxes and they bled them in tithes. 09:37.330 --> 09:42.490 Germany found itself politically subordinated to the Italian church. 09:43.130 --> 09:46.870 Resentful and seeking relief and ready to challenge. 09:47.810 --> 09:51.870 But the Muslims had conquered Constantinople in 1453 and were 09:51.870 --> 09:56.250 threatening Christian Europe who needed Germany's military support. 09:56.750 --> 10:02.390 Thus Germany's princes had to be treated with leniency, making it easier for a 10:02.390 --> 10:05.490 future protest, hypothetically, to gain root. 10:06.930 --> 10:11.330 And those in authority, the church's leadership, had become decadent, 10:12.650 --> 10:14.630 covetous, irresponsible. 10:15.250 --> 10:18.070 The papacy had become a vast money-making machine. 10:18.930 --> 10:24.990 The current authors, Chaucer, Dante, Erasmus, had made the pope and priest 10:24.990 --> 10:28.150 objects of humor, of satire and scorn. 10:28.870 --> 10:35.150 Anyone who has ever read the Canterbury Tales, the priest tale, has seen that 10:35.150 --> 10:35.530 humor. 10:36.130 --> 10:38.470 Men had arisen within the church to protest. 10:39.130 --> 10:42.430 Savonarola, an Italian priest who was hung. 10:43.270 --> 10:48.510 John Wycliffe, an Italian priest whose bones were burned and cast into the River 10:48.510 --> 10:49.350 Swift in England. 10:49.830 --> 10:53.410 John Hus, a Bohemian priest who was burned at the stake. 10:53.410 --> 10:59.490 Peter Waldo, a Swiss who led a protest called the Waldensians, who successfully 10:59.490 --> 11:01.070 split from Catholicism. 11:01.790 --> 11:07.530 These men were called the morning stars of the Reformation and they blazed a trail 11:07.530 --> 11:11.610 that another priest from Germany would follow and fulfill. 11:13.270 --> 11:21.570 For all of these reasons, an independent culture, politics abused, religion and 11:21.570 --> 11:26.490 church decadence, the church had greatly fallen in the eyes of Europe. 11:27.130 --> 11:30.930 The common man was embarrassed at the church. 11:32.110 --> 11:33.810 Europe was crying for reform. 11:34.430 --> 11:39.230 It just did not know from whence it would come and it did not know who would have 11:39.230 --> 11:42.230 the power not to be burned at the stake. 11:43.570 --> 11:45.750 And none were prepared for how it would come. 11:47.270 --> 11:51.230 It came from no plan, nor program, nor organized movement. 11:52.010 --> 11:59.170 Reform came from one singular German, born for his time in history, one who 11:59.170 --> 12:05.410 cared nothing for reform, one who simply got mad and got all German. 12:07.470 --> 12:10.150 Saxony is a northern province in Germany. 12:10.770 --> 12:12.890 It is quiet and it's rustic. 12:14.050 --> 12:19.750 It's comprised of farmers and tin miners, far removed from the intellectual and 12:19.750 --> 12:24.170 cultural furor of the Renaissance and the moral decadence of Rome. 12:25.130 --> 12:32.190 But near to the hotbed of theological disputation, Jan Hus of Bohemia was a 12:32.190 --> 12:38.090 priest who was burned at the stake as a heretic in the early 1400s because he 12:38.090 --> 12:42.710 denounced the corruption of Rome, calling for church councils to make 12:42.710 --> 12:47.630 decisions and for popes to be held accountable to the law of God. 12:48.670 --> 12:54.030 The Reformation would begin 100 years after him and echo many of Hus's ideas. 12:54.750 --> 13:00.050 Hus, whose name in German means goose, said as he was led to the stake, 13:00.770 --> 13:06.630 you are going to burn a goose, but in a century you will have a swan you 13:06.630 --> 13:08.710 can neither roast nor boil. 13:09.390 --> 13:17.710 One century later, in 1483, in a quiet village of Eisleben, Germany, a boy was 13:17.710 --> 13:20.750 born to an ambitious tin miner named John Luther. 13:21.590 --> 13:26.050 His son's name was Martin, who showed great musical and intellectual talent. 13:26.570 --> 13:31.290 His father, like all fathers, hoped better things for his son, that he might work 13:31.290 --> 13:33.330 with his head instead of his back. 13:34.030 --> 13:36.670 And so John Luther planned for him to become a lawyer. 13:37.570 --> 13:43.730 Martin attended Latin school in Mansfield, law school in Erfurt, walking the miles 13:43.730 --> 13:44.970 home on weekends. 13:46.190 --> 13:49.290 But the boy was also of an acute and sensitive conscience. 13:50.030 --> 13:55.150 He was very aware of his sinfulness and aware of the failure of the prevailing 13:55.150 --> 14:01.830 Catholic system of salvation, of earning and meriting salvation, that it did not 14:01.830 --> 14:02.470 work for him. 14:02.710 --> 14:03.810 It gave him no peace. 14:04.450 --> 14:07.930 And he carried a deep mortal terror of the wrath of God. 14:08.650 --> 14:14.150 In 1505, the 18-year-old law student was overtaken by a thunderstorm on his walk 14:14.150 --> 14:15.090 home from college. 14:16.030 --> 14:18.570 A friend of his had died from a lightning strike. 14:19.250 --> 14:23.890 And amidst the storm, he feared the same fate, and he cried out to the patron saint 14:23.890 --> 14:28.690 of miners, Saint Anne, protect me, and I will become a monk. 14:29.650 --> 14:30.290 He lived. 14:31.050 --> 14:33.530 And he kept his vow, and he quit law school. 14:34.010 --> 14:35.810 And he enraged his father. 14:36.730 --> 14:41.650 He entered the Augustinian order, and he began a study of the Gospels and 14:41.650 --> 14:49.130 worked even harder to rid his soul of sin by his own religious fastidiousness. 14:49.590 --> 14:52.470 He was ordained in 1506 as a priest. 14:52.970 --> 14:57.490 He tortured his body with fastings and became thin and anemic. 14:58.270 --> 15:03.730 He spent long hours in confession, constantly remembering more and more sin 15:03.730 --> 15:05.070 he was guilty of. 15:05.810 --> 15:10.490 He pored over the writings of the church fathers, seeking some comfort from 15:10.490 --> 15:12.530 anywhere by his soul could rest. 15:13.950 --> 15:19.870 Performing his first mass, he trembled so at the holding of the communion bread that 15:19.870 --> 15:20.930 he could not continue. 15:21.770 --> 15:25.370 His mentor at Erfurt was called his confessor. 15:25.910 --> 15:27.610 His name was John Staupitz. 15:28.390 --> 15:33.970 An older man, he admonished his young charge with the simple truth, Martin, 15:35.070 --> 15:36.250 God is good. 15:37.870 --> 15:44.090 In 1512, as a change of scenery for his troubled soul, Luther was assigned as part 15:44.090 --> 15:48.630 of the faculty of a new German university at Wittenberg. 15:49.490 --> 15:53.810 When a man begins to lose his mind, he simply was made a college professor. 15:57.920 --> 16:03.980 He was to teach the book of Psalms and he was to teach the Apostle Paul's letters, 16:04.420 --> 16:07.760 in which case he decided he would need to read them. 16:10.000 --> 16:13.620 Luther's great dilemma was the righteousness of God. 16:14.300 --> 16:17.500 God's holy nature and perfect requirement of man. 16:18.220 --> 16:23.780 The righteousness that God's righteousness requires God to require. 16:24.600 --> 16:30.160 No matter how Luther disciplined himself, searched himself, willed himself, 16:31.100 --> 16:33.260 he was cleaning, he said, a room of dust. 16:33.640 --> 16:36.300 The more he labored, the worse it became. 16:36.980 --> 16:40.360 The more sin he confessed, the more he thought of. 16:41.020 --> 16:48.880 God to him was a harsh, unreasonable deity, requiring of him what no man could 16:48.880 --> 16:49.540 live up to. 16:50.500 --> 16:53.920 Love God, Luther later wrote, I hated him. 16:55.440 --> 17:00.280 But in his studies of the book of Romans, he began to reflect on one verse. 17:01.600 --> 17:04.040 One verse that was enigmatic to him. 17:05.420 --> 17:11.780 Romans 1.16, I am not ashamed of the gospel, because in it the righteousness of 17:11.780 --> 17:18.800 God is revealed from faith to faith, meaning from faith alone. 17:20.320 --> 17:25.740 The righteousness of God revealed from faith. 17:27.080 --> 17:31.840 Luther could not comprehend how the righteousness of God that could not be 17:31.840 --> 17:37.360 achieved or measured to, could nonetheless be revealed to men. 17:37.820 --> 17:40.960 That they might procure it by faith. 17:42.420 --> 17:47.500 As he continued to read and reflect, the Bible's simple message of the gospel, 17:48.420 --> 17:55.160 laying virtually hidden for centuries under a system of works, now became clear. 17:56.040 --> 17:59.120 The righteousness of God was not to be earned or achieved. 17:59.120 --> 18:08.160 It was to be accepted by man from God as a gift by faith. 18:09.080 --> 18:11.980 Man was declared righteous. 18:12.980 --> 18:16.740 Righteousness was imputed or bestowed. 18:18.380 --> 18:18.680 Amen. 18:21.810 --> 18:27.470 Now the righteousness of God went, Luther said, from his greatest horror to 18:27.470 --> 18:28.710 his greatest joy. 18:29.930 --> 18:33.210 It was, he wrote, as though the gates of paradise were opened. 18:33.950 --> 18:40.090 In the attic of study, Luther had unearthed a priceless antique lost to the 18:40.090 --> 18:40.450 world. 18:41.370 --> 18:46.470 Indeed, as John Staupitz said, Martin, God is good. 18:47.630 --> 18:54.730 A reformation had come to one man's heart, a German monk, a university professor in 18:54.730 --> 18:56.430 rustic northern Germany. 18:56.970 --> 19:02.170 And on the Wittenberg campus, Professor Luther soon became a celebrity. 19:03.030 --> 19:07.730 In the Wittenberg chapel, it had to be moved to a church near the university 19:07.730 --> 19:14.370 because students and townspeople crowded to hear revolutionary ideas against the 19:14.370 --> 19:20.390 controlling institutional Christianity of the Catholic Church and of the sufficiency 19:20.390 --> 19:23.850 of the Bible alone and of salvation through faith alone. 19:24.510 --> 19:29.730 They actually heard a man teach not the church fathers nor Aquinas. 19:30.610 --> 19:33.730 They heard a man read and explain the Bible. 19:35.470 --> 19:38.150 Luther became a lightning rod of dissent. 19:39.630 --> 19:44.230 Luther wanted only the Catholic Church to reform, not to lead a movement of protest. 19:44.870 --> 19:50.990 Things came to a head in 1517 on All Saints' Eve, Halloween. 19:52.710 --> 19:56.690 Pope Leo began raising money to restore St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. 19:57.170 --> 20:04.350 To do so, he sold a second church bishop position, a bishopric, to a German prince 20:04.350 --> 20:07.550 named Albert for 10,000 ducats. 20:08.370 --> 20:10.290 Do you know how much a ducat is? 20:10.890 --> 20:12.010 I have no idea. 20:13.410 --> 20:18.890 But Albert borrowed the money from the Fuger family, and to pay off the loan, 20:19.130 --> 20:22.350 Pope Leo sanctioned the selling of indulgences. 20:23.270 --> 20:31.330 Now, an indulgence was the sinner paying money to the church as an act of penance 20:31.330 --> 20:37.630 to remove his time in purgatory, both for himself and for his loved ones. 20:38.730 --> 20:44.430 The ditty went, when a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs. 20:45.570 --> 20:50.430 And to sell the indulgences, Pope Leo commissioned a German monk named John 20:50.430 --> 20:52.950 Tetzel to sell city to city. 20:53.950 --> 20:58.050 Half the sales would pay Albert's loan, half would go to the Pope. 20:58.630 --> 21:01.070 It was a no-risk means of raising money. 21:01.490 --> 21:07.750 All that was needed was guilt and the superstition that the Pope could forgive 21:07.750 --> 21:10.210 sins for the payment of ducats. 21:11.670 --> 21:16.130 Tetzel came to Wittenberg and began to sell salvation, and Luther was enraged. 21:17.130 --> 21:24.270 He saw men committing sin with temerity because they possess the writ of an 21:24.270 --> 21:24.890 indulgence. 21:25.930 --> 21:30.150 And in response, he wrote one of the most important documents in the history of man. 21:30.390 --> 21:36.790 It was called the 95 Theses, subtitled Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of 21:36.790 --> 21:37.630 Indulgences. 21:38.130 --> 21:45.550 95 particular protests against the theological notion of paying for 21:45.550 --> 21:46.030 salvation. 21:47.810 --> 21:52.310 Luther nailed them to the church door in Wittenberg, inviting anyone to debate him. 21:52.710 --> 21:56.530 Like Popeye, he had all he could stands, and he couldn't stands no more. 21:59.210 --> 22:04.770 His theses said that indulgences are the net by which the church fishes for the 22:04.770 --> 22:05.050 rich. 22:05.990 --> 22:09.610 Each of the 95 points attacked every facet of indulgences. 22:10.030 --> 22:15.530 Luther only intended to spark local debate for relief from what he saw as a harmful 22:15.530 --> 22:15.930 error. 22:16.930 --> 22:21.210 Nailing them to the door was an accepted way of communication, but more than Luther 22:21.210 --> 22:25.470 had problems with harvesting the wealth of Germany by Catholicism. 22:27.810 --> 22:32.990 His theses were printed in nearby Nuremberg and distributed through northern 22:32.990 --> 22:33.430 Germany. 22:33.910 --> 22:38.510 Had the church heeded the dissonance of public opinion that came and backed off, 22:39.270 --> 22:41.550 there theoretically would have been no reformation. 22:42.090 --> 22:48.110 But the church in Rome stiffened because papal authority had been challenged. 22:49.450 --> 22:55.270 The foundation of all that is Catholic is papal authority. 22:56.810 --> 23:02.190 A theological local dispute would become a showdown between countries. 23:03.370 --> 23:06.630 Between Italy, the Pope, and Germany. 23:07.550 --> 23:12.410 And then a rift in the Catholic ecclesiastic dominance or hegemony. 23:13.210 --> 23:15.090 The world would never be the same. 23:16.430 --> 23:20.890 The conflict may have begun over indulgences but went quickly beyond to the 23:20.890 --> 23:22.130 question of authority. 23:22.670 --> 23:26.650 To the church, indulgences were valid simply because the Pope said they were. 23:26.890 --> 23:27.610 That settled it. 23:28.510 --> 23:32.970 The monk from Wittenberg must simply recant and the matter is finished. 23:33.570 --> 23:39.430 But Luther now challenged the deeper idea to indulgences, that of papal authority. 23:40.690 --> 23:42.670 Truth was not subject to the Pope. 23:43.450 --> 23:45.550 The Pope was subject to the truth. 23:46.650 --> 23:49.250 Church authority was found only in Scripture. 23:49.970 --> 23:54.670 Simple to us but revolutionary in the early 1500s. 23:55.230 --> 24:00.910 When the papal edict three years later was delivered to Luther, ordering his 24:00.910 --> 24:08.170 recantation, Luther ceremoniously and openly cast it into an open fire in a 24:08.170 --> 24:11.410 place that in Wittenberg today is called Luther's Oak. 24:12.450 --> 24:13.850 The gauntlet was cast. 24:14.370 --> 24:19.470 The challenge of John Huss was rekindled from a hundred years previous. 24:20.850 --> 24:23.290 Huss's voice was silenced by execution. 24:24.030 --> 24:29.610 Luther's would not prove so easy because Martin Luther had that which no opponent 24:29.610 --> 24:31.090 of the Pope had ever had. 24:31.870 --> 24:36.870 He had the political backing of his prince, Frederick of Saxony. 24:37.670 --> 24:42.710 Luther also had the advantage of a newly invented thing called the printing press 24:42.710 --> 24:49.510 and ideas could now spread like wildfire to a growingly literate society. 24:50.130 --> 24:55.390 Luther was ordered in 1520 to explain himself in Rome to a council of cardinals 24:55.390 --> 24:58.890 knowing the fate of Huss also promised safe passage. 24:58.890 --> 25:00.590 Luther did not appear. 25:01.410 --> 25:05.350 Shortly after, Luther wrote two incendiary pamphlets. 25:06.230 --> 25:10.110 One was called an open letter to the Christian nobility of the German nation. 25:11.150 --> 25:16.850 It was politically aimed as an arrow urging the princes of the German nation to 25:16.850 --> 25:18.930 reject the authority of the church in Rome. 25:19.370 --> 25:24.290 How is it, wrote Luther, that we Germans must put up with such extortion and 25:24.290 --> 25:27.690 robbery of our property at the hands of the Pope? 25:28.170 --> 25:32.090 German nobility frustrated themselves with Rome rallied to Luther. 25:32.730 --> 25:34.290 The playing field was dividing. 25:34.950 --> 25:37.150 His next pamphlet divided it even more. 25:37.590 --> 25:42.350 It was called the Babylonian captivity of the church and he claimed that the church 25:42.350 --> 25:45.170 had been hijacked by the Italian mob. 25:46.030 --> 25:51.030 By presenting the idea of the seven sacraments as essential to salvation and 25:51.030 --> 25:56.310 the church's leadership having sole control of those sacraments, the church 25:56.310 --> 26:00.030 had therefore commandeered the church from Jesus Christ. 26:01.510 --> 26:07.290 An imperial council was called at Worms in Germany to resolve what was becoming a 26:07.290 --> 26:08.730 tension in the Catholic empire. 26:09.390 --> 26:13.710 The emperor Charles V presided, himself a devoted Catholic. 26:14.590 --> 26:17.990 Luther, after days of debate, was called to recant his writings. 26:18.490 --> 26:21.730 His still famous words rent human history. 26:23.110 --> 26:28.790 Unless I am convinced by scripture in plain reason, I do not accept the 26:28.790 --> 26:33.390 authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other. 26:34.570 --> 26:37.310 My conscience is captive to the word of God. 26:38.010 --> 26:43.790 I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither 26:43.790 --> 26:44.710 right nor safe. 26:45.030 --> 26:45.770 Here I stand. 26:46.670 --> 26:48.090 I can do no other. 26:49.050 --> 26:49.930 God help me. 26:50.610 --> 26:50.930 Amen. 26:52.270 --> 26:54.690 And upon this confession, he was excommunicated. 26:55.510 --> 26:58.010 None were to harbor him on penalty of death. 26:58.950 --> 27:04.530 But as Luther went back toward Wittenberg, his company was suddenly surrounded by 27:04.530 --> 27:07.050 what appeared as mounted bandits. 27:07.970 --> 27:13.850 They took him and rode away, away to Wartburg Castle in Saxony, under the 27:13.850 --> 27:19.930 protection of Frederick the Prince, who had ordered the kidnapping himself and 27:19.930 --> 27:23.270 who kept Luther safe in his castle for months. 27:23.810 --> 27:28.690 And during this period, Martin Luther produced perhaps his greatest contribution 27:28.690 --> 27:33.750 to a growing movement, the translation of the Latin Bible into German. 27:34.750 --> 27:39.670 Not only did Germany receive the truth of its own language, but Luther invented 27:40.230 --> 27:40.610 German. 27:41.650 --> 27:45.930 The German dialect at the time was filled with regional dialects. 27:46.190 --> 27:49.430 Over 200 dialects comprised German. 27:50.290 --> 27:53.990 One German city might not know what another German city was saying. 27:54.970 --> 27:58.930 It was Luther's translation that gave Germany a common tongue. 27:59.790 --> 28:03.330 Remember that the printing press was a German invention and Germans were the most 28:03.330 --> 28:05.490 literate nation on the face of the earth. 28:05.490 --> 28:10.990 And now all Germans had the Bible in a common tongue. 28:11.870 --> 28:15.830 All could read it for themselves that there were not seven sacraments, 28:16.530 --> 28:21.130 but only two commanded events, baptism and the Lord's supper. 28:21.670 --> 28:23.450 There was no mention of a pope. 28:24.030 --> 28:26.050 There was no mention of purgatory. 28:27.030 --> 28:31.990 There was no mention of saints or relics or the veneration of Mary. 28:32.370 --> 28:37.910 But Luther had no plans for a sweeping reform, only a protest of erroneous 28:37.910 --> 28:38.590 doctrines. 28:39.290 --> 28:46.110 The, quote, Lutheran church that split off in northern Germany looked much like 28:46.110 --> 28:48.570 Catholicism, except for these doctrines. 28:48.950 --> 28:52.770 The congregation received the wine as well as the bread. 28:53.250 --> 28:57.650 There was no priest, only a pastor who now could marry. 28:58.550 --> 29:04.130 The wine and the bread were not elevated to undergo transubstantiation and 29:04.130 --> 29:06.190 magically become the body and blood of Christ. 29:07.030 --> 29:12.210 The service focused not on communion, but on the explanation of the scripture, 29:12.950 --> 29:15.930 which was in native German, not Latin. 29:16.710 --> 29:22.530 All the congregation sang and all the congregation sang hymns put to common 29:22.530 --> 29:23.310 melodies. 29:23.650 --> 29:28.830 The most famous hymn of the day, written by Luther himself, a mighty 29:28.830 --> 29:30.690 fortress is our God. 29:31.550 --> 29:37.890 And each Christian was regarded as a saint and each Christian was regarded as a 29:37.890 --> 29:38.210 priest. 29:38.930 --> 29:41.450 The Catholic priesthood was abolished. 29:42.730 --> 29:50.570 Luther took numbers of nuns and brought about their marriage to numbers of 29:50.570 --> 29:50.950 priests. 29:52.230 --> 29:57.430 One nun he could not get married, Katie von Bora, so he married her himself. 30:00.630 --> 30:06.850 Mary was no longer mentioned, but most of all, salvation was not gained on 30:06.850 --> 30:15.110 installments by obedience to seven church rituals, but was bestowed by God 30:15.110 --> 30:22.270 declaratively, judicially, imputed as a gift to those declared righteous through 30:22.270 --> 30:29.210 faith alone, sola fide, in the work of Jesus Christ. 30:29.790 --> 30:36.690 Sanctification would be judged not by religious duties, but by purity and by 30:36.690 --> 30:37.090 love. 30:38.150 --> 30:43.270 And the Pope was not recognized, nor the bestowance of authority to the 30:43.270 --> 30:43.570 priest. 30:44.410 --> 30:50.250 The Lutheran belief was pinned in doctrinal form in 1530 at Augsburg. 30:50.750 --> 30:56.230 It was called the Augsburg Confession, the first Protestant confession of faith. 30:56.850 --> 31:01.310 The German princes who followed Luther and turned against Rome saw what was coming. 31:02.170 --> 31:07.010 Catholicism would not yield its territories and its taxes willfully. 31:08.850 --> 31:14.150 And so German princes organized in what was called the Schmalkaldic League and 31:14.150 --> 31:15.990 readied for war with Italy. 31:17.610 --> 31:19.750 The rent in Europe had come. 31:20.630 --> 31:22.350 War loomed on the horizon. 31:23.250 --> 31:27.310 The Turks were threatening the empire in the East, and by the time Charles V had 31:27.310 --> 31:30.410 dealt with them, Lutheranism was established. 31:31.010 --> 31:33.530 The Catholic monopoly of power was broken. 31:34.290 --> 31:36.570 The cat was out of the bag. 31:37.370 --> 31:43.190 Luther died in 1545 to the delight of Rome, who called him the wild boar loosed 31:43.190 --> 31:44.430 in the vineyard of the Lord. 31:45.610 --> 31:50.350 But three pillars had been re-established in Protestantism. 31:51.410 --> 31:55.770 Three pillars had been recovered from ancient Christianity. 31:56.810 --> 31:59.190 The authority of the Bible alone. 32:00.550 --> 32:07.010 No longer was there a teaching magisterium to control what interpretation was to be, 32:07.530 --> 32:12.730 but the Bible was open to all and to their own private interpretation and 32:12.730 --> 32:13.150 enlightenment. 32:14.510 --> 32:21.230 Salvation was now free, no longer merited by works, no longer provided by the church 32:21.230 --> 32:21.990 and the priesthood. 32:22.590 --> 32:28.750 Salvation was a solitary act of God procured through faith alone in Jesus 32:28.750 --> 32:29.230 Christ. 32:30.210 --> 32:36.890 And the individual saint was a priest who could himself read, himself pray directly 32:36.890 --> 32:43.350 to God, confess directly to God without the mediation of a priest, and who could 32:43.350 --> 32:47.990 have a personal relationship with God in his word. 32:48.790 --> 32:49.070 Amen. 32:51.070 --> 32:56.730 But at the same time, to the north, in Switzerland, in Zurich, another 32:56.730 --> 32:58.910 Catholic priest was dealing with God. 32:59.790 --> 33:03.870 It was a priest who had contracted the bubonic plague and lived. 33:04.750 --> 33:11.290 A priest who through it sought God and read his Bible and became converted. 33:11.770 --> 33:13.790 His name was Ulrich Zwingli. 33:14.570 --> 33:20.430 He too denied the authority of the Pope, the transubstantiation of the elements, 33:20.810 --> 33:24.110 and any church ordinance other than baptism and communion. 33:25.230 --> 33:29.650 Zwingli began in his church an unheard of event. 33:30.050 --> 33:39.650 He began teaching his congregation Matthew verse by verse, the exposition of Bible. 33:40.650 --> 33:45.190 In Switzerland, the governing political authority was the canton, or the 33:45.190 --> 33:46.270 independent city. 33:46.910 --> 33:51.610 Zurich, now being Protestant, was attacked by the Catholic cantons. 33:52.170 --> 33:54.790 Zwingli volunteered as an army chaplain. 33:56.190 --> 33:59.730 Catholics and Protestants went to battle in Switzerland. 34:01.430 --> 34:07.250 Zwingli was killed, but from his split came what was called the radical 34:07.250 --> 34:08.010 reformation. 34:08.470 --> 34:09.470 What made it radical? 34:10.390 --> 34:13.810 Because the Bible was now being read by all and by many. 34:14.510 --> 34:19.830 Many felt that the changes that the reformation was bringing had to go deeper 34:20.580 --> 34:21.990 than merely theology. 34:22.990 --> 34:27.710 They had to become more radical, not merely in a purification of doctrine, 34:27.970 --> 34:32.770 but in the governing of the local church, its relationship to the state. 34:33.250 --> 34:36.390 From the fourth century on, the church was joined to the state. 34:37.070 --> 34:43.030 It remained the same with Luther and Lutheranism, with Zwingli, and later with 34:43.030 --> 34:45.530 Calvin, and in England with the Puritans and the Pilgrims. 34:45.530 --> 34:52.010 Religious freedom and church-state separation were years away, but its first 34:52.010 --> 34:56.110 stirrings were with the radical reformers of Zurich, Switzerland. 34:56.610 --> 34:58.930 Those who took the reformation a step further. 34:59.410 --> 35:04.850 First, infant baptism was not recognized, as the New Testament did not speak of it. 35:05.550 --> 35:08.010 Infants could not be saved by parents' faith. 35:08.750 --> 35:14.450 Baptism was only for the singular person able to choose for themselves, 35:15.170 --> 35:19.250 and thus they were called the Anabaptists or the Rebaptizers. 35:19.850 --> 35:24.590 The Baptists refused the title as they did not acknowledge the first baptism as 35:24.590 --> 35:24.910 worthy. 35:25.390 --> 35:27.770 They simply were called Baptists. 35:28.870 --> 35:34.410 They rejected a state church because the New Testament did not acknowledge a state 35:34.410 --> 35:40.410 church, and thus began the concept of church-state separation. 35:41.140 --> 35:47.950 But with no church-state relationship, it was criticized that now the state would 35:47.950 --> 35:53.770 have, without infant baptism, would have non-Christian citizens. 35:54.990 --> 36:00.770 And the state would suffer at the hands of the terror of teenagers. 36:05.100 --> 36:10.040 Because with no compulsory infant baptism, there would now be unchurched, 36:10.040 --> 36:13.380 unconverted, ungovernable people in the country. 36:14.140 --> 36:20.840 The idea of citizens that were not under the authority of the church was unheard of 36:20.840 --> 36:23.200 since the fourth century A.D. 36:26.900 --> 36:31.480 Anabaptists were seen as dangerous and subversive to proper government, 36:31.960 --> 36:37.080 and thus were persecuted by Catholics and persecuted by Lutherans. 36:38.180 --> 36:44.360 As a scorning of their view of adult baptism, Baptists were bound and cast into 36:44.360 --> 36:46.840 rivers and lakes to be drowned. 36:47.720 --> 36:52.320 The man who arose as the leader of the Baptist movement was a former priest named 36:52.320 --> 36:53.800 Minnow Simons. 36:54.520 --> 36:56.800 His followers were Mennonites. 36:57.600 --> 37:01.620 Their church government, as in the New Testament, was at the local church level 37:01.620 --> 37:04.540 alone, with no hierarchy of bishops. 37:05.600 --> 37:10.140 Many Baptists settled in the more tolerant Holland, and their church governmental 37:10.140 --> 37:15.960 ideas became adopted by the incoming Puritans seeking freedom from England. 37:16.420 --> 37:21.460 Many who would become Baptists and bring their ideas to the emerging colonies of 37:21.460 --> 37:24.800 America, where a church-state separation would flourish. 37:25.260 --> 37:26.860 Many Baptists lived communally. 37:27.720 --> 37:31.480 They were pacifistic, the Amish, the Mennonites. 37:32.400 --> 37:35.260 Luther served as the Reformation's point man. 37:36.060 --> 37:38.200 Zwingli and the Baptists were its innovators. 37:38.880 --> 37:46.280 But the Reformation's first theologian, thinker, author, educator emerged in a 37:46.280 --> 37:46.800 Frenchman. 37:47.500 --> 37:54.020 His name was John Calvin, a student studying law in Paris whose education was 37:54.020 --> 37:55.800 paid for by the Catholic Church. 37:56.700 --> 38:01.980 Sided with the rising Lutheran ideas in Paris and fled the country for 38:01.980 --> 38:02.400 Switzerland. 38:03.120 --> 38:09.140 While there in Switzerland, in Strasbourg, John Calvin published The Institutes of 38:09.140 --> 38:13.660 the Christian Religion at the ancient age of 23. 38:16.420 --> 38:21.720 The most impacting Christian work in history, attempting to re-educate the 38:21.720 --> 38:28.220 newly-questioning European mind, it was published when Calvin was only a 38:28.220 --> 38:28.820 young man. 38:29.800 --> 38:36.740 Updated numbers of times and still today is the classic definitive work of 38:36.740 --> 38:40.260 theological explanation of Reformation doctrine. 38:40.860 --> 38:45.780 Where Luther's theology focused on justification by faith, Calvin's theology 38:45.780 --> 38:51.000 focused on what lay behind it, the glory of God as seen in God's 38:51.000 --> 38:53.080 sovereign purposes for all events. 38:53.580 --> 38:59.020 Ideas that had lay smoldering and forgotten in Augustine's theology now took 38:59.020 --> 39:04.980 center stage once again in Calvin's Institutes, soon simply known as 39:04.980 --> 39:05.600 Calvinism. 39:06.620 --> 39:07.340 What were they? 39:08.020 --> 39:13.860 The total depravity of man in his mental darkness and spiritual bondage and 39:13.860 --> 39:15.360 alienation from God. 39:16.040 --> 39:21.480 God's sovereign choice of whomever he predestined unto salvation. 39:22.140 --> 39:28.600 A salvation to be secure, unable to be lost, inseparable from a conversion that 39:28.600 --> 39:31.380 would ensure the perseverance of the saints. 39:34.120 --> 39:41.360 Those who came after Calvin held to limited atonement that Christ only died 39:41.360 --> 39:42.000 for the elect. 39:42.560 --> 39:45.300 You can't get that from Calvin's Institutes. 39:45.680 --> 39:46.520 He wasn't sure. 39:47.020 --> 39:49.020 His followers put it in concrete. 39:49.800 --> 39:52.760 But limited atonement took its place. 39:56.310 --> 40:02.990 Irresistible grace that would succeed in bringing the salvation of all of the 40:02.990 --> 40:03.370 elect. 40:04.010 --> 40:07.070 T-U-L-I-P. 40:07.550 --> 40:08.030 Tulip. 40:09.130 --> 40:14.890 Total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, 40:15.370 --> 40:17.010 and the perseverance of the saints. 40:17.430 --> 40:19.230 A great belief for Holland. 40:19.790 --> 40:20.150 Tulip. 40:21.890 --> 40:26.590 He did in Geneva what Catholicism had attempted from Rome. 40:28.430 --> 40:34.230 In Geneva, John Calvin created a theocracy, a society ruled by the 40:34.230 --> 40:35.210 Protestant Church. 40:36.050 --> 40:41.370 Ruled not by the Pope, but by Scripture through a reformed church government. 40:42.110 --> 40:48.030 Calvin erected a Christian spiritual Israel in Geneva, Switzerland. 40:48.830 --> 40:54.030 But unlike Lutheranism, the reformed church of Geneva would in no way resemble 40:54.030 --> 40:54.970 Catholicism. 40:55.450 --> 41:00.510 The people of Geneva, however, grew weary of Calvin's stringency and 41:00.510 --> 41:01.810 demanded that he leave. 41:02.430 --> 41:07.690 But short years later, as Geneva began to quake under immorality, Calvin was 41:07.690 --> 41:09.130 received back gladly. 41:09.950 --> 41:14.350 He taught Sundays and every day at noon until the end of his life. 41:15.150 --> 41:20.410 Enjoying every Sunday his one leisure in life, he bowled. 41:22.310 --> 41:29.370 The theocracy of Geneva became a model and an inspiration to England and Scotland. 41:30.010 --> 41:34.650 Longing to emulate what was called the most perfect school of Christ since the 41:34.650 --> 41:40.410 apostles, men came from all the countries around Switzerland to study with Calvin. 41:40.750 --> 41:45.670 But Calvin required them to leave after two years and to carry the truth outward 41:45.670 --> 41:50.270 that Europe could be inundated by going back to the Bible. 41:51.430 --> 41:57.750 After his death, a dissenting movement was founded by one Jacob Arminius, 41:58.470 --> 42:01.450 a university professor in Leiden, Holland. 42:01.950 --> 42:07.610 What came to be known as Arminianism was influenced more by what seemed reasonable 42:07.610 --> 42:09.310 than by Scripture. 42:10.470 --> 42:15.930 Arminianism countered Calvinism and a denial of predestination based on God's 42:15.930 --> 42:16.510 free choice. 42:17.610 --> 42:22.490 They said predestination was based on God's foresight of whom he knew would 42:22.490 --> 42:23.630 freely believe. 42:25.190 --> 42:29.230 Arminianism held to a denial of the loss of free will through the fall. 42:30.030 --> 42:33.570 They felt that man was still free to take Christ for himself. 42:34.370 --> 42:38.510 It also brought a questioning of the security of the believer as to whether one 42:38.510 --> 42:43.010 could lose salvation by a free renunciation of the gospel. 42:43.950 --> 42:46.530 And there was a denial of irresistible grace. 42:47.690 --> 42:52.670 With Calvin, salvation was a solitary, monergistic act of God. 42:53.210 --> 43:00.030 With Arminius, salvation was a cooperative act of God and the free will of man. 43:02.290 --> 43:07.790 Protestantism, without the authoritative control of a church hierarchy, 43:08.150 --> 43:10.250 was beginning to fragment. 43:12.410 --> 43:18.850 Arminianism continues today, far more representative of Protestantism than 43:18.850 --> 43:19.430 Calvinism. 43:20.490 --> 43:21.110 Did y'all know that? 43:23.770 --> 43:26.850 But still, Geneva influenced history to come. 43:27.430 --> 43:32.570 Its chief influence was on a group of exiles coming from England, fleeing from a 43:32.570 --> 43:35.330 Catholic queen dubbed Bloody Mary. 43:36.350 --> 43:41.790 These Marian exiles, they would call, would learn from Calvin, return to England 43:41.790 --> 43:47.950 under Queen Elizabeth, become known as Puritans, and produce perhaps the greatest 43:47.950 --> 43:53.730 Christian body of preachers, thinkers, authors in the history of the church. 43:54.330 --> 43:59.970 They would spread into Scotland under John Knox and then to a place across the 43:59.970 --> 44:05.590 Atlantic called Massachusetts under a fellow named William Bradford and a place 44:05.590 --> 44:06.650 called New England. 44:07.630 --> 44:11.730 England had gone through a different sort of reformation, beginning with the 44:11.730 --> 44:17.670 political system and moving downward to the church instead of the church to the 44:17.670 --> 44:18.450 political system. 44:19.630 --> 44:25.190 Henry VIII had so resisted the reformation that he was awarded by the Pope the title 44:25.190 --> 44:27.110 Defender of the Faith. 44:28.110 --> 44:33.350 Until the time that Henry, unable to conceive a male child through his Spanish 44:33.350 --> 44:38.510 Catholic wife Catherine, sought for an annulment that he might marry a woman of 44:38.510 --> 44:40.350 his court named Anne Boleyn. 44:40.950 --> 44:46.990 When the Pope would not compromise with Henry, he simply split from Rome into his 44:46.990 --> 44:52.210 own Anglican or English church, the king replacing the emperor, 44:52.770 --> 44:55.810 the bishop of Canterbury replacing the Pope. 44:56.550 --> 45:01.950 And so across the English Channel, 19 miles from Europe, a new branch of 45:01.950 --> 45:08.590 Protestantism arose, the Church of England, Catholic in everything but the 45:08.590 --> 45:09.310 Pope's authority. 45:09.950 --> 45:17.930 So now there was Lutheranism, Anabaptist, Calvinist known as Reformed, Armenians and 45:17.930 --> 45:18.870 Anglicans. 45:19.550 --> 45:21.330 Europe was fragmented. 45:22.290 --> 45:25.830 When Henry died, his sickly son Edward VI became king. 45:26.250 --> 45:31.750 Edward was too young to rule on his own, but his regents who surrounded him moved 45:31.750 --> 45:34.150 the government decidedly Calvinistic. 45:34.730 --> 45:39.670 When Edward died at age 15, his half-sister Mary, who was the daughter of 45:39.670 --> 45:48.990 Catherine, wife of Henry VIII that deposed her, Catherine of Spain, began to rule and 45:48.990 --> 45:52.270 strove to bring England back to Catholicism. 45:54.290 --> 46:01.870 Mary put to death over 300 English Puritans, inspiring a book known as Fox's 46:01.870 --> 46:03.110 Book of Martyrs. 46:03.890 --> 46:08.730 And she caused many what were called Marian exiles to flee to Calvin's Geneva. 46:09.290 --> 46:14.010 When bloody Mary died, she was succeeded by Henry VIII's daughter by Anne Boleyn, 46:14.630 --> 46:15.990 named Elizabeth I. 46:16.530 --> 46:23.090 Queen Elizabeth steered a religious compromise between Calvinism and 46:23.090 --> 46:29.290 Catholicism and it was called the Middle Way, the Via Media, or the Elizabethan 46:29.290 --> 46:29.730 Settlement. 46:30.730 --> 46:36.570 The Calvinists returned and the returning Calvinist exerted such an influence that 46:36.570 --> 46:39.850 the doctrine of the Anglican Church began to change. 46:40.570 --> 46:46.390 But Catholic practices, ceremonies, the dress of its preachers stayed in 46:46.390 --> 46:46.770 place. 46:47.650 --> 46:52.410 As Calvinists thought of purification of the church, a name came to identify them. 46:52.890 --> 46:54.190 They were called Puritans. 46:54.830 --> 47:01.370 Most irritating to them was Elizabeth's dogged maintaining the episcopacy, 47:01.950 --> 47:05.230 the hierarchy of bishops over the local church. 47:05.730 --> 47:09.770 The Puritans wanted nothing resembling Catholicism. 47:10.510 --> 47:14.570 Some Puritans would refuse Elizabeth's Middle Way and leave the country. 47:15.610 --> 47:19.430 They would leave over the Channel to the more tolerant Holland, from whence would 47:19.430 --> 47:25.270 come a particular group from Leyden, named the Pilgrims, who would seek freedom 47:25.270 --> 47:31.210 across the Atlantic, followed by thousands more who would settle about a place on the 47:31.210 --> 47:37.290 Charles River named Boston, who would form the worldview of the most significant 47:37.290 --> 47:42.610 country for the next four centuries, called the United States of America. 47:43.210 --> 47:49.430 The Reformation in Scotland followed the same pattern, from politics to church, 47:50.350 --> 47:52.190 political to religious. 47:53.810 --> 47:59.610 Scottish political nobility embraced the Reformation, not so much because of truth, 48:00.190 --> 48:05.410 but because it was a rallying point of rebellion against the hated English crown. 48:06.130 --> 48:11.570 The leader of the movement was a student of John Calvin's from Geneva, a man he 48:11.570 --> 48:17.650 discipled, who had served time as a galley slave on a French ship as punishment for 48:17.650 --> 48:18.190 his views. 48:18.730 --> 48:20.770 His name was John Knox. 48:22.010 --> 48:28.470 His conflict with Queen Mary, Mary the Queen of Scots, escalated to open 48:28.470 --> 48:30.250 rebellion and Mary fled the country. 48:31.010 --> 48:35.510 Protestantism claimed the victory, rejected the episcopacy of bishops, 48:36.270 --> 48:41.730 installed elder or Presbyterian rule of the church, the result was called 48:41.730 --> 48:46.470 Presbyterianism, perched to the north above England's Calvinism. 48:46.990 --> 48:50.510 Save for Ireland, Great Britain was now Protestant. 48:51.190 --> 48:53.450 Denmark and Sweden became Lutheran. 48:53.930 --> 48:58.250 The Netherlands became staunchly Calvinistic as it fought to gain its 48:58.250 --> 49:00.170 independence from Catholic Spain. 49:01.090 --> 49:06.910 France developed a strong Protestant following that was militarily crushed on a 49:06.910 --> 49:07.890 pre-arranged day. 49:08.770 --> 49:14.350 Had it not been for this one day, the greatest of all Reformation countries 49:14.350 --> 49:15.670 would have been France. 49:16.550 --> 49:24.210 But on one evening, 50,000 French Protestants called Huguenots were 49:24.210 --> 49:26.430 slaughtered by the Catholic government. 49:27.770 --> 49:34.430 France, Spain, Poland, Italy, Southern Germany remained Catholic. 49:35.230 --> 49:41.670 Their Protestants fled into Switzerland, Northern Germany, Britain, Scotland, 49:42.370 --> 49:42.670 Holland. 49:43.530 --> 49:46.910 Europe was dividing, Protestant and Catholic. 49:47.710 --> 49:48.470 What would follow? 49:48.730 --> 49:50.090 What one might expect. 49:50.810 --> 49:58.250 The Church of Rome would not easily give up her lands, her power, and certainly not 49:58.250 --> 49:58.950 her taxes. 50:00.190 --> 50:06.910 What followed was war, first in Germany as religious disputation became military. 50:08.010 --> 50:14.670 Charles V marched into Germany and for nine years Catholics and Protestants waged 50:14.670 --> 50:16.610 what were called the Religious Wars. 50:17.570 --> 50:24.210 After nine years of war in 1555, the Peace of Augsburg brought a temporary 50:24.210 --> 50:30.570 peace to Germany, stating, quote, he that has the region has the religion. 50:31.490 --> 50:37.650 It was the first edict of religious coexistence of different varying views. 50:38.970 --> 50:44.950 The idea of a state church or a national church was born, but Catholicism conducted 50:44.950 --> 50:48.190 a counter reformation to win back what was lost. 50:49.070 --> 50:54.250 Having lost much of its territory, Spain and Portugal explored and conquered 50:54.250 --> 51:01.630 to the Far East, to India, to Africa, and the West to Canada, to Central and 51:01.630 --> 51:07.190 South America, to Mexico, to a place in the West called Florida. 51:07.190 --> 51:11.710 And they established Catholicism in its conquest. 51:12.670 --> 51:18.850 There arose what was called the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, the followers 51:18.850 --> 51:26.490 of Ignatius Loyola, a former Spanish soldier, who vowed fanatical devotion to 51:26.490 --> 51:26.970 the Pope. 51:27.970 --> 51:34.310 His followers, the Jesuits, arose as Catholic stormtroopers, going into newly 51:34.310 --> 51:40.170 settled areas and establishing Catholic educational institutions. 51:41.130 --> 51:47.050 The counter reformation's high point was the Council of Trent, where Catholic 51:47.050 --> 51:48.390 wagons were circled. 51:49.530 --> 51:54.850 Catholicism would have no theological change, nor would they have a compromise 51:55.450 --> 51:56.590 with Protestantism. 51:57.550 --> 51:59.030 There would be no give and take. 52:00.330 --> 52:03.930 The Council of Trent met for 19 years, off and on. 52:04.610 --> 52:08.690 Catholic doctrine was dogmatized in all of its territories. 52:09.690 --> 52:19.230 The Peace of Augsburg was short-lived, as 1618 through 1648 produced possibly the 52:19.230 --> 52:25.710 bloodiest war on European soil ever, the Thirty Years' War of Catholic and 52:25.710 --> 52:26.110 Protestant. 52:27.090 --> 52:35.710 Not Catholic armies and Protestant armies, but Catholic and Protestant armies seeking 52:35.710 --> 52:39.150 to exterminate opposing beliefs. 52:40.070 --> 52:41.910 The bloodiest war of its time. 52:42.710 --> 52:45.690 One out of four European men died. 52:46.730 --> 52:52.530 It began, the Thirty Years' War, in Catholic Bohemia, in Prague, 52:53.830 --> 52:58.830 as a group of marching Catholics were pelted by on-looking Protestants. 52:59.810 --> 53:07.370 Catholic officials were sent to warn them to relent, but an official was thrown from 53:07.370 --> 53:10.710 a third-story window onto a pile of manure. 53:12.070 --> 53:17.970 Catholic troops then violently suppressed the rebellion in Bohemia, and not only in 53:17.970 --> 53:22.170 Bohemia, but in other lands where Protestant Bohemia had allies. 53:22.950 --> 53:29.050 The Protestants of Denmark intervened in their defense, and then the Swedes invaded 53:29.050 --> 53:33.150 Catholic Germany, and it was on for 30 years. 53:33.150 --> 53:40.270 30 years later, it ended in 1648 at the Peace of Westphalia, granting all 53:40.270 --> 53:46.470 countries a begrudged religious freedom, but only to Catholics, Lutherans, 53:46.610 --> 53:47.370 and the Reformed. 53:47.970 --> 53:49.670 Nothing had been solved. 53:50.550 --> 53:56.830 The peace came about because after 30 years, now the children of former dead men 53:56.830 --> 53:57.950 were being killed. 53:59.090 --> 54:01.770 Europe just wore out. 54:04.260 --> 54:11.220 Within years, civil war erupted within the countries of newfound peace. 54:12.120 --> 54:17.680 France and England saw religious civil wars, Protestant versus Protestant in 54:17.680 --> 54:24.800 England, Frenchman versus Frenchman in France, and then the remaining theological 54:24.800 --> 54:32.000 beliefs divided into not military wars, but academic wars in a period that has 54:32.000 --> 54:38.500 been called Protestant scholasticism, where every doctrinal point was endlessly 54:38.500 --> 54:44.680 debated, and the pulpits of the state churches became dry, harsh, academic, 54:45.100 --> 54:51.640 argumentative, condemning, strident, and stringent on the side of its national 54:51.640 --> 54:54.500 church against all other beliefs. 54:56.080 --> 54:58.960 Pastors went to war in their pulpits. 55:00.080 --> 55:05.380 The idea of a citizen not being a part of a national church from birth was still 55:05.380 --> 55:08.140 unthinkable, be they Catholic or Protestant. 55:08.860 --> 55:14.340 Total freedom seemed lawless, but once again, just as with medieval Catholicism, 55:15.240 --> 55:21.880 in time Protestantism became something of a nominal national affiliation and 55:21.880 --> 55:23.120 intellectual ascent. 55:23.700 --> 55:24.680 Are you a Christian? 55:25.140 --> 55:27.280 Yes, I was born in France. 55:28.180 --> 55:29.460 Are you a Christian? 55:29.860 --> 55:32.220 Yes, I am born in Prague. 55:32.740 --> 55:33.720 Are you a Christian? 55:34.300 --> 55:40.280 Yes, I was born in Glasgow, baptized a Presbyterian. 55:43.120 --> 55:47.180 The Reformation was in need of spiritual reform. 55:48.380 --> 55:50.540 There were many attempts to do so. 55:51.080 --> 55:54.440 One of the reactions was the growth of rationalism. 55:55.480 --> 55:58.480 Modern philosophy grew out of the Reformation. 56:00.620 --> 56:08.180 With wars from disputation over Bible doctrine, the thought arose, why not avoid 56:08.180 --> 56:14.800 the Bible altogether and find truth through human reason that any can agree 56:14.800 --> 56:15.160 with? 56:15.920 --> 56:21.500 Because all the Bible has brought us is wars, pillage, and murder. 56:23.920 --> 56:26.260 René Descartes, a Frenchman. 56:26.560 --> 56:28.360 Baruch Spinoza, a Jew. 56:29.200 --> 56:32.220 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a German. 56:32.600 --> 56:38.200 We're all mathematicians, not theologians. 56:38.740 --> 56:44.040 And they approach truth in the same formulaic way as mathematics. 56:45.920 --> 56:52.600 Rationalism, beginning with the most basic of ideas and progressing beyond them to 56:52.600 --> 56:53.880 final truth. 56:54.400 --> 56:57.740 I think, therefore, I am. 56:58.480 --> 57:05.980 It led to empiricism or proof from experience that led to deism, which sought 57:05.980 --> 57:12.840 to remove all supernatural ideas from the faith and reduce Christianity to its most 57:12.840 --> 57:16.420 simple, non-combative elements. 57:17.480 --> 57:20.600 At least people won't kill each other. 57:21.560 --> 57:28.100 This would ultimately lead to the French Revolution as God was removed from 57:28.100 --> 57:32.820 government and human reason was now enthroned in France. 57:33.280 --> 57:35.140 The first secular revolution. 57:37.440 --> 57:43.580 The bottom line is that Christianity was now seen as being worthless unless it 57:43.580 --> 57:48.960 could agree with human reason or the growing now physical science. 57:49.960 --> 57:54.560 Man had become the bar before which the Bible must answer to. 57:55.400 --> 57:57.080 Reason had replaced faith. 57:58.200 --> 58:03.460 Modern philosophy was born from the womb of the Reformation's disagreements, 58:04.480 --> 58:10.440 ultimately consuming all it could not prove and finally consuming the 58:10.440 --> 58:12.540 reliability of reason itself. 58:13.420 --> 58:19.120 Another path to reform was the emergence of a series of religious positions which 58:19.120 --> 58:23.820 gave importance to experience as well as to doctrinal purity. 58:24.740 --> 58:27.800 Some called this the Second Reformation. 58:29.040 --> 58:33.180 It is my personal favorite part of church history. 58:34.140 --> 58:37.980 It was taking Protestantism into the realm of experience. 58:38.880 --> 58:45.780 Two Germans, Jacob Spiner and August Frenk, reacted to the dry, argumentative 58:45.780 --> 58:50.860 orthodoxy of the day with a spiritual longing for intimacy with God, 58:51.720 --> 58:56.720 for biblical truth to work itself out in a personal relationship. 58:58.020 --> 59:00.680 Revolutionary ideas arose for the day. 59:01.960 --> 59:03.880 The conversion experience. 59:04.540 --> 59:08.280 That you were not a Christian because you were born a Christian. 59:08.820 --> 59:13.160 That you were a Christian because you were born again. 59:16.560 --> 59:18.380 Personal quiet times. 59:19.940 --> 59:20.940 Scripture memory. 59:22.280 --> 59:27.360 Small group prayer and the unheard of home Bible studies. 59:29.700 --> 59:32.980 Christian accountability to other Christians. 59:33.940 --> 59:40.300 And another novel idea that anyone could witness to anyone else. 59:41.320 --> 59:46.820 And out of that that you could witness to what were becoming known as mission 59:46.820 --> 59:47.640 fields. 59:48.320 --> 59:55.520 Carrying the gospel to the 17th and 18th centuries ever-widening, exploratory 59:55.520 --> 59:56.240 world. 59:56.240 --> 01:00:01.600 The movement was called pietism from a French word for duty. 01:00:02.820 --> 01:00:05.500 What is a Christian's moral duty? 01:00:06.760 --> 01:00:08.840 Orthodoxy at the level of experience. 01:00:09.220 --> 01:00:11.200 Many feel the high point of the Reformation. 01:00:11.960 --> 01:00:14.320 So much of the Reformation was spent in fighting. 01:00:15.120 --> 01:00:18.320 It was finally a time for peace. 01:00:19.360 --> 01:00:25.820 Perhaps the greatest proponent of pietism was Count Ludwig von Zinzendorf. 01:00:26.240 --> 01:00:29.440 One undoubtedly known to all of you. 01:00:31.700 --> 01:00:37.480 Ludwig von Zinzendorf opened his personal estate for Moravian German pietists 01:00:37.480 --> 01:00:41.100 persecuted in their own region by fellow German Lutherans. 01:00:42.360 --> 01:00:47.080 They found safety on his estate and the Moravians became another Reformation 01:00:47.080 --> 01:00:47.880 denomination. 01:00:48.560 --> 01:00:52.660 And then a young Englishman from across the channel visited them. 01:00:53.360 --> 01:00:56.560 He was impressed with their discipline and missionary zeal. 01:00:57.020 --> 01:01:02.040 He was a young Anglican preacher, an Oxford graduate named John Wesley. 01:01:02.920 --> 01:01:08.620 He carried Moravian zeal back to England where he and his brother Charles and a 01:01:08.620 --> 01:01:16.140 fellow Oxford convert, a former barkeep who wanted to be an actor, who just 01:01:16.140 --> 01:01:20.460 thought he could not be a preacher because he was cross-eyed in his right eye, 01:01:20.780 --> 01:01:26.940 whose name was George Whitfield, began preaching unheard of in the open air 01:01:26.940 --> 01:01:34.020 of England, calling fellow Anglicans to a conversion experience that transcended 01:01:34.020 --> 01:01:36.780 mere theological assent. 01:01:37.720 --> 01:01:44.920 As Whitfield preached, ye must be born again, a woman asked him, why do you keep 01:01:44.920 --> 01:01:46.620 saying you must be born again? 01:01:47.060 --> 01:01:49.320 He said, because you must be born again. 01:01:51.260 --> 01:01:59.060 Pietism exploded in what would become the revivals of the 18th and 19th centuries. 01:02:00.740 --> 01:02:03.260 Pietism exploded in England under Wesley. 01:02:03.620 --> 01:02:04.760 It was called Methodism. 01:02:05.140 --> 01:02:10.640 In 1800 it became an American denomination and by the 1800s it became the largest 01:02:10.640 --> 01:02:15.560 denomination in the United States, capitalizing on westward expansion. 01:02:16.180 --> 01:02:20.520 Others frustrated with the spiritually dead national churches sought not the 01:02:20.520 --> 01:02:27.460 coldness of rational philosophy nor the discipline of Pietism, but a new movement 01:02:27.460 --> 01:02:29.420 that was called Inner Light. 01:02:30.480 --> 01:02:32.100 Some called it Quietism. 01:02:33.360 --> 01:02:35.000 It was receiving direct 01:02:39.040 --> 01:02:44.900 revelatory communication with God apart from the Bible. 01:02:44.900 --> 01:02:49.280 Well, the Reformation had gone too far. 01:02:51.300 --> 01:02:58.280 It began with another frustrated German named Jacob Boehm who insisted that if one 01:02:58.280 --> 01:03:03.700 had the Holy Spirit, no other means of knowledge was needed, not even a Bible. 01:03:04.880 --> 01:03:10.380 One could graduate the Bible to a personal conversation with the deity. 01:03:11.340 --> 01:03:13.800 His organization became organized. 01:03:14.000 --> 01:03:16.640 It was around an Englishman named George Fox. 01:03:17.660 --> 01:03:23.340 His persecuted group, known for their emotional outbursts, were known as 01:03:23.340 --> 01:03:23.760 Quakers. 01:03:25.140 --> 01:03:29.840 They left Europe and England for the safer shores of the New World behind the efforts 01:03:29.840 --> 01:03:35.660 of one William Penn who secured a colony in America called Penn's Woods, 01:03:36.400 --> 01:03:38.340 otherwise known as Pennsylvania. 01:03:39.200 --> 01:03:45.800 An even more radical wing of the New Light were Shakers that were even greater 01:03:45.800 --> 01:03:48.460 Quakers than Quakers were the Shakers. 01:03:49.640 --> 01:03:51.840 This one was a cult. 01:03:52.600 --> 01:03:57.440 It was organized by a woman who called herself Mother Anne Lee. 01:03:58.560 --> 01:04:02.640 She felt she was the female incarnation of God. 01:04:03.600 --> 01:04:05.360 They outlawed sex. 01:04:06.140 --> 01:04:07.880 They outlawed marriage. 01:04:09.180 --> 01:04:12.420 Hard to get a new members class in the Shakers. 01:04:16.130 --> 01:04:19.910 But they made great furniture and jelly. 01:04:22.190 --> 01:04:26.770 Thomas Jefferson said of them, they would have ruled the world if they 01:04:26.770 --> 01:04:29.190 weren't just so strange. 01:04:29.190 --> 01:04:34.530 But there were some of England and Europe who felt there was no place in their 01:04:34.530 --> 01:04:38.850 native lands for an uncompromising biblical stance. 01:04:40.050 --> 01:04:46.690 And so men like the Pilgrims, the Puritans, the Baptists, Dutch Reformed, 01:04:47.430 --> 01:04:54.670 Anglicans, and in Maryland, English Catholics, all left where they were for a 01:04:54.670 --> 01:04:55.910 place called America. 01:04:55.910 --> 01:04:56.590 America. 01:04:57.750 --> 01:05:05.370 Some came for material gain, but many for the free expression apart from persecution 01:05:06.030 --> 01:05:08.650 of their interpretation of the scriptures. 01:05:09.910 --> 01:05:16.130 A private interpretation freed and open to them by the Protestant Reformation. 01:05:17.610 --> 01:05:25.250 And as a quote, new order of the ages began, this country, America, granting 01:05:25.250 --> 01:05:30.310 freedom of religion would attract every nationality of the old world. 01:05:30.890 --> 01:05:36.330 The United States would become the last expression of the Protestant Reformation. 01:05:37.290 --> 01:05:42.250 Martin Luther was born a man of the Middle Ages, but he died in the beginning of the 01:05:42.250 --> 01:05:42.910 modern era. 01:05:43.790 --> 01:05:46.590 An era that he would unknowingly help bring a forth. 01:05:47.190 --> 01:05:47.530 How? 01:05:48.650 --> 01:05:53.230 Number one, the Reformation gave substance to the idea of individualism. 01:05:53.890 --> 01:05:59.290 As man's salvation was solely between God and the individual and personal faith, 01:05:59.850 --> 01:06:04.390 the priesthood of all believers bespoke of the relationship that individual 01:06:04.390 --> 01:06:07.490 Christians have with God through his word. 01:06:08.410 --> 01:06:14.290 Modern man was an enterprise of individuality. 01:06:15.050 --> 01:06:16.830 The Reformation began that. 01:06:17.730 --> 01:06:20.450 And with individualism came capitalism. 01:06:21.250 --> 01:06:26.490 As men's individual lives were not just to be spent doing penance or in merely 01:06:26.490 --> 01:06:32.210 serving the state, but in knowing God's blessing here and now, material success 01:06:32.210 --> 01:06:37.090 could come through working hard and money could be invested, not just given to the 01:06:37.090 --> 01:06:37.390 church. 01:06:38.410 --> 01:06:41.250 And following this, number three, was the Protestant work ethic. 01:06:41.510 --> 01:06:46.690 As part of a believer's priesthood was serving God in the excellence of his 01:06:46.690 --> 01:06:53.950 craft, in the excellence of a woman's home, wealth began to be seen as a sign of 01:06:53.950 --> 01:06:59.530 God's blessing and reward of the excellence of labor, the Protestant work 01:06:59.530 --> 01:06:59.890 ethic. 01:07:00.790 --> 01:07:05.870 Fourthly, the national church was born as territories decided on religions. 01:07:07.170 --> 01:07:12.150 And thus, number five, the modern nations became solidified by their religious 01:07:12.150 --> 01:07:12.710 choice. 01:07:13.790 --> 01:07:23.430 Spanish Spain, Spanish Portugal, Spanish Belgium, Dutch Reformed Holland, 01:07:24.270 --> 01:07:29.270 Northern Lutheran Germany, Southern Catholic Germany. 01:07:31.710 --> 01:07:36.630 Freedom of speech, religion, and the press, though not beginning immediately, 01:07:36.810 --> 01:07:42.830 would be set in motion through the Reformation's recognition of the 01:07:42.830 --> 01:07:45.730 individual's inalienable freedoms. 01:07:46.750 --> 01:07:53.390 As Protestant theology became removed from Aristotle, so did science move from 01:07:53.390 --> 01:08:02.810 Aristotle's theorems and speculation to scientific observation, thus the birth of 01:08:02.810 --> 01:08:04.230 modern science. 01:08:05.190 --> 01:08:11.110 Eighthly, the importance of schooling and literacy as all were felt they should read 01:08:11.110 --> 01:08:13.290 and think and learn for themselves. 01:08:14.410 --> 01:08:21.290 The Puritans had a law called the Old Deluder Satan Act that any town of 50 plus 01:08:21.290 --> 01:08:30.150 had to have a school as the essence of satanic deception was illiteracy and 01:08:30.150 --> 01:08:30.730 ignorance. 01:08:34.160 --> 01:08:40.160 State free funded education, no longer would education be only for the elite, 01:08:40.620 --> 01:08:45.280 but for all men to read, that all men could read the scriptures. 01:08:46.900 --> 01:08:54.420 And tenthly, the rule of democracy, where the educated free individual had a 01:08:54.420 --> 01:08:56.160 say in his governing. 01:08:56.520 --> 01:09:04.160 The modern world was born from a monk's rebirth, but some things arose that were 01:09:04.160 --> 01:09:04.720 not good. 01:09:06.580 --> 01:09:12.820 Catholicism had maintained a control for a time over orthodox Christian thought. 01:09:14.160 --> 01:09:20.920 Catholicism's corruption, failure, loss of confidence, and fracture brought 01:09:20.920 --> 01:09:22.060 an end to influence. 01:09:23.080 --> 01:09:29.160 With the gathering sense of freedom and individuality, there was no restriction of 01:09:29.160 --> 01:09:30.280 human speculation. 01:09:31.080 --> 01:09:37.300 The humanism of the Renaissance resurfaced in the Enlightenment and the birth of 01:09:37.300 --> 01:09:38.740 secular philosophy. 01:09:39.340 --> 01:09:46.800 With nothing to restrict it, the gremlin of human independence reproduced over and 01:09:46.800 --> 01:09:53.520 over again, each generation becoming more alien and more alien to scripture, 01:09:54.140 --> 01:09:59.740 then alien to morality, then alien to reason itself, and by the 20th century, 01:10:00.280 --> 01:10:02.500 alien to the dignity of man. 01:10:04.380 --> 01:10:11.900 In the end, the oppression by Catholicism was scarcely worse than the results of a 01:10:11.900 --> 01:10:22.880 reason loosed and uninformed by scripture that would become even more barbaric by 01:10:22.880 --> 01:10:23.760 the 20th century. 01:10:24.840 --> 01:10:31.440 Religious oppression of Catholicism, unrestricted freedom of Protestantism, 01:10:31.720 --> 01:10:33.260 which has been worse. 01:10:34.140 --> 01:10:40.900 To abuse a child or to leave a child unsupervised, which is worse. 01:10:41.700 --> 01:10:48.920 Medieval or modern, the Middle Ages checked the evil of Western man. 01:10:50.120 --> 01:10:52.140 The Reformation helped loose it. 01:10:53.560 --> 01:10:59.880 This would be the coming chapter in the history of man, unrestricted freedom. 01:11:00.960 --> 01:11:07.280 But for one brief moment, one that continues wherever Christians are led by 01:11:07.280 --> 01:11:15.440 scripture, for one brief moment of the Reformation, glory dwelt in the land. 01:11:16.340 --> 01:11:18.520 And that is our heritage.