WEBVTT

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In April 1945, camera crews with the
British and American armies entered the

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Nazi death camps and filmed the horror
they found there.

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For decades, that film was stored in the
archives of the Imperial War Museum in

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London.

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The documentary was unfinished,
with missing soundtracks.

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But the directors, including Alfred
Hitchcock, had developed a script to go

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with the pictures.

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Tonight, Frontline presents that film
unedited, as close as possible to what the

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producers intended over a half century
ago.

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They made it as a document, to serve our
collective memory.

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Eleven million people died in Nazi
Germany's death camps.

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Six million were Jews.

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Neat and tidy orchards, well-stocked farms
lined the wayside, and the British soldier

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did not fail to admire the place and its
inhabitants.

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At least, until he began to feel a smell.

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It came from a concentration camp.

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A waste ringed with barbed wire and
overlooked by watchtowers.

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Coming in from the flowering countryside,
in spite of the frightful smell,

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things didn't seem so bad at first.

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Children smiled through the barbed wire,
and women laughed and waved their hands.

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But Belsen camp was last, and inside was a
different story.

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They had not eaten for six days,
and every soldier's stock of food was

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called into use.

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Water, too, had been cut off.

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And so the water cart was the most
important thing to arrive.

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Most of the people seemed to be listless
beyond hope and astonishment.

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Hunger had probably affected them that
way.

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We discovered that among this stench of
disease and decay was something a bit

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worse than hunger.

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Moving vaguely on rickety skeleton legs,
they were too ill to eat.

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How grateful they were for a kindly word
or gesture.

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What misery to live amongst such
unmentionable filth, with scarcely the

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strength to pick the lice which inevitably
swarmed over them.

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They seemed accustomed to the smell and
the horror.

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They had seen all there was to see.

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Huts were almost impossible to go near.

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They were full of tangled masses of people
who had died slowly and painfully of

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starvation and disease, writhing in agony,
helpless in puddles of excrement.

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It was difficult to imagine those orchards
now, those rich fields where the storied

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cattle cropped the juicy grass.

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For here, a few minutes away inside the
barbed wire, was nothing but filth and

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death.

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Dead prisoners hurled out and stacked in
twisted heaps.

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Dead women like marble statues in the
mire.

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This was what these inmates had to live
among, and die among.

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The dead which lay there were not numbered
in hundreds, but in thousands.

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Not one or two thousands, but thirty
thousands.

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Here is a pit where the inmates,
in order to earn food, had to drag the

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bodies of their comrades.

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But they were too weak to keep up with the
rate at which they were dying,

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so the pit remains only half filled.

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The SS guards in charge of the camp were
captured and lined up for examination.

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Their papers were gone through to confirm
their status, their authority.

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Each with his death's head badge,
each justified by German law.

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They were unashamed, well fed,
well dressed and cheerful.

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There were women also on guard in Belsen,
volunteers who came of their own free will

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to do their bit.

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Not sickly pale with hollow faces and
hungry eyes, but well fed and well kept

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with a strutting arrogance.

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The commandant of the camp, Josef Kramer,
was removed for trial as a war criminal by

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an Allied military court.

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There was an urgent need to get rid of as
many bodies as possible, as quickly as

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possible, so all the SS were set to work.

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500 Hungarian troops, captured with the
SS, were started on a grave digging

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operation.

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The SS themselves were made to do the
unpleasant job they had forced the inmates

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to do.

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This, after all, was nothing to these men.

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They, the master race, had been taught to
be hard.

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They could kill in cold blood and it
seemed to the British soldier,

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fit and proper, that the killers should
bury the nameless, hopeless creatures they

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had starved to death.

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The faces of the bystanders showed just a
little of the hate that Germany has

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inspired and some of the anguish,
too.

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Meanwhile, back at the camp, those who
were still living were being attended to.

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Supplies of hot soup were prepared and
those who could eat unaided were fed as

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quickly as possible.

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There had been no water supply for six
days.

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The Germans pleaded it had been cut.

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We laid on water in a few hours and before
twelve hours had passed, had sufficient to

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enable them to wash.

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Soap was provided, the first they had seen
for months, and an orgy of washing ensued.

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A mobile bath unit was set up and provided
hot water for bath.

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But the job of clearing up Felsen was a
big one.

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The Burgermeisters and civil officials of
the neighborhood were brought to witness

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the scenes that had been caused as part of
the Nazi scheme of things.

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This is not what they expected.

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It had been happening for years.

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But they shrugged their shoulders and beat
their brows and tried to say it had been

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none of their business.

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But they were mostly silent.

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The SS men are not so spick and span now.

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Seven days of being shouted and cursed at
and handling corpses by the hundred are

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beginning to tell.

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After seven dreadful days the funerals
still go on.

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There seems to be no end.

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I was born on November 24, 1988,
so 58 years old.

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German from Romania.

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And I speak today on April 24,
1945.

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They were given an address by a British
officer through a loudspeaker van.

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Sie, wie Sie die Väter und Brüder der
deutschen Jugend darstellen, sehen vor

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Ihren Augen einige der Söhne und Töchter,
die einen kleinen Teil der direkten

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Verantwortlichkeit für diese Verbrechen
tragen.

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Ein kleiner Teil nur, und doch schwerer zu
ertragen, als es der Menschenseele möglich

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ist.

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Aber wer prägt die wirkliche
Verantwortung?

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Sie, die Sie Ihrem Führer erlaubt haben,
diesen himmelschreienden Wahnsinn

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auszuführen.

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Sie, die Sie sich über diese entarteten
Triumphe nicht genug tun konnten.

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Sie, die von diesen Lagen gehört hatten,
hatten zumindest...

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One might ask why all the inmates
surviving were not removed out of the camp

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altogether to a large town, for example,
where there would be feeding and housing

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facilities.

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The answer is simply the dread word,
typhus.

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A mobile bacteriological unit and all
medical aid possible, together with 90

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medical students from London hospitals,
were rushed to the spot to deal with it.

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Lack of soap and water brought lice to the
inmates.

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And lice carry typhus.

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To get rid of typhus, one must first get
rid of lice.

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So contaminated patients were removed from
their huts and put through a laundry

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process.

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DDT was dusted over them and they were
washed clean, wrapped in blankets and

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removed in clean ambulances by teams
working in relays in a miracle of relief

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work.

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Two miles away from the camp was found a
large SS Panzer training school and

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hospital, well stocked with medical
supplies, strange that these should not

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have been used by the Germans for the
inmates.

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Scores still died every day.

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They were too far gone, many of them,
to digest any food.

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And there was a desperate shortage of
nursing staff.

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Still, one could be thankful that they
were not simply being left to rot away

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with neglect.

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There were children too in Belsenkamp,
though what crime they had committed was

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difficult to imagine.

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Most of them had been saved by the women
inmates who gave up what little food they

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could get to the children.

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Meals for these children had always been
few and far between.

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So they ate what food we gave them with
infinite care.

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Nothing could be more dreadful now than to
lose a piece of potato or a drop of soup.

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Clothes was another urgent problem,
so an outfitting department was set up and

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clothes gathered from shops in the
surrounding towns were soon being tried on

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and gossiped over, as women loved to do.

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There was something symbolic about new
clothes.

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New clothes meant renewed hope.

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They donned them with pride.

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Now he could look forward to growing up to
useful manhood.

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There were more than two hundred children
under twelve years old found still alive

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in Belsenkamp.

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To these children, clean, dry clothes and
kind words from a stranger were strange,

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undreamed of, mysterious things.

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Some had been born behind the barbed wire.

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In what circumstances one dare not try to
imagine.

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Where are their parents?

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Here, perhaps.

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Or here.

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Or down here in this pit.

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Today is the 24th of April, 1945.

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My name is Gunnar Ellingworth and I live
at Cheshire.

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I am present in Belsenkamp doing guard
duty over the SS men.

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The things in this camp are beyond
describing.

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When you actually see them for yourselves,
you know what you are fighting for here.

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Pictured in the paper, cannot describe it
at all.

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The things they have committed,
well, nobody would think they were human

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at all.

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We actually know now what has been going
on in these camps.

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I know personally what I am fighting for.

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I am the Reverend T.J.

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Stretch.

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Attached as Padre to the formation
controlling this camp.

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My home is at Fishguard.

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My parish was at Holy Trinity Church,
Aberystwyth.

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I've been here eight days and never in my
life have I seen such damnable

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ghastliness.

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This morning we buried over 5,000 bodies.

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We don't know who they are.

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Behind me you can see a pit which will
contain another 5,000.

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There are two others like it in
preparation.

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All these deaths have been caused by
systematic starvation and typhus and

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disease.

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Which have been spread because of the
treatment meted out to these poor people

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by their SS guards and their SS chief.

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We shall never know who they were or from
what homes they were torn.

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Whether they were Catholics, Lutherans or
Jews.

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We only know they were born, they suffered
and died in agony in Belsen Camp.

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And so they lie, Jews, Lutherans and
Catholics, indistinguishable, cheek to

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cheek, in a common grave.

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The living have been taken to a cleaner
place.

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The typhus infected huts have set afire.

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Soon the fire will die, the smoke and
ashes will drift away and grass will cover

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the place.

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The barbed wire goes down, the striped
livery goes with it.

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Do not imagine this was the only black
spot that was uncovered in Germany.

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There were over 300 others.

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No German can say he did not know about
them.

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The whole world had heard of Dachau,
for it was publicized by the Nazis as a

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model camp ever since its inception way
back in 1933.

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On the 28th of February of that year,
the Presidential Emergency Decree

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suspended the basic civil rights of the
German people for an indeterminate period

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and so eliminated legal safeguards against
arbitrary imprisonment.

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Here were 32,000 men of every European
nationality, including 5,660 Germans.

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From the outside one might at a casual
glance have seen nothing remarkable or

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horrifying, but Dachau was crammed with
three or four times the number it was

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designed for.

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Here, as at Belsen, men knew hunger.

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Men became weak.

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Men fell sick until they died where they
lay on the floor.

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In Hut 30 alone there is recorded,
for example, 72 deaths within 24 hours.

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Every day the dead were taken from the
huts.

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Here, as at Belsen, there were many who
were too weak to be saved, too sick to

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eat.

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Typhus was taking its toll and truckloads
of wretchedness had to be somehow dealt

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with in the already overflowing hospitals.

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Dachau had its own brothel for the use of
guards and favoured prisoners.

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As the women died, they were replaced by a
fresh contingent from the women's camp at

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Ravensbruck.

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This was not used as a bathhouse,
but as a death chamber.

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Batches of prisoners were marched in here
to die.

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When the chamber was full, the doors were
shut and sealed.

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A man at the controls let in the poison
gas and another batch of helpless victims

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screamed their lives out beyond the grill.

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The gas chamber was conveniently placed
next to the mortuary.

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And next to that was the crematorium.

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These great ovens were constructed
exclusively for the burning of large

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numbers of corpses.

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In the last three months, official records
show that 10,615 people were disposed of

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here.

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Their clothes were turned over to the
Deutsche Textil und Bekleidungswerke GmbH,

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a private corporation whose stockholders
were SS officials, which reclaimed and

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repaired the garments with the use of
unpaid prison labour, and then resold them

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to the camp clothing depot for the use of
new prisoners.

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The prisoners arrived often in railway
trucks, but there had been no hurry to

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unload this one.

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They went away leaving the prisoners to
die of hunger and cold and typhus.

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We found them like this, frozen stiff in
the snow alongside a public road.

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By some miracle, 17 men were still alive.

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All the rest, about 3,000, were dead.

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Germans knew about Dachau, but did not
care.

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In Buchenwald, there were about 80,000 of
whom 34,000 were employed outside the camp

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in an armaments factory.

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During the first week of April,
25,000 were removed by the Germans to

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other camps because of the approach of the
Allied forces.

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When the camp was liberated on April 13th,
20,000 inmates remained.

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African Negroes, Albanians, Austrians,
Belgians, Brazilians, Bulgarians,

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Canadians, Chinese, Croats, Czechs,
Danes, French, Germans, British,

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Greeks, Dutch, Italians, Yugoslavs,
Latvians, Lets, Norwegians, Mexicans,

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Poles, Romanians, Spaniards, Swiss,
Americans, and Russians.

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55,000 of them died because of this place.

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People were tattooed across the belly with
slave numbers and forced to work on

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starvation diet.

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People were coldly and systematically
tortured.

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Here, Schoker, the camp commandant,
said, I want at least 600 Jewish deaths

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reported in the camp office every day.

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Thugs were appointed as overseers or block
leaders.

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There was no efficient distribution of
food.

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One prisoner collected the rations for 10
or 15 men.

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Hunger and hopelessness turned some of
them into beasts.

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Sometimes a prisoner carrying rations back
to the hut was waylaid and robbed by other

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prisoners.

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Sometimes he ate the best part of the food
himself.

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Sometimes he sold it.

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Corruption was fostered for it gave
another excuse for killing.

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All this seemed so remote from humanity,
so far beyond the behavior of man.

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British members of Parliament came and saw
and were sick at heart.

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It had to be seen to be believed.

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German citizens were brought in from
Weimar.

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They had to see too, to see what they had
been fighting for and we had been fighting

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against.

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They came cheerfully, like sightseers to a
chamber of horrors.

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For here indeed were some real horrors.

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If a prisoner had a curiously tattooed
skin, it was taken from him.

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We can only hope he was dead when it was
done.

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The skin was tanned and made into
lampshades, etc.

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These shrunken heads belonged to two
Polish prisoners who had escaped and been

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recaptured.

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Some of the visitors did not care for the
site and were assisted by ex-prisoners.

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Ebensee is a holiday resort in the
mountains.

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The air is clean and pure, it cures
sickness and there is a sweetness about

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the place, a gentle peace.

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In this place the Luftwaffe, or SS panzer
officer on leave, relaxes, eats well,

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breathes deeply, finds romance.

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Everything is charming and picturesque.

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But the concentration camp had become an
integral part of the German economic

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system, so it was here too.

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They were able to see the mountains,
but what use are mountains without food?

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Prisoners of Dachau and Buchenwald dreaded
being sent here.

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To them this place did not mean
recuperation, only starvation,

43:27.060 --> 43:33.960
tuberculosis through slavery in an
underground factory, and finally left to

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cough one's life out, unaided and crowded
in the filth and stench of a hut,

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unfit for dogs that for some reason called
a hospital.

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The daily collection of corpses was
disposed of through this chimney.

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Mauthausen.

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First used in 1938.

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This camp was the center of a group of
subsidiary camps.

44:37.450 --> 44:41.650
Forty thousand people had died here since
the beginning of the year.

44:44.590 --> 44:51.030
Here, the gas chamber held two hundred at
a time, and the crematorium dealt with

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three hundred per day, every day.

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Ludwigslust.

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In the north of Germany it was the same
story.

45:13.330 --> 45:18.090
The few who remained alive were staggering
on the verge of death.

45:22.880 --> 45:28.980
They were the survivors and these were the
rest, hurriedly murdered lest they be set

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free to live a normal life.

45:51.230 --> 45:56.770
The authorities in the camps took special
measures to make sure that a man would

45:56.770 --> 45:58.990
neither live normally nor die normally.

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Neither should he sleep normally.

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He was surrounded by barbed wire,
and he had to sleep on barbed wire.

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Ohrdruf.

46:38.880 --> 46:41.820
Here was carnage and desolation.

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Prisoners had been dragged from the sacks
of straw in the hovels called hospitals,

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shot and hastily disposed of by the first
means to hand.

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There must have been some feeling of
guilt, or presumably there would not have

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been an attempt to destroy the evidence.

47:26.340 --> 47:33.040
In the outskirts of Leipzig an effort was
made to prevent 300 forced workers in a

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factory from being set free by advancing
Allied troops.

47:37.740 --> 47:41.500
300 were locked in a mess, hut and burned.

47:42.540 --> 47:43.640
This is where it stood.

47:47.130 --> 47:50.950
Some of the desperate screaming prisoners
broke out.

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Flamethrowers and machine guns were
waiting to receive them.

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This was a woman.

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Some almost reached the barbed wire.

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Some got there and stayed there,
for it was electrified.

48:26.100 --> 48:28.100
This was a Polish engineer.

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Gardelegen.

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American troops advancing did not know
that in this barn the Germans had locked

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1,800 prisoners and set burning straw
alight to suffocate them.

49:25.400 --> 49:29.680
In the morning before retreating they had
poured petrol on the bodies in an attempt

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to burn what remained.

49:39.230 --> 49:42.890
It still smouldered when the American
troops arrived.

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This man was shot because he gasped for
air, trying to escape while the rest of

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him burned in the barn.

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Auschwitz.

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The most up-to-date institution was better
equipped for killing.

50:42.520 --> 50:46.480
Transports of prisoners from all over
occupied Europe were sent for

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extermination in one of the special
Wernickstumschlager.

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Here four million people were murdered.

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As many men, women and children as you
could pack into a great city.

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The dead have been buried.

51:57.710 --> 52:01.630
It remains for us to care for these,
the living.

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It remains for us to hope that Germans may
help to mend what they have broken and

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cleanse what they have befouled.

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Thousands of German people were made to
see for themselves, to bury the dead,

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to file past the victims.

52:22.710 --> 52:27.430
This was the end of the journey they had
so confidently begun in 1933.

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Twelve years?

52:30.630 --> 52:35.590
No, in terms of barbarity and brutality
they had travelled backwards for twelve

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thousand years.

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Unless the world learns the lesson these
pictures teach, night will fall.

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But by God's grace we who live will learn.