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Instantly, the troops seized the gates and
avenues of the city, and, placing guards

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in all the passages, entered with sword in
hand, crying, Die, or be Catholics!

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In short, they practised every wickedness
and horror they could devise to force them

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to change their religion.

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They hanged both men and women by their
hair or their feet, and smoked them with

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hay until they were nearly dead,
and if they still refused to sign a

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recantation, then they hung them up again
and repeated their barbarities,

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until, wearied out with torments without
death, they forced many to yield to them.

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Others they plucked off all the hair of
their heads and beards with pincers.

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Others they threw on great fires and
pulled them out again, repeating it until

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they extorted a promise to recant.

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Some they stripped naked, and after
offering them the most infamous insults,

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they stuck them with pins from head to
foot and lanced them with pen-knives,

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and sometimes with red-hot pincers they
dragged them by the nose until they

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promised to turn.

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Sometimes they tied fathers and husbands
while they ravished their wives and

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daughters before their eyes.

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Multitudes they imprisoned in the most
noisome dungeons, where they practised all

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sorts of torments in secret.

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Their wives and children they shut up in
monasteries.

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Such as endeavoured to escape by flight,
were pursued in the woods and hunted in

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the fields and shot at like wild beasts,
nor did any condition or quality screen

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them from the ferocity of these infernal
dragoons.

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Even the members of Parliament and
military officers, though on actual

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service, were ordered to quit their posts
and repair directly to their houses to

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suffer the like storm.

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Such as complained to the King were sent
to the Bastille, where they drank the same

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cup.

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The bishops and the contendants marched at
the head of the dragoons with a troop of

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missionaries, monks and other
ecclesiastics to animate the soldiers to

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an execution so agreeable to their holy
Church and so glorious to their demon God

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and their tyrant King.

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In forming the Edict to repeal the Edict
of Nantes, the Council were divided.

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Some would have all the ministers detained
and forced into potpourri, as well as the

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laity.

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Others were for banishing them,
because their presence would strengthen

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the Protestants in perseverance,
and if they were forced to turn,

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they would ever be secret and powerful
enemies in the bosom of the Church,

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by their great knowledge and experience in
controversial matters.

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This reason prevailing, they were
sentenced to banishment, and only fifteen

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days allowed them to depart the Kingdom.

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On the same day that the Edict for
revoking the Protestants' charter was

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published, they demolished their churches
and banished their ministers, whom they

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allowed but twenty-four hours to leave
Paris.

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The Papists would not suffer them to
dispose of their effects, and threw every

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obstacle in their way to delay their
escape until the limited time was expired,

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which subjected them to condemnation for
life to the galleys.

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The guards were doubled at the seaports,
and the prisons were filled with the

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victims who endured torments and wants at
which human nature must shudder.

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The sufferings of the ministers and others
who were sent to the galleys seemed to

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exceed all.

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Chained to the oar, they were exposed to
the open air night and day, at all seasons

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and in all weathers.

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And when through weakness of body they
fainted under the oar, instead of a

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cordial to revive them or viands to
refresh them, they received only the

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lashes of a scourge or the blows of a cane
or rope's end.

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For the want of sufficient clothing and
necessary cleanliness, they were most

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grievously tormented with vermin,
and cruelly pinched with a cold,

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which removed by night the executioners
who beat and tormented them by day.

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Instead of a bed, they were allowed,
sick or well, only a hard board,

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eighteen inches broad, to sleep on,
without any covering but their wretched

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apparel, which was a shirt of the coarsest
canvas, a little jerkin of red serge,

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slit on each side up to the arm-holes,
with open sleeves that reached not to the

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elbow.

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And once in three years they had a coarse
frock and a little cap to cover their

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heads, which were always kept close shaved
as a mark of their infamy.

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The allowance of provision was as narrow
as the sentiments of those who condemned

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them to such miseries, and their treatment
when sick is too shocking to relate,

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doomed to die upon the boards of a dark
hold covered with vermin, and without the

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least convenience for the cause of nature.

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Nor was it among the least of the horrors
they endured, that as ministers of Christ

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and honest men, they were chained side by
side to felons and the most execrable

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villains, whose blasphemous tongues were
never idle.

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If they refused to hear mass, they were
sentenced to the bastinado, of which

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dreadful punishment the following is a
description.

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Preparatory to it, the chains are taken
off, and the victims delivered into the

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hands of the Turks that preside at the
oars, who strip them quite naked,

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and stretching them upon a great gun,
they are held so that they cannot stir,

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during which there reigns an awful silence
throughout the galley.

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The Turk who is appointed the executioner,
and who thinks the sacrifice acceptable to

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his Prophet Muhammad, most cruelly beats
the wretched victim with a rough cudgel or

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knotty rope's end, until the skin is
flayed off his bones and he is near the

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point of expiring.

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Then they apply a most tormenting mixture
of vinegar and salt, and consign him to

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that most intolerable hospital where
thousands under their cruelties have

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expired.

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Martyrdom of John Calas We pass over many
other individual martyrdoms, to insert

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that of John Calas, which took place as
recently as 1761, and is an indubitable

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proof of the bigotry of potpourri,
and shows that neither experience nor

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improvement can root out the inveterate
prejudices of the Roman Catholics or

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render them less cruel or inexorable to
Protestants.

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John Calas was a merchant of the city of
Toulouse, where he had been settled and

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lived in good repute and had married an
Englishwoman of French extraction.

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Calas and his wife were Protestants and
had five sons whom they educated in the

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same religion, but Louis, one of the sons,
became a Roman Catholic, having been

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converted by a maidservant who had lived
in the family about thirty years.

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The father, however, did not express any
resentment or ill will upon the occasion,

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but kept the maid in the family and
settled an annuity upon the son.

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In October 1761, the family consisted of
John Calas and his wife, one woman

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servant, Mark Antony Calas, the eldest
son, and Peter Calas, the second son.

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Mark Antony was bred to the law,
but could not be admitted to practice on

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account of his being a Protestant.

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Hence he grew melancholy, read all the
books he could procure relative to

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suicide, and seemed determined to destroy
himself.

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To this may be added that he led a
dissipated life, was greatly addicted to

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gaming, and did all which could constitute
the character of a libertine, on which

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account his father frequently reprehended
him, and sometimes in terms of severity,

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which considerably added to the gloom that
seemed to oppress him.

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On the 13th of October 1761, Mr. Gobert
Lavesse, a young gentleman about nineteen

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years of age, the son of Lavesse,
a celebrated advocate of Toulouse,

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about five o'clock in the evening was met
by John Calas the father and the eldest

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son Mark Antony, who was his friend.

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Calas the father invited him to supper,
and the family and their guests sat down

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in a room up one pair of stairs,
the whole company consisting of Calas the

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father and his wife, Antony and Peter
Calas the sons, and Lavesse the guest,

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no other person being in the house except
the maid-servant, who has been already

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mentioned.

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It was now about seven o'clock.

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The supper was not long, but before it was
over Antony left the table and went into

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the kitchen, which was on the same floor
as he was accustomed to do.

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The maid asked him if he was cold.

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He answered, quite the contrary,
I burn, and then left her.

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In the meantime his friend and family left
the room they had supped in and went into

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a bed-chamber.

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The father and Lavesse sat down together
on a sofa, the younger son Peter in an

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elbow-chair, and the mother in another
chair, and without making any enquiry

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after Antony, continued in conversation
together until between nine and ten o

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'clock, when Lavesse took his leave,
and Peter, who had fallen asleep,

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was awakened to attend him with a light.

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On the ground floor of Calasse's house was
a shop and a warehouse, the latter of

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which was divided from the shop by a pair
of folding doors.

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When Peter Calasse and Lavesse came
downstairs into the shop, they were

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extremely shocked to see Antony hanging in
his shirt from a bar which he had laid

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across the top of the two folding doors,
having half opened them for that purpose.

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On discovery of this horrid spectacle,
they shrieked out, which brought down

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Calasse the father, the mother being
seized with such terror as kept her

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trembling in the passage above.

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When the maid discovered what had
happened, she continued below,

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either because she feared to carry an
account of it to her mistress,

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or because she busied herself in doing
some good office to her master,

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who was embracing the body of his son and
bathing it in his tears.

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The mother, therefore, being thus left
alone, went down and mixed in the scene

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that has been already described,
with such emotions as it must naturally

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produce.

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In the meantime Peter had been sent for
Lamois, a surgeon in the neighbourhood.

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Lamois was not at home, but his
apprentice, Mr. Groll, came instantly.

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Upon examination he found the body quite
dead, and by this time a papistical crowd

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of people were gathered about the house,
and having by some means heard that Antony

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Calas was suddenly dead, and that the
surgeon who had examined the body declared

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that he had been strangled, they took it
into their heads he had been murdered,

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and as the family was Protestant,
they presently supposed that the young man

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was about to change his religion and had
been put to death for that reason.

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The poor father, overwhelmed with grief
for the loss of his child, was advised by

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his friends to send for the officers of
justice to prevent his being torn to

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pieces by the Catholic multitude who
supposed he had murdered his son.

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This was accordingly done, and David,
the Chief Magistrate or Capitol,

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took the father, Peter the son,
the mother, Lavesse, and the maid all into

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custody, and set a guard over them.

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He sent for Monsieur de Latour,
a physician, and Monsieurs Lamarque and

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Peronet, surgeons, who examined the body
for marks of violence, but found none

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except the mark of the ligature on the
neck.

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They found also the hair of the deceased,
done up in the usual manner, perfectly

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smooth, and without the least disorder.

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His clothes were also regularly folded up
and laid upon the counter, nor was his

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shirt either torn or unbuttoned.

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Notwithstanding these innocent
appearances, the Capitol thought proper to

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agree with the opinion of the mob,
and took it into his head that old Calas

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had sent for Lavesse, telling him that he
had a son to be hanged, that Lavesse had

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come to perform the office of executioner,
and that he had received assistance from

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the father and brother.

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As no proof of the supposed fact could be
procured, the Capitol had recourse to a

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monetary or general information,
in which the crime was taken for granted,

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and persons were required to give such
testimony against it as they were able.

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This recites that Lavesse was commissioned
by the Protestants to be their executioner

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in ordinary, when any of their children
were to be hanged for changing their

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religion.

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It recites also that when the Protestants
thus hanged their children, they compelled

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them to kneel, and one of the
interrogatories was whether any person had

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seen Antony Calas kneel before his father
when he strangled him.

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It recites likewise that Antony died a
Roman Catholic, and requires evidence of

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his Catholicism.

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But before this monetary was published,
the mob had got a notion that Antony Calas

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was the next day to have entered into the
fraternity of the White Penitents.

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The Capitol therefore caused his body to
be buried in the middle of St. Stephen's

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Church.

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A few days after the interment of the
deceased, the White Penitents performed a

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solemn service for him in their chapel.

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The church was hung with white,
and a tomb was raised in the middle of it,

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on the top of which was placed a human
skeleton, holding in one hand a paper on

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which was written abjuration of heresy,
and in the other a palm, the emblem of

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martyrdom.

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The next day the Franciscans performed a
service of the same kind for him.

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The Capitol continued the persecution with
unrelenting severity, and without the

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least proof coming in, thought fit to
condemn the unhappy father, mother,

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brother, friend and servant to the
torture, and put them all into irons on

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the 18th of November.

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From these dreadful proceedings the
sufferers appealed to the Parliament,

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which immediately took cognizance of the
affair, and annulled the sentence of the

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Capitol as irregular.

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But they continued the prosecution,
and upon the hangman deposing it was

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impossible Antony should hang himself as
was pretended, the majority of the

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Parliament were of the opinion that the
prisoners were guilty, and therefore

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ordered them to be tried by the criminal
court of Toulouse.

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One voted him innocent, but after long
debates the majority was for the torture

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and wheel, and probably condemned the
father by way of experiment whether he was

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guilty or not, hoping he would in the
agony confess the crime and accuse the

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other prisoners, whose fate therefore they
suspended.

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Poor Calas, however, an old man of
sixty-eight, was condemned to this

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dreadful punishment alone.

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He suffered the torture with great
constancy, and was led to execution in a

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frame of mind which excited the admiration
of all that saw him, and particularly of

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the two Dominicans, Father Bourges and
Father Koldag, who attended him in his

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last moments, and declared that they
thought him not only innocent of the crime

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laid to his charge, but also an exemplary
instance of true Christian patience,

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fortitude, and charity.

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When he saw the executioner prepared to
give him the last stroke, he made a fresh

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declaration to Father Bourges.

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But while the words were still in his
mouth, the Capitol, the author of this

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catastrophe, who came upon the scaffold
merely to gratify his desire of being a

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witness of his punishment and death,
ran up to him and bawled out, Wretch,

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there are faggots which are to reduce your
body to ashes.

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Speak the truth.

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Monsieur Calas made no reply, but turned
his head a little aside, and that moment

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the executioner did his office.

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The popular outcry against this family was
so violent in Languedoc that everybody

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expected to see the children of Calas
broke upon the wheel and the mother burnt

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alive.

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Young Donut Calas was advised of flying to
Switzerland.

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He went, and found a gentleman who at
first could only pity and relieve him,

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without daring to judge of the rigour
exercised against the father, mother,

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and brothers.

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Soon after, one of the brothers,
who was only banished, likewise threw

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himself into the arms of the same person,
who for more than a month took every

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possible precaution to be assured of the
innocence of the family.

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Once convinced, he thought himself
obliged, in conscience, to employ his

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friends, his purse, his pen, and his
credit, to repair the fatal mistake of the

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seven judges of Toulouse, and to have the
proceedings revised by the King's Council.

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This revision lasted three years,
and it is well known what honour Messrs.

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de Grone and Bacancourt acquired by
investigating this memorable cause.

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Fifty masters of the Court of Requests
unanimously declared the whole family of

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Calas innocent, and recommended them to
the benevolent justice of His Majesty.

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The Duke de Choiseul, who never let slip
an opportunity of signalizing the

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greatness of his character, not only
assisted this unfortunate family with

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money, but obtained for them a gratuity of
36,000 livres from the King.

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On the 9th of March, 1765, the Arrêté was
signed, which justified the family of

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Calas, and changed their fate.

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The 9th of March, 1762, was the very day
on which the innocent and virtuous father

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of that family had been executed.

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All Paris ran in crowds to see them come
out of prison, and clapped their hands for

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joy while the tears streamed from their
eyes.

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This dreadful example of bigotry employed
the pen of Voltaire in deprecation of the

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horrors of superstition, and though an
infidel himself, his essay on toleration

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does honour to his pen, and has been a
blessed means of abating the rigour of

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persecution in most European states.

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Gospel purity will equally shun
superstition and cruelty, as the mildness

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of Christ's tenets teaches only to comfort
in this world, and to procure salvation in

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the next.

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To persecute for being of a different
opinion is as absurd as to persecute for

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having a different countenance.

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If we honour God, keep sacred the pure
doctrines of Christ, put a full confidence

17:26.580 --> 17:31.100
in the promises contained in the Holy
Scriptures, and obey the political laws of

17:31.100 --> 17:35.660
the state in which we reside, we have an
undoubted right to protection instead of

17:35.660 --> 17:40.600
persecution, and to serve heaven as our
consciences, regulated by the Gospel

17:40.600 --> 17:42.100
rules, may direct.

17:46.460 --> 17:52.760
Chapter 5 An Account of the Inquisition
When the Reformed religion began to

17:52.760 --> 17:57.140
diffuse the Gospel light throughout
Europe, Pope Innocent III entertained

17:57.140 --> 17:59.120
great fear for the Romish Church.

17:59.560 --> 18:04.060
He accordingly instituted a number of
inquisitors, or persons who were to make

18:04.060 --> 18:09.660
inquiry after, apprehend, and punish,
heretics, as the Reformed were called by

18:09.660 --> 18:10.340
the Papists.

18:11.340 --> 18:15.740
At the head of these inquisitors was one
Dominic, who had been canonised by the

18:15.740 --> 18:18.640
Pope in order to render his authority the
more respectable.

18:19.800 --> 18:23.960
Dominic and the other inquisitors spread
themselves into various Roman Catholic

18:23.960 --> 18:27.440
countries, and treated the Protestants
with the utmost severity.

18:28.480 --> 18:33.500
In process of time, the Pope, not finding
these roving inquisitors so useful as he

18:33.500 --> 18:37.960
had imagined, resolved upon the
establishment of fixed and regular courts

18:37.960 --> 18:38.780
of inquisition.

18:39.540 --> 18:43.740
After the order for these regular courts,
the first office of inquisition was

18:43.740 --> 18:48.040
established in the city of Toulouse,
and Dominic became the first regular

18:48.040 --> 18:52.060
inquisitor, as he had before been the
first roving inquisitor.

18:53.500 --> 18:57.540
Courts of inquisition were now erected in
several countries, but the Spanish

18:57.540 --> 19:00.920
inquisition became the most powerful and
the most dreaded of any.

19:01.720 --> 19:05.900
Even the kings of Spain themselves,
though arbitrary in all other respects,

19:06.220 --> 19:10.400
were taught to dread the power of the
lords of the inquisition, and the horrid

19:10.400 --> 19:14.820
cruelties they exercised compelled
multitudes, who differed in opinion from

19:14.820 --> 19:18.040
the Roman Catholics, carefully to conceal
their sentiments.

19:19.540 --> 19:24.300
The most zealous of all the Popish monks,
and those who most implicitly obeyed the

19:24.300 --> 19:27.340
Church of Rome, were the Dominicans and
Franciscans.

19:28.000 --> 19:31.520
These, therefore, the Pope thought proper
to invest with an exclusive right of

19:31.520 --> 19:35.360
presiding over the different courts of
inquisition, and gave them the most

19:35.360 --> 19:40.820
unlimited powers, as judges delegated by
him, and immediately representing his

19:40.820 --> 19:41.260
person.

19:41.840 --> 19:45.680
They were permitted to excommunicate or
sentence to death whom they thought

19:45.680 --> 19:49.220
proper, upon the most slight information
of heresy.

19:49.900 --> 19:53.640
They were allowed to publish crusades
against all whom they deemed heretics,

19:54.040 --> 19:58.700
and enter into leagues with sovereign
princes to join their crusades with their

19:58.700 --> 19:59.060
forces.

20:00.480 --> 20:06.060
In 1244 their power was further increased
by the Emperor Frederick II, who declared

20:06.060 --> 20:10.480
himself the protector and friend of all
the inquisitors, and published the cruel

20:10.480 --> 20:14.860
edicts, first, that all heretics who
continue obstinate should be burnt,

20:15.500 --> 20:19.260
second, that all heretics who repented
should be imprisoned for life.

20:20.760 --> 20:24.840
This zeal in the Emperor for the
inquisitors of the Roman Catholic

20:24.840 --> 20:30.160
persuasion arose from a report which had
been propagated throughout Europe that he

20:30.160 --> 20:32.860
intended to renounce Christianity and turn
Mohammedan.

20:33.560 --> 20:36.580
The Emperor therefore attempted,
by the height of bigotry, to contradict

20:36.580 --> 20:40.260
the report, and to show his attachment to
Popery by cruelty.

20:42.540 --> 20:48.400
The officers of the Inquisition are three
inquisitors or judges, a fiscal proctor,

20:48.740 --> 20:53.160
two secretaries, a magistrate,
a messenger, a receiver, a jailer,

20:53.500 --> 20:58.100
an agent of confiscated possessions,
several assessors, counsellors,

20:58.200 --> 21:02.540
executioners, physicians, surgeons,
doorkeepers, familiars, and visitors,

21:03.020 --> 21:04.240
who are sworn to secrecy.

21:05.640 --> 21:10.440
The principal accusation against those who
are subject to this tribunal is heresy,

21:10.760 --> 21:15.580
which comprises all that is spoken or
written against any of the articles of the

21:15.580 --> 21:17.840
Creed or the traditions of the Roman
Church.

21:19.040 --> 21:23.660
The Inquisition likewise takes cognizance
of such as are accused of being magicians,

21:24.080 --> 21:28.240
and of such who read the Bible in the
common language, the Talmud of the Jews,

21:28.360 --> 21:30.040
or the Al-Quran of the Mohammedans.

21:31.420 --> 21:35.160
Upon all occasions the inquisitors carry
on their processes with the utmost

21:35.160 --> 21:39.340
severity, and punish those who offend them
with the most unparalleled cruelty.

21:40.160 --> 21:45.240
A Protestant has seldom any mercy shown
him, and a Jew who turns Christian is far

21:45.240 --> 21:46.180
from being secure.

21:47.640 --> 21:52.020
A defence in the Inquisition is of little
use to the prisoner, for a suspicion only

21:52.020 --> 21:55.800
is deemed sufficient cause of
condemnation, and the greater his wealth,

21:55.900 --> 21:56.900
the greater his danger.

21:57.980 --> 22:02.380
The principal part of the inquisitor's
cruelties is owing to their rapacity.

22:03.020 --> 22:07.360
They destroy the life to possess the
property, and under the pretense of zeal,

22:07.760 --> 22:09.880
plunder each obnoxious individual.

22:11.580 --> 22:15.880
A prisoner in the Inquisition is never
allowed to see the face of his accuser or

22:15.880 --> 22:20.560
of the witnesses against him, but every
method is taken, by threats and tortures,

22:20.800 --> 22:24.620
to oblige him to accuse himself,
and by that means corroborate their

22:24.620 --> 22:25.080
evidence.

22:25.860 --> 22:31.380
If the jurisdiction of the Inquisition is
not fully allowed, vengeance is denounced

22:31.380 --> 22:36.220
against such as call it in question,
for if any of its officers are opposed,

22:36.480 --> 22:39.840
those who oppose them are almost certain
to be sufferers for the temerity,

22:40.380 --> 22:44.780
the maxim of the Inquisition being to
strike terror and all those who are the

22:44.780 --> 22:46.680
objects of its power into obedience.

22:47.860 --> 22:52.280
High birth, distinguished rank,
great dignity or eminent employments are

22:52.280 --> 22:56.460
no protection from its severities,
and the lowest officers of the Inquisition

22:56.460 --> 22:58.760
can make the highest characters tremble.

22:59.920 --> 23:03.760
When the person impeached is condemned,
he is either severely whipped,

23:04.000 --> 23:08.900
violently tortured, sent to the galleys or
sentenced to death, and in either case the

23:08.900 --> 23:10.220
effects are confiscated.

23:11.120 --> 23:15.400
After judgment, a procession is performed
at the place of execution, which ceremony

23:15.400 --> 23:18.260
is called an hauteur de fait, or act of
faith.

23:20.500 --> 23:24.400
The following is an account of an hauteur
de fait performed at Madrid in the year

23:24.400 --> 23:25.320
1682.

23:27.160 --> 23:31.600
The officers of the Inquisition,
preceded by trumpets, kettledrums and

23:31.600 --> 23:36.800
their banner, marched on the 30th of May
in cavalcade to the Palace of the Great

23:36.800 --> 23:41.420
Square, where they declared by
proclamation that on the 30th of June the

23:41.420 --> 23:43.700
sentence of the prisoners would be put in
execution.

23:45.100 --> 23:49.860
Of these prisoners, twenty men and women,
with one renegade Mohammedan, were ordered

23:49.860 --> 23:50.580
to be burned.

23:51.260 --> 23:55.520
Fifty Jews and Jewesses, having never
before been imprisoned and repenting of

23:55.520 --> 23:59.580
their crimes, were sentenced to a long
confinement and to wear a yellow cap.

24:00.260 --> 24:02.640
The whole Court of Spain was present on
this occasion.

24:02.880 --> 24:07.780
The Grand Inquisitor's Chair was placed in
a sort of tribunal far above that of the

24:07.780 --> 24:08.040
King.

24:09.360 --> 24:13.420
Among those who were to suffer was a young
Jewess of exquisite beauty and but

24:13.420 --> 24:14.680
seventeen years of age.

24:15.660 --> 24:19.280
Being on the same side of the scaffold
where the Queen was seated, she addressed

24:19.280 --> 24:23.120
her in hopes of obtaining a pardon in the
following pathetic speech.

24:24.000 --> 24:28.460
Great Queen, will not your royal presence
be of some service to me in my miserable

24:28.460 --> 24:29.040
condition?

24:29.700 --> 24:33.520
Have regard to my youth, and, oh,
consider that I am about to die for

24:33.520 --> 24:36.460
professing a religion imbibed from my
earliest infancy.

24:36.460 --> 24:42.520
Her Majesty seemed greatly to pity her
distress, but turned away her eyes as she

24:42.520 --> 24:46.760
did not dare to speak a word in behalf of
a person who had been declared a heretic.

24:47.960 --> 24:52.900
Now Mass began, in the midst of which the
priest came from the altar, placed himself

24:52.900 --> 24:57.220
near the scaffold, and seated himself in a
chair prepared for that purpose.

24:59.040 --> 25:03.260
The Chief Inquisitor then descended from
the amphitheatre dressed in his cope and

25:03.260 --> 25:04.660
having a mitre on his head.

25:05.260 --> 25:09.200
After having bowed to the altar,
he advanced towards the King's balcony and

25:09.200 --> 25:13.520
went up to it, attended by some of his
officers, carrying a cross and the

25:13.520 --> 25:17.400
Gospels, with a book containing the oath
by which the Kings of Spain obliged

25:17.400 --> 25:22.140
themselves to protect the Catholic faith,
to extirpate heretics, and to support with

25:22.140 --> 25:25.820
all their power and force the prosecutions
and decrees of the Inquisition.

25:26.600 --> 25:30.000
A like oath was administered to the
councillors and whole assembly.

25:31.060 --> 25:35.340
The Mass was begun about twelve at noon
and did not end until nine in the evening,

25:35.920 --> 25:40.200
being protracted by a proclamation of the
sentence of the several criminals which

25:40.200 --> 25:43.420
were already separately rehearsed aloud,
one after the other.

25:44.960 --> 25:49.300
After this followed the burnings of the
twenty-one men and women whose intrepidity

25:49.300 --> 25:52.000
in suffering that horrid death was truly
astonishing.

25:52.880 --> 25:57.880
The King's near situation to the criminals
rendered their dying groans very audible

25:57.880 --> 25:58.380
to him.

25:59.060 --> 26:03.120
He could not, however, be absent from this
dreadful scene as it is esteemed a

26:03.120 --> 26:07.540
religious one, and his coronation oath
obliged him to give a sanction by his

26:07.540 --> 26:09.840
presence to all the acts of the tribunal.

26:12.220 --> 26:16.300
What we have already said may be applied
to Inquisitions in general, as well as to

26:16.300 --> 26:17.640
that of Spain in particular.

26:18.400 --> 26:22.460
The Inquisition belonging to Portugal is
exactly upon a similar plan to that of

26:22.460 --> 26:27.100
Spain, having been instituted much about
the same time, and put under the same

26:27.100 --> 26:27.700
regulations.

26:28.880 --> 26:33.560
The Inquisitors allow the torture to be
used only three times, but during those

26:33.560 --> 26:37.220
times it is so severely inflicted that the
prisoner either dies under it,

26:37.520 --> 26:42.100
or continues always after a cripple,
and suffers the severest pains upon every

26:42.100 --> 26:42.880
change of weather.

26:43.940 --> 26:47.980
We shall give an ample description of the
severe torment occasioned by the torture,

26:48.440 --> 26:52.520
from the account of one who suffered it
the three respective times, but happily

26:52.520 --> 26:54.460
survived the cruelties he underwent.

26:56.060 --> 27:00.540
At the first time of torturing,
six executioners entered, stripped him

27:00.540 --> 27:05.220
naked to his drawers, and laid him upon
his back on a kind of stand elevated a few

27:05.220 --> 27:06.100
feet from the floor.

27:07.240 --> 27:11.520
The operation commenced by putting an iron
collar round his neck, and a ring to each

27:11.520 --> 27:13.720
foot, which fastened him to the stand.

27:14.440 --> 27:18.740
His limits being thus stretched out,
they wound two ropes round each thigh,

27:18.740 --> 27:22.500
which ropes being passed under the
scaffold through holes made for that

27:22.500 --> 27:27.720
purpose, were all drawn tight at the same
instant of time by four of the men on a

27:27.720 --> 27:28.440
given signal.

27:29.660 --> 27:33.100
It is easy to conceive that the pains
which immediately succeeded were

27:33.100 --> 27:33.780
intolerable.

27:34.380 --> 27:38.600
The ropes, which were of a small size,
cut through the prisoner's flesh to the

27:38.600 --> 27:43.360
bone, making the blood to gush out at
eight different places, thus bound at a

27:43.360 --> 27:43.680
time.

27:44.460 --> 27:47.820
As the prisoner persisted in not making
any confession of what the inquisitors

27:47.820 --> 27:52.080
required, the ropes were drawn in this
manner four times successively.

27:54.280 --> 27:57.580
The manner of inflicting the second
torture was as follows.

27:58.420 --> 28:02.100
They forced his arms backwards so that the
palms of his hands were turned outward

28:02.100 --> 28:06.160
behind him, when by means of a rope that
fastened them together at the wrists,

28:06.560 --> 28:10.720
and which was turned by an engine,
they drew them by degrees nearer each

28:10.720 --> 28:14.680
other in such a manner that the back of
each hand touched and stood exactly

28:14.680 --> 28:15.920
parallel to each other.

28:16.800 --> 28:20.860
In consequence of this violent contortion,
both his shoulders became dislocated,

28:21.260 --> 28:24.120
and a considerable quantity of blood
issued from his mouth.

28:24.920 --> 28:28.580
This torture was repeated thrice,
after which he was again taken to the

28:28.580 --> 28:31.800
dungeon, and the surgeon set the
dislocated bones.

28:33.360 --> 28:36.720
Two months after the second torture,
the prisoner being a little recovered,

28:37.080 --> 28:40.800
was again ordered to the torture-room,
and there for the last time made to

28:40.800 --> 28:44.820
undergo another kind of punishment,
which was inflicted twice without any

28:44.820 --> 28:45.360
intermission.

28:46.480 --> 28:50.340
The executioners fastened a thick iron
chain round his body, which, crossing at

28:50.340 --> 28:52.100
the breast, terminated at the wrists.

28:52.800 --> 28:57.020
They then placed him with his back against
a thick board, at each extremity whereof

28:57.020 --> 29:00.540
was a pulley, through which they ran a
rope that caught the end of the chain at

29:00.540 --> 29:01.100
his wrists.

29:02.200 --> 29:06.380
The executioner then, stretching the end
of his rope by means of a roller placed at

29:06.380 --> 29:11.720
a distance behind him, pressed or bruised
his stomach in proportion as the ends of

29:11.720 --> 29:13.280
the chains were drawn tighter.

29:14.320 --> 29:18.020
They tortured him in this manner to such a
degree that his wrists, as well as his

29:18.020 --> 29:19.660
shoulders, were quite dislocated.

29:20.540 --> 29:25.000
They were, however, soon set by the
surgeons, but the barbarians, not yet

29:25.000 --> 29:29.100
satisfied with this species of cruelty,
made him immediately undergo the like

29:29.100 --> 29:33.800
torture a second time, which he sustained,
though if possible attended with keener

29:33.800 --> 29:36.520
pains, with equal constancy and
resolution.

29:37.720 --> 29:41.600
After this he was again remanded to the
dungeon, attended by the surgeon to dress

29:41.600 --> 29:46.160
his bruises and adjust the part
dislocated, and here he continued until

29:46.160 --> 29:50.960
their hauteur de fait, or jail delivery,
when he was discharged, crippled and

29:50.960 --> 29:51.960
diseased for life.

29:56.360 --> 30:00.080
An account of the cruel handling and
burning of Nicholas Burton, an English

30:00.080 --> 30:01.560
Merchant in Spain.

30:03.340 --> 30:08.680
The fifth day of November, about the year
of our Lord, 1560, Mr. Nicholas Burton,

30:08.920 --> 30:12.880
citizen sometime of London, and merchant,
dwelling in the parish of Little St.

30:13.180 --> 30:16.880
Bartholomew, peaceably and quietly
following his traffic in the trade of

30:16.880 --> 30:22.520
merchandise, and being in the city of
Cadiz, in the party of Andalusia in Spain,

30:23.440 --> 30:27.940
there came into his lodging a Judas,
or as they termed them, a Familiar of the

30:27.940 --> 30:32.480
Fathers of Inquisition, who, asking for
the said Nicholas Burton, feigned that he

30:32.480 --> 30:36.620
had a letter to deliver into his own
hands, by which means he spake with him

30:36.620 --> 30:37.140
immediately.

30:37.800 --> 30:42.180
And having no letter to deliver to him,
then the said promoter or Familiar,

30:42.620 --> 30:46.900
at the motion of the devil his master,
whose messenger he was, invented another

30:46.900 --> 30:51.520
lie, and said he would take lading for
London in such ships as the said Nicholas

30:51.520 --> 30:54.400
Burton had freighted to Lade, if he would
let any.

30:55.380 --> 30:59.660
Which was partly to know where he loaded
his goods, that they might attach them,

30:59.900 --> 31:04.940
and chiefly to protract the time until the
sergeant of the Inquisition might come and

31:04.940 --> 31:08.900
apprehend the body of the said Nicholas
Burton, which they did incontinently.

31:10.140 --> 31:14.120
He then, well perceiving that they were
not able to burden or charge him that he

31:14.120 --> 31:17.920
had written, spoken, or done anything
there in that country against the

31:17.920 --> 31:22.680
ecclesiastical or temporal laws of the
same realm, boldly asked them what they

31:22.680 --> 31:26.920
had to lay to his charge that they did so
arrest him, and bade them to declare the

31:26.920 --> 31:28.080
cause, and he would answer them.

31:29.480 --> 31:32.460
Notwithstanding they answered nothing,
but commanded him with threatening words

31:32.460 --> 31:35.220
to hold his peace, and not speak one word
to them.

31:36.420 --> 31:39.660
And so they carried him to the filthy
common prison of the town of Cadiz,

31:40.000 --> 31:43.080
where he remained in irons fourteen days
among thieves.

31:44.440 --> 31:48.880
All which time he so instructed the poor
prisoners in the word of God, according to

31:48.880 --> 31:52.920
the good talent which God had given him in
that behalf, and also in the Spanish

31:52.920 --> 31:58.320
tongue to utter the same, that in that
short space he had well reclaimed several

31:58.320 --> 32:02.700
of those superstitious and ignorant
Spaniards to embrace the word of God and

32:02.700 --> 32:07.700
to reject their Popish traditions,
which being known unto the officers of the

32:07.700 --> 32:11.880
Inquisition, they conveyed him laden with
irons from thence to a city called

32:11.880 --> 32:17.140
Seville, into a more cruel and straighter
prison called Triana, where the said

32:17.140 --> 32:21.200
fathers of the Inquisition proceeded
against him secretly, according to their

32:21.200 --> 32:26.040
accustomable cruel tyranny, that never
after he could be suffered to write or

32:26.040 --> 32:30.540
speak to any of his nation, so that to
this day it is unknown who was his

32:30.540 --> 32:31.040
accuser.

32:32.840 --> 32:36.800
Afterward, the 20th of December,
they brought the said Nicholas Burton,

32:36.960 --> 32:40.560
with a great number of other prisoners,
for professing the true Christian

32:40.560 --> 32:45.340
religion, into the city of Seville,
to a place where the said Inquisitors sat

32:45.340 --> 32:50.420
in judgment, which they called Otto,
with a canvas coat, whereupon in divers'

32:50.620 --> 32:54.860
parts was painted the figure of a huge
devil, tormenting a soul in a flame of

32:54.860 --> 32:58.480
fire, and on his head a copping tank of
the same work.

33:00.160 --> 33:04.340
His tongue was forced out of his mouth
with a cloven stick fastened upon it,

33:04.680 --> 33:07.740
that he should not utter his conscience
and faith to the people.

33:08.360 --> 33:12.440
And so he was set, with another Englishman
of Southampton and divers' other condemned

33:12.440 --> 33:17.620
men for religion, as well Frenchmen as
Spaniards, upon a scaffold over against

33:17.620 --> 33:21.440
the said Inquisition, where their
sentences and judgments were read and

33:21.440 --> 33:22.480
pronounced against them.

33:23.240 --> 33:27.260
And immediately after the said sentences
given, they were carried from there to the

33:27.260 --> 33:31.280
place of execution without the city,
where they most cruelly burned them,

33:31.600 --> 33:33.920
for whose constant faith God is praised.

33:35.580 --> 33:40.180
This Nicholas Burton, by the way,
and in the flames of fire, had so cheerful

33:40.180 --> 33:45.360
a countenance, embracing death with all
patience and gladness, that the tormentors

33:45.360 --> 33:49.920
and enemies which stood by said that the
devil had his soul before he came to the

33:49.920 --> 33:53.360
fire, and therefore, they said,
his senses of feeling were past him.

33:54.900 --> 33:59.740
It happened that after the arrest of
Nicholas Burton aforesaid, immediately all

33:59.740 --> 34:03.440
the goods and merchandise which he brought
with him into Spain by the way of traffic,

34:03.660 --> 34:08.120
were, according to their common usage,
seized and taken into the sequester,

34:08.560 --> 34:12.600
among which they also rolled up much that
appertained to another English merchant

34:12.600 --> 34:14.960
wherewith he was credited as factor.

34:15.860 --> 34:19.560
Whereof, as soon as news was brought to
the merchant, as well of the imprisonment

34:19.560 --> 34:24.500
of his factor as of the arrest made upon
his goods, he sent his attorney into Spain

34:24.500 --> 34:28.120
with authority from him to make claim to
his goods, and to demand them,

34:28.620 --> 34:31.560
whose name was John Fronton, citizen of
Bristol.

34:33.040 --> 34:37.120
When his attorney was landed at Seville,
and had shown all his letters and writings

34:37.120 --> 34:41.580
to the Holy House, requiring them that
such goods might be delivered into his

34:41.580 --> 34:47.160
possession, answer was made to him that he
must sue by bill, and retain an advocate,

34:47.660 --> 34:52.440
but all was doubtless to delay him,
and they forsooth of courtesy assigned him

34:52.440 --> 34:57.060
one to frame his supplication for him,
and other such bills of petition as he had

34:57.060 --> 35:01.420
to exhibit into their holy court,
demanding for each bill eight reals,

35:01.980 --> 35:05.460
albeit they stood him in no more stead
than if he had put up none at all.

35:06.380 --> 35:10.240
And for the space of three or four months
this fellow missed not twice a day

35:10.240 --> 35:14.680
attending every morning and afternoon at
the Inquisitor's Palace, suing unto them

35:14.680 --> 35:19.040
upon his knees for his dispatch,
but especially to the Bishop of Tarragon,

35:19.520 --> 35:23.640
who was at that very time Chief of the
Inquisition at Seville, that he of his

35:23.640 --> 35:27.020
absolute authority would command
restitution to be made thereof.

35:27.580 --> 35:31.720
But the booty was so good and great that
it was very hard to come by it again.

35:33.100 --> 35:38.640
At length, after he had spent four whole
months in suits and requests, and also to

35:38.640 --> 35:43.080
no purpose, he received this answer from
them, that he must show better evidence,

35:43.380 --> 35:47.080
and bring more sufficient certificates out
of England for proof of this matter,

35:47.460 --> 35:49.800
than those which he had already presented
to the court.

35:50.880 --> 35:55.120
Whereupon the party forthwest posted to
London, and with all speed returned to

35:55.120 --> 35:59.040
Seville again, with more ample and large
letters testimonial and certificates,

35:59.580 --> 36:02.700
according to their requests, and exhibited
them to the court.

36:04.060 --> 36:08.120
Notwithstanding, the Inquisitor still
shifted him off, excusing themselves by

36:08.120 --> 36:11.640
lack of leisure, and for that they were
occupied in more weighty affairs,

36:11.640 --> 36:15.080
and with such answers put him off four
months after.

36:16.420 --> 36:20.860
At last, when the party had well nigh
spent all his money, and therefore sued

36:20.860 --> 36:24.660
the more earnestly for his dispatch,
they referred the matter wholly to the

36:24.660 --> 36:30.680
Bishop, of whom, when he repaired unto
him, he made answer, that for himself he

36:30.680 --> 36:35.920
knew what he had to do, howbeit he was but
one man, and the determination appertained

36:35.920 --> 36:38.120
to the other Commissioners as well as unto
him.

36:39.000 --> 36:43.080
And thus, by posting and passing it from
one to another, the party could obtain no

36:43.080 --> 36:43.840
end of his suit.

36:44.640 --> 36:48.440
Yet for his importunities' sake,
they were resolved to dispatch him.

36:49.500 --> 36:50.480
It was on this sort.

36:51.120 --> 36:55.160
One of the Inquisitors, called Gasco,
a man very well experienced in these

36:55.160 --> 36:58.900
practices, willed the party to resort unto
him after dinner.

36:59.800 --> 37:03.680
The fellow being glad to hear this news,
and supposing that his good should be

37:03.680 --> 37:07.920
restored unto him, and that he was called
in for that purpose to talk with the other

37:07.920 --> 37:12.280
that was in prison, to confer with him
about their accounts, rather through a

37:12.280 --> 37:17.020
little misunderstanding, hearing the
Inquisitors cast out a word that it should

37:17.020 --> 37:21.200
be needful for him to talk with the
prisoner, and being thereupon more than

37:21.200 --> 37:25.600
half persuaded that at length they meant
good faith, did so, and repaired thither

37:25.600 --> 37:26.360
about the evening.

37:27.480 --> 37:31.340
Immediately upon his coming, the jailer
was forthwith charged with him to shut him

37:31.340 --> 37:33.600
up close in such a prison where they
appointed him.

37:34.800 --> 37:39.080
The party, hoping at the first that he had
been called for about some other matter,

37:39.600 --> 37:44.020
and seeing himself contrary to his
expectations cast into a dark dungeon,

37:44.780 --> 37:49.660
perceived at length that the world went
with him far otherwise than he supposed it

37:49.660 --> 37:50.160
would have done.

37:51.600 --> 37:55.800
But within two or three days after,
he was brought into court, where he began

37:55.800 --> 38:00.420
to demand his goods, and because it was a
device that well served their turn without

38:00.420 --> 38:03.920
any more circumstance, they bid him say
his Ave Maria.

38:04.700 --> 38:11.800
Ave Maria, gratia plena, dominus tecum,
benedicta tu in mulieribus, et benedictus

38:11.800 --> 38:14.620
fructus ventris tui, Jesus, amen.

38:16.160 --> 38:19.320
The same was written word by word as he
spake it.

38:19.920 --> 38:23.500
And without any more talk of claiming his
goods, because it was needless,

38:23.980 --> 38:27.920
they commanded him to prison again,
and entered an action against him as a

38:27.920 --> 38:32.620
heretic, forasmuch as he did not say his
Ave Maria after the Romis fashion,

38:32.940 --> 38:36.480
but ended it very suspiciously,
for he should have added, moreover,

38:36.900 --> 38:40.920
Sancta Maria mater Dei, ora pro nobis
peccatoribus.

38:41.560 --> 38:46.180
By abbreviating whereof it was evident
enough, said they, that he did not allow

38:46.180 --> 38:47.400
the mediation of saints.

38:48.440 --> 38:52.440
Thus they picked a quarrel to detain him
in prison a longer season, and afterward

38:52.440 --> 38:56.600
brought him forth upon their stage,
disguised after their manner, where

38:56.600 --> 39:00.480
sentence was given that he should lose all
the goods which he sued for, though they

39:00.480 --> 39:04.000
were not his own, and besides this suffer
a year's imprisonment.

39:06.120 --> 39:10.080
Mark Brugges, an Englishman, master of an
English ship called the Minion,

39:10.620 --> 39:12.440
was burned in a city in Portugal.

39:13.440 --> 39:17.620
William Hawker, a young man about the age
of sixteen years, being an Englishman,

39:17.760 --> 39:21.760
was stoned to death by certain young men
in the city of Seville, for the same

39:21.760 --> 39:22.700
righteous cause.

39:24.560 --> 39:29.680
Some private enormities of the Inquisition
laid open by a very singular occurrence.

39:31.580 --> 39:35.540
When the crown of Spain was contested for,
in the beginning of the present century,

39:35.680 --> 39:40.640
by two princes who equally pretended to
the sovereignty, France espoused the cause

39:40.640 --> 39:43.120
of one competitor and England of the
other.

39:44.300 --> 39:48.840
The Duke of Berwick, a natural son of
James II, who abdicated England,

39:49.400 --> 39:53.360
commanded the Spanish and French forces
and defeated the English at the celebrated

39:53.360 --> 39:54.620
Battle of Almanza.

39:55.380 --> 39:59.540
The army was then divided into two parts,
the one consisting of Spaniards and

39:59.540 --> 40:04.800
French, headed by the Duke of Berwick,
advanced towards Catalonia, the other body

40:04.800 --> 40:08.460
consisting of French troops only,
commanded by the Duke of Orléans,

40:08.820 --> 40:10.540
proceeded to the conquest of Aragon.

40:11.560 --> 40:16.300
As the troops drew near to the city of
Aragon, the magistrates came to offer the

40:16.300 --> 40:20.140
keys to the Duke of Orléans, but he told
them haughtily that they were rebels and

40:20.140 --> 40:23.600
that he would not accept the keys,
for he had orders to enter the city

40:23.600 --> 40:24.400
through a breach.

40:25.240 --> 40:29.820
He accordingly made a breach in the walls
with his cannon, and then entered the city

40:29.820 --> 40:31.660
through it, together with his whole army.

40:32.700 --> 40:36.660
When he had made every necessary
regulation here, he departed to subdue

40:36.660 --> 40:41.460
other places, leaving a strong garrison,
at once to overawe and defend,

40:42.020 --> 40:43.940
under the command of his lieutenant
general, M.

40:44.100 --> 40:44.780
de Légal.

40:45.500 --> 40:49.720
This gentleman, though brought up a Roman
Catholic, was totally free from

40:49.720 --> 40:50.460
superstition.

40:50.820 --> 40:54.980
He united great talents with great
bravery, and was the skilful officer and

40:54.980 --> 40:55.940
accomplished gentleman.

40:57.240 --> 41:01.140
The Duke, before his departure,
had ordered that heavy contributions

41:01.140 --> 41:03.700
should be levied upon the city,
in the following manner.

41:04.260 --> 41:08.900
First, that the magistrates and principal
inhabitants should pay a thousand crowns

41:08.900 --> 41:10.340
per month for the Duke's table.

41:10.960 --> 41:15.520
Second, that every house should pay one
pistole, which would monthly amount to

41:15.520 --> 41:17.080
eighteen thousand pistoles.

41:18.120 --> 41:22.720
Third, that every convent and monastery
should pay a donative, proportional to its

41:22.720 --> 41:23.740
riches and rents.

41:24.760 --> 41:28.580
The two last contributions to be
appropriated to the maintenance of the

41:28.580 --> 41:28.860
army.

41:29.940 --> 41:33.780
The money levied upon the magistrates and
principal inhabitants, and upon every

41:33.780 --> 41:38.560
house, was paid as soon as demanded,
but when the persons applied to the heads

41:38.560 --> 41:42.840
of convents and monasteries, they found
that the ecclesiastics were not so willing

41:42.840 --> 41:44.960
as other people to part with their cash.

41:45.660 --> 41:50.340
Of the donatives to be raised by the
clergy, the College of Jesuits was to pay

41:50.340 --> 41:56.040
two thousand pistoles, the Carmelites one
thousand pistoles, the Augustines one

41:56.040 --> 41:59.500
thousand pistoles, and the Dominicans one
thousand pistoles.

42:00.740 --> 42:04.720
Monsieur de l'Egal sent to the Jesuits a
pereptory order to pay the money

42:04.720 --> 42:05.300
immediately.

42:06.180 --> 42:10.560
The Superior of the Jesuits returned for
answer that for the clergy to pay money

42:10.560 --> 42:14.460
for the army was against all
ecclesiastical immunities, and that he

42:14.460 --> 42:17.280
knew of no argument which could authorize
such a procedure.

42:18.560 --> 42:22.200
Monsieur de l'Egal then sent four
companies of dragoons to quarter

42:22.200 --> 42:25.320
themselves in the College with this
sarcastic message.

42:25.680 --> 42:30.180
To convince you of the necessity of paying
the money, I have sent four substantial

42:30.180 --> 42:35.060
arguments to your College drawn from the
system of military logic, and therefore

42:35.060 --> 42:38.500
hope you will not need any further
admonition to direct your conduct.

42:40.240 --> 42:44.900
These proceedings greatly perplexed the
Jesuits, who dispatched an express to

42:44.900 --> 42:49.220
court to the King's confessor who was of
their order, but the dragoons were much

42:49.220 --> 42:53.380
more expeditious in plundering and doing
mischief than the courier in his journey,

42:53.840 --> 42:58.140
so that the Jesuits, seeing everything
going to wreck and ruin, thought proper to

42:58.140 --> 43:01.820
adjust the matter amicably, and paid the
money before the return of their

43:01.820 --> 43:02.200
messenger.

43:03.100 --> 43:06.820
The Augustines and Carmelites,
taking warning by what had happened to the

43:06.820 --> 43:11.420
Jesuits, prudently went and paid the
money, and by that means escaped the study

43:11.420 --> 43:14.840
of military arguments and of being taught
logic by dragoons.

43:15.820 --> 43:21.020
But the Dominicans, who were all familiars
of or agents dependent on the Inquisition,

43:21.600 --> 43:25.540
imagined that that very circumstance would
be their protection, but they were

43:25.540 --> 43:30.300
mistaken, for Monsieur de l'Egal neither
feared nor respected the Inquisition.

43:30.940 --> 43:37.760
The chief of the order was poor,
and had not any money whatever to pay the

43:37.760 --> 43:42.580
donative, for, says he, the whole wealth
of the Dominicans consists only in the

43:42.580 --> 43:47.400
silver images of the apostles and saints
as large as life, which are placed in our

43:47.400 --> 43:49.980
church, and which it would be sacrilege to
remove.

43:51.400 --> 43:55.440
This insinuation was meant to terrify the
French commander, whom the Inquisitors

43:55.440 --> 43:59.100
imagined would not dare to be so profane
as to wish for the possession of the

43:59.100 --> 43:59.820
precious idols.

44:00.980 --> 44:05.640
He, however, sent word that the silver
images would make admirable substitutes

44:05.640 --> 44:09.600
for money, and would be more in character
in his possession than in that of the

44:09.600 --> 44:10.700
Dominicans themselves.

44:11.260 --> 44:15.580
For, said he, while you possess them in
the manner you do at present, they stand

44:15.580 --> 44:19.520
up in niches, useless and motionless,
without being of the least benefit to

44:19.520 --> 44:21.800
mankind in general, or even to yourselves.

44:22.380 --> 44:25.120
But when they come into my possession they
shall be useful.

44:25.600 --> 44:29.980
I will put them in motion, for I intend to
have them coined, when they may travel

44:29.980 --> 44:34.220
like the apostles, be beneficial in
various places, and circulate for the

44:34.220 --> 44:35.860
universal service of mankind.

44:37.320 --> 44:41.600
The Inquisitors were astonished at this
treatment, which they never expected to

44:41.600 --> 44:43.300
receive even from crowned heads.

44:44.280 --> 44:48.260
They therefore determined to deliver their
precious images in a solemn procession,

44:48.380 --> 44:50.800
that they might excite the people to an
insurrection.

44:51.640 --> 44:56.000
The Dominican Friars were accordingly
ordered to march to Delegal's house,

44:56.220 --> 45:00.200
with the silver apostles and saints,
in a mournful manner, having lighted

45:00.200 --> 45:03.440
tapers with them, and bitterly crying all
the way, Heresy!

45:03.920 --> 45:04.340
Heresy!

45:05.200 --> 45:05.680
M.

45:06.180 --> 45:10.460
Delegal, hearing these proceedings,
ordered four companies of grenadiers to

45:10.460 --> 45:12.260
line the street which led to his house.

45:12.960 --> 45:17.180
Each grenadier was ordered to have his
loaded fusee in one hand, and a lighted

45:17.180 --> 45:21.180
taper in the other, so that the troops
might either repel force with force,

45:21.520 --> 45:23.720
or do honour to the farcical solemnity.

45:24.800 --> 45:28.620
The Friars did all they could to raise the
tumult, but the common people were too

45:28.620 --> 45:30.980
much afraid of the troops under arms to
obey them.

45:31.600 --> 45:34.780
The silver images were therefore of
necessity delivered up to M.

45:35.120 --> 45:38.780
Delegal, who sent them to the mint,
and ordered them to be coined immediately.

45:40.100 --> 45:45.040
The project of raising an insurrection
having failed, the Inquisitors determined

45:45.040 --> 45:46.340
to excommunicate M.

45:46.560 --> 45:50.300
Delegal unless he would release their
precious silver saints from imprisonment

45:50.300 --> 45:53.720
in the mint, before they were melted down
or otherwise mutilated.

45:54.660 --> 45:58.860
The French commander absolutely refused to
release the images, but said they should

45:58.860 --> 46:03.280
certainly travel and do good, upon which
the Inquisitors drew up the form of

46:03.280 --> 46:07.460
excommunication, and ordered their
secretary to go and read it to M.

46:07.660 --> 46:08.220
Delegal.

46:08.900 --> 46:13.280
The secretary punctually performed his
commission, and read the excommunication

46:13.280 --> 46:14.940
deliberately and distinctly.

46:15.640 --> 46:19.540
The French commander heard it with great
patience, and politely told the secretary

46:19.540 --> 46:21.220
that he would answer it the next day.

46:22.560 --> 46:25.500
When the secretary of the Inquisition was
gone, M.

46:25.720 --> 46:30.640
Delegal ordered his own secretary to
prepare a form of excommunication exactly

46:30.640 --> 46:35.520
like that sent by the Inquisition,
but to make this alteration, instead of

46:35.520 --> 46:37.960
his name, to put in those of the
Inquisitors.

46:39.160 --> 46:43.500
The next morning he ordered four regiments
under arms, and commanded them to

46:43.500 --> 46:45.980
accompany his secretary and act as he
directed.

46:47.260 --> 46:51.480
The secretary went to the Inquisition and
insisted upon admittance, which after a

46:51.480 --> 46:53.180
great deal of altercation was granted.

46:54.880 --> 46:59.340
As soon as he entered, he read in an
audible voice the excommunication sent by

46:59.340 --> 46:59.400
M.

46:59.740 --> 47:01.680
Delegal against the Inquisitors.

47:02.020 --> 47:05.020
The Inquisitors were all present,
and heard it with astonishment,

47:05.480 --> 47:09.600
never having before met with any
individual who dared to behave so boldly.

47:10.120 --> 47:14.820
They loudly cried out against Delegal as a
heretic, and said this was a most daring

47:14.820 --> 47:16.740
insult against the Catholic faith.

47:17.620 --> 47:21.280
But to surprise them still more,
the French secretary told them that they

47:21.280 --> 47:25.180
must remove from their present lodgings,
for the French commander wanted to quarter

47:25.180 --> 47:28.820
the troops in the Inquisition,
as it was the most commodious place in the

47:28.820 --> 47:29.340
whole city.

47:30.680 --> 47:35.060
The Inquisitors exclaimed loudly upon this
occasion, when the secretary put them

47:35.060 --> 47:38.640
under a strong guard, and sent them to a
place appointed by M.

47:39.060 --> 47:40.240
Delegal to receive them.

47:41.240 --> 47:45.420
The Inquisitors, finding how things went,
begged that they might be permitted to

47:45.420 --> 47:49.400
take their private property, which was
granted, and they immediately set out for

47:49.400 --> 47:52.400
Madrid, where they made the most bitter
complaints to the king.

47:53.040 --> 47:56.520
But the monarch told them that he could
not grant them any redress, as the

47:56.520 --> 48:00.480
injuries they had received were from his
grandfather the King of France's troops,

48:00.940 --> 48:04.280
by whose assistance alone he could be
firmly established in his kingdom.

48:04.940 --> 48:07.960
Had it been my own troops, said he,
I would have punished them, but,

48:08.100 --> 48:10.660
as it is, I cannot pretend to exert any
authority.

48:12.420 --> 48:13.480
In the meantime, M.

48:13.820 --> 48:18.480
Delegal's secretary set open all the doors
of the Inquisition, and released the

48:18.480 --> 48:23.000
prisoners, who amounted in the whole to
four hundred, and among these were sixty

48:23.000 --> 48:27.560
beautiful young women, who appeared to
form a seraglio for the three principal

48:27.560 --> 48:28.260
inquisitors.

48:29.180 --> 48:34.940
This discovery, which laid the enormity of
the inquisitors so open, greatly alarmed

48:34.940 --> 48:36.680
the archbishop, who desired M.

48:36.780 --> 48:40.540
Delegal to send the women to his palace,
and he would take proper care of them,

48:40.700 --> 48:45.560
and at the same time he published an
ecclesiastical censure against all such as

48:45.560 --> 48:48.980
should ridicule or blame the holy office
of the Inquisition.

48:50.240 --> 48:54.140
The French commander sent word to the
archbishop that the prisoners had either

48:54.140 --> 48:58.960
run away, or were so securely concealed by
their friends, or even by his own

48:58.960 --> 49:02.960
officers, that it was impossible for him
to send them back again, and therefore the

49:02.960 --> 49:07.000
Inquisition, having committed such
atrocious actions, must now put up with

49:07.000 --> 49:07.660
their exposure.

49:09.720 --> 49:14.060
Some may suggest that it is strange
crowned heads and eminent nobles did not

49:14.060 --> 49:17.980
attempt to crush the power of the
Inquisition, and reduce the authority of

49:17.980 --> 49:22.720
those ecclesiastical tyrants, from whose
merciless fangs neither their families nor

49:22.720 --> 49:23.840
themselves were secure.

49:24.760 --> 49:30.000
But astonishing as it is, superstition
hath in this case always overcome common

49:30.000 --> 49:32.880
sense, and custom operated against reason.

49:33.900 --> 49:38.660
One prince indeed intended to abolish the
Inquisition, but he lost his life before

49:38.660 --> 49:43.440
he became king, and consequently before he
had the power so to do, for the very

49:43.440 --> 49:46.520
intimation of his design procured his
destruction.

49:47.980 --> 49:53.300
This was that amiable Prince Don Carlos,
son of Philip II, King of Spain and

49:53.300 --> 49:55.840
grandson of the celebrated Emperor Charles
V.

49:57.500 --> 50:01.380
Don Carlos possessed all the good
qualities of his grandfather without any

50:01.380 --> 50:04.880
of the bad ones of his father,
and was a prince of great vivacity,

50:05.180 --> 50:07.620
admirable learning, and the most amiable
disposition.

50:08.720 --> 50:13.060
He had sense enough to see into the errors
of potpourri, and abhorred the very name

50:13.060 --> 50:13.920
of the Inquisition.

50:14.500 --> 50:18.940
He invade publicly against the
institution, ridiculed the affected piety

50:18.940 --> 50:23.820
of the Inquisitors, did all he could to
expose their atrocious deeds, and even

50:23.820 --> 50:27.860
declared that if he ever came to the crown
he would abolish the Inquisition and

50:27.860 --> 50:29.200
exterminate its agents.

50:31.240 --> 50:35.220
These things were sufficient to irritate
the Inquisitors against the Prince.

50:35.800 --> 50:39.280
They accordingly bent their minds to
vengeance and determined on his

50:39.280 --> 50:39.740
destruction.

50:41.300 --> 50:46.240
The Inquisitors now employed all their
agents and emissaries to spread abroad the

50:46.240 --> 50:50.960
most artful insinuations against the
Prince, and at length raised such a spirit

50:50.960 --> 50:55.420
of discontent among the people that the
King was under the necessity of removing

50:55.420 --> 50:56.740
Don Carlos from court.

50:57.760 --> 51:02.060
Not content with this, they pursued even
his friends, and obliged the King likewise

51:02.060 --> 51:06.920
to banish Don John, Duke of Austria,
his own brother and consequently uncle to

51:06.920 --> 51:11.400
the Prince, together with the Prince of
Palma, nephew to the King and cousin to

51:11.400 --> 51:15.380
the Prince, because they well knew that
both the Duke of Austria and the Prince of

51:15.380 --> 51:19.820
Palma had a most sincere and inviolable
attachment to Don Carlos.

51:21.420 --> 51:26.340
Some few years after, the Prince having
shown great lenity and favour to the

51:26.340 --> 51:30.420
Protestants in the Netherlands,
the Inquisition loudly exclaimed against

51:30.420 --> 51:35.180
him, declaring that as the persons in
question were heretics, the Prince himself

51:35.180 --> 51:38.460
must necessarily be one, since he gave
them countenance.

51:39.480 --> 51:42.720
In short, they gained so great an
ascendancy over the mind of the King,

51:43.040 --> 51:47.100
who was absolutely a slave to
superstition, that, shocking to relate,

51:47.320 --> 51:51.520
he sacrificed the feelings of nature to
the force of bigotry, and for fear of

51:51.520 --> 51:56.600
incurring the anger of the Inquisition,
gave up his only son, passing the sentence

51:56.600 --> 51:57.860
of death on him himself.

51:59.340 --> 52:04.620
The Prince indeed had what was termed an
indulgence, that is, he was permitted to

52:04.620 --> 52:06.200
choose the manner of his death.

52:06.940 --> 52:10.920
Roman-like, the unfortunate young hero
chose bleeding and the hot bath.

52:11.680 --> 52:16.180
When the veins of his arms and legs were
opened, he expired gradually, falling a

52:16.180 --> 52:20.100
martyr to the malice of the Inquisitors
and the stupid bigotry of his father.

52:23.300 --> 52:30.720
The Persecution of Dr. Egidio Dr. Egidio
was educated at the University of Alcalá,

52:30.900 --> 52:34.600
where he took his several degrees,
and particularly applied himself to the

52:34.600 --> 52:37.080
study of the sacred scriptures and school
divinity.

52:37.080 --> 52:41.380
When the Professor of Theology died,
he was elected into his place,

52:41.900 --> 52:45.740
and acted so much to the satisfaction of
everyone that his reputation for learning

52:45.740 --> 52:48.120
and piety was circulated throughout
Europe.

52:49.360 --> 52:53.340
Egidio, however, had his enemies,
and these laid a complaint against him to

52:53.340 --> 52:58.000
the Inquisitors, who sent him a citation,
and when he appeared to it, cast him into

52:58.000 --> 52:58.500
a dungeon.

53:00.080 --> 53:03.920
As the greatest part of those who belonged
to the Cathedral Church at Seville,

53:04.260 --> 53:08.400
and many persons belonging to the
Bishopric of D'Hortoire, highly approved

53:08.400 --> 53:12.140
of the doctrines of Egidio, which they
thought perfectly consonant with true

53:12.140 --> 53:15.320
religion, they petitioned the Emperor in
his behalf.

53:16.180 --> 53:20.100
Though the monarch had been educated a
Roman Catholic, he had too much sense to

53:20.100 --> 53:23.520
be a bigot, and therefore sent an
immediate order for his enlargement.

53:24.560 --> 53:28.640
He soon after visited the Church of
Valladolid, and did everything he could to

53:28.640 --> 53:29.900
promote the cause of religion.

53:30.820 --> 53:35.060
Returning home, he soon after fell sick,
and died in an extreme old age.

53:36.280 --> 53:40.800
The Inquisitors, having been disappointed
of gratifying their malice against him

53:40.800 --> 53:45.380
while living, determined, as the Emperor's
whole sorts were engrossed by a military

53:45.380 --> 53:48.340
expedition, to wreak their vengeance on
him when dead.

53:49.080 --> 53:52.640
Therefore, soon after he was buried,
they ordered his remains to be dug out of

53:52.640 --> 53:56.440
the grave, and a legal process being
carried on, they were condemned to be

53:56.440 --> 53:58.820
burnt, which was executed accordingly.

54:01.820 --> 54:08.980
The Persecution of Dr. Constantine Dr.
Constantine, an intimate acquaintance of

54:08.980 --> 54:13.240
the already mentioned Dr. Rigidio,
was a man of uncommon natural abilities

54:13.240 --> 54:14.360
and profound learning.

54:15.020 --> 54:18.300
Exclusive of several modern tongues,
he was acquainted with the Latin,

54:18.740 --> 54:23.160
Greek, and Hebrew languages, and perfectly
well knew not only the sciences called

54:23.160 --> 54:27.760
abstruse, but those arts which come under
the denomination of polite literature.

54:29.080 --> 54:32.900
His eloquence rendered him pleasing,
and the soundness of his doctrines a

54:32.900 --> 54:37.200
profitable preacher, and he was so popular
that he never preached but to a crowded

54:37.200 --> 54:37.700
audience.

54:38.720 --> 54:43.400
He had many opportunities of rising in the
Church, but never would take advantage of

54:43.400 --> 54:47.120
them, for if a living of greater value
than his own was offered him, he would

54:47.120 --> 54:51.880
refuse it, saying, I am content with what
I have, and he frequently preached so

54:51.880 --> 54:56.840
forcibly against simony that many of his
superiors, who were not so delicate upon

54:56.840 --> 55:00.280
the subject, took umbrage at his doctrines
upon that head.

55:02.040 --> 55:06.680
Having been fully confirmed in
Protestantism by Dr. Rigidio, he preached

55:06.680 --> 55:10.880
boldly such doctrines only as were
agreeable to gospel purity, and

55:10.880 --> 55:15.300
uncontaminated by the errors which had at
various times crept into the Romish

55:15.300 --> 55:15.780
Church.

55:16.480 --> 55:20.640
For these reasons he had many enemies
among the Roman Catholics, and some of

55:20.640 --> 55:22.580
them were fully determined on his
destruction.

55:24.300 --> 55:28.580
A worthy gentleman named Scobaria,
having erected a school for divinity

55:28.580 --> 55:32.340
lectures, appointed Dr. Constantine to be
reader therein.

55:32.900 --> 55:37.040
He immediately undertook the task,
and read lectures by portions on the

55:37.040 --> 55:41.600
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Canticles,
and was beginning to expound the Book of

55:41.600 --> 55:44.140
Job, when he was seized by the
Inquisitors.

55:45.280 --> 55:49.460
Being brought to examination, he answered
with such precaution that they could not

55:49.460 --> 55:53.760
find any explicit charge against him,
but remained doubtful in what manner to

55:53.760 --> 55:57.600
proceed when the following circumstances
occurred to determine them.

55:58.800 --> 56:04.540
Dr. Constantine had deposited with a woman
named Isabella Martin several books which

56:04.540 --> 56:08.140
to him were very valuable, but which he
knew in the eyes of the Inquisition were

56:08.140 --> 56:08.880
exceptionable.

56:09.920 --> 56:13.420
This woman, having been informed against
as a Protestant, was apprehended,

56:13.980 --> 56:17.300
and after a small process her goods were
ordered to be confiscated.

56:18.300 --> 56:22.540
Previous however to the officers coming to
her house, the woman's son had removed

56:22.540 --> 56:26.860
away several chests full of the most
valuable articles, among these were Dr.

56:27.160 --> 56:27.960
Constantine's books.

56:29.280 --> 56:34.400
A treacherous servant gave intelligence of
this to the Inquisitors, and an officer

56:34.400 --> 56:36.840
was dispatched to the son to demand the
chests.

56:37.640 --> 56:41.340
The son, supposing the officer only came
for Constantine's books, said,

56:41.640 --> 56:44.360
I know what you come for, and I will fetch
them to you immediately.

56:45.380 --> 56:49.560
He then fetched Dr. Constantine's books
and papers, when the officer was greatly

56:49.560 --> 56:51.840
surprised to find what he did not look
for.

56:52.700 --> 56:56.360
He however told the young man that he was
glad these books and papers were produced,

56:56.760 --> 57:01.520
but nevertheless he must fulfil the end of
his commission, which was to carry him and

57:01.520 --> 57:05.140
the goods he had embezzled before the
Inquisitors, which he did accordingly,

57:05.700 --> 57:09.580
for the young man knew it would be in vain
to expostulate or resist, and therefore

57:09.580 --> 57:11.480
quietly submitted to his fate.

57:13.300 --> 57:17.360
The Inquisitors, being thus possessed of
Constantine's books and writings,

57:17.800 --> 57:21.000
now found matter sufficient to form
charges against him.

57:21.600 --> 57:25.620
When he was brought to a re-examination,
they presented one of his papers and asked

57:25.620 --> 57:26.840
him if he knew the handwriting.

57:27.640 --> 57:31.460
Perceiving it was his own, he guessed the
whole matter, confessed the writing,

57:31.840 --> 57:33.960
and justified the doctrine it contained.

57:34.840 --> 57:39.240
Saying, In that and all my other writings
I have never departed from the truth of

57:39.240 --> 57:43.340
the Gospel, but have always kept in view
the pure precepts of Christ as he

57:43.340 --> 57:44.660
delivered them to mankind.

57:46.780 --> 57:51.700
After being detained upwards of two years
in prison, Dr. Constantine was seized with

57:51.700 --> 57:55.200
a bloody flux, which put an end to his
miseries in this world.

57:56.060 --> 58:00.160
The process, however, was carried on
against his body, which at the ensuing

58:00.160 --> 58:02.240
hauteur d'affaires was publicly burned.

58:06.930 --> 58:13.670
The Life of William Gardiner William
Gardiner was born at Bristol, received a

58:13.670 --> 58:18.410
tolerable education, and was at a proper
age placed under the care of a merchant

58:18.410 --> 58:19.450
named Paget.

58:20.410 --> 58:24.810
At the age of twenty-six years,
he was by his master sent to Lisbon to act

58:24.810 --> 58:25.390
as factor.

58:26.250 --> 58:30.410
Here he applied himself to the study of
the Portuguese language, executed his

58:30.410 --> 58:34.630
business with assiduity and dispatch,
and behaved with the most engaging

58:34.630 --> 58:37.910
affability to all persons with whom he had
the least concern.

58:38.810 --> 58:42.930
He conversed privately with a few,
whom he knew to be zealous Protestants,

58:43.290 --> 58:46.970
and at the same time cautiously avoided
giving the least offence to any who were

58:46.970 --> 58:47.770
Roman Catholics.

58:48.470 --> 58:52.650
He had not, however, hitherto gone into
any of the Popish churches.

58:54.410 --> 58:58.550
A marriage being concluded between the
King of Portugal's son and the Infanta of

58:58.550 --> 59:02.650
Spain, upon the wedding day the
bridegroom, bride and the whole court,

59:02.910 --> 59:07.190
went to the Cathedral Church, attended by
multitudes of all ranks of people,

59:07.490 --> 59:11.590
and among the rest William Gardner,
who stayed during the whole ceremony and

59:11.590 --> 59:14.070
was greatly shocked at the superstitions
he saw.

59:15.130 --> 59:19.790
The erroneous worship which he had seen
ran strongly in his mind.

59:20.330 --> 59:24.950
He was miserable to see a whole country
sunk into such idolatry when the truth of

59:24.950 --> 59:26.950
the gospel might be so easily obtained.

59:27.770 --> 59:32.710
He therefore took the inconsiderate though
laudable design into his head of making a

59:32.710 --> 59:38.010
reform in Portugal, or perishing in the
attempt, and determined to sacrifice his

59:38.010 --> 59:41.570
prudence to his zeal, though he became a
martyr upon the occasion.

59:43.070 --> 59:47.190
To this end he settled all his worldly
affairs, paid his debts, closed his books,

59:47.470 --> 59:49.170
and consigned over his merchandise.

59:50.410 --> 59:54.730
On the ensuing Sunday he went again to the
Cathedral Church with a New Testament in

59:54.730 --> 59:56.970
his hand, and placed himself near the
altar.

59:57.610 --> 01:00:03.130
The King and the court soon appeared,
and a cardinal began mass, at that part of

01:00:03.130 --> 01:00:05.810
the ceremony in which the people adore the
wafer.

01:00:06.850 --> 01:00:10.630
Gardner could hold out no longer,
but springing towards the cardinal he

01:00:10.630 --> 01:00:13.530
snatched the host from him and trampled it
under his feet.

01:00:14.570 --> 01:00:18.710
This action amazed the whole congregation,
and one person, drawing a dagger,

01:00:19.230 --> 01:00:22.630
wounded Gardner in the shoulder,
and would by repeating the blow have

01:00:22.630 --> 01:00:25.290
finished him had not the King called to
him to desist.

01:00:26.430 --> 01:00:30.310
Gardner being carried before the King,
the monarch asked him what countryman he

01:00:30.310 --> 01:00:34.790
was, to which he replied, I am an
Englishman by birth, a Protestant by

01:00:34.790 --> 01:00:36.670
religion, and a merchant by occupation.

01:00:37.270 --> 01:00:41.830
What I have done is not out of contempt to
your royal person, God forbid it should,

01:00:42.190 --> 01:00:46.650
but out of an honest indignation to see
the ridiculous superstitious and gross

01:00:46.650 --> 01:00:48.250
idolatries practised here.

01:00:49.430 --> 01:00:53.770
The King, thinking that he had been
stimulated by some other person to act as

01:00:53.770 --> 01:00:58.470
he had done, demanded who was his abettor,
to which he replied, My own conscience

01:00:58.470 --> 01:00:58.890
alone.

01:00:59.210 --> 01:01:02.790
I would not hazard what I have done for
any man living, but I owe that and all

01:01:02.790 --> 01:01:04.070
other services to God.

01:01:05.790 --> 01:01:10.510
Gardner was sent to prison, and a general
order issued to apprehend all Englishmen

01:01:10.510 --> 01:01:11.150
in Lisbon.

01:01:12.010 --> 01:01:17.190
This order was in a great measure put into
execution, some few escaping, and many

01:01:17.190 --> 01:01:21.430
innocent persons were tortured to make
them confess if they knew anything of the

01:01:21.430 --> 01:01:21.650
matter.

01:01:22.630 --> 01:01:26.810
In particular, a person who resided in the
same house with Gardner was treated with

01:01:26.810 --> 01:01:31.090
unparalleled barbarity, to make him
confess something which might throw a

01:01:31.090 --> 01:01:31.970
light upon the affair.

01:01:33.250 --> 01:01:37.970
Gardner himself was then tormented in the
most excruciating manner, but in the midst

01:01:37.970 --> 01:01:40.350
of all his torments he gloried in the
deed.

01:01:41.290 --> 01:01:45.990
Being ordered for death, a large fire was
kindled near a gibbet, Gardner was drawn

01:01:45.990 --> 01:01:50.870
up to the gibbet by pulleys, and then let
down near the fire, but not so close as to

01:01:50.870 --> 01:01:54.910
touch it, for they burnt or rather roasted
him by slow degrees.

01:01:56.130 --> 01:02:00.210
Yet he bore his sufferings patiently,
and resigned his soul to the Lord

01:02:00.210 --> 01:02:00.750
cheerfully.

01:02:02.450 --> 01:02:06.790
It is observable that some of the sparks
that were blown from the fire which

01:02:06.790 --> 01:02:11.350
consumed Gardner towards the haven burnt
one of the King's ships of war,

01:02:11.450 --> 01:02:12.930
and did other considerable damage.

01:02:14.030 --> 01:02:18.290
The Englishmen who were taken up on this
occasion were, soon after Gardner's death,

01:02:18.370 --> 01:02:22.390
all discharged, except the person who
resided in the same house with him,

01:02:22.670 --> 01:02:25.750
who was detained two years before he could
procure his liberty.

01:02:30.650 --> 01:02:34.830
An account of the life and sufferings of
Mr. William Lithgow, a native of Scotland.

01:02:36.530 --> 01:02:41.110
This gentleman was descended from a good
family, and having a natural propensity

01:02:41.110 --> 01:02:45.470
for travelling, he rambled when very young
over the northern western islands,

01:02:45.850 --> 01:02:49.470
after which he visited France,
Germany, Switzerland, and Spain.

01:02:50.510 --> 01:02:55.570
He set out on his travels in the month of
March, 1609, and the first place he went

01:02:55.570 --> 01:02:57.750
to was Paris, where he stayed for some
time.

01:02:58.430 --> 01:03:02.610
He then prosecuted his travels through
Germany and other parts, and at length

01:03:02.610 --> 01:03:06.650
arrived at Málaga, in Spain, the seat of
all his misfortunes.

01:03:08.390 --> 01:03:12.950
During his residence here, he contracted
with the master of a French ship for his

01:03:12.950 --> 01:03:17.550
passage to Alexandria, but was prevented
from going by the following circumstances.

01:03:18.450 --> 01:03:24.450
In the evening of the 17th of October,
1620, the English fleet, at that time on a

01:03:24.450 --> 01:03:29.370
cruise against the Algerian rovers,
came to anchor before Málaga, which threw

01:03:29.370 --> 01:03:32.870
the people of the town into the greatest
consternation as they imagined them to be

01:03:32.870 --> 01:03:33.330
Turks.

01:03:33.870 --> 01:03:37.590
The morning, however, discovered the
mistake, and the governor of Málaga,

01:03:37.830 --> 01:03:41.530
perceiving the Cross of England in their
colours, went on board Sir Robert

01:03:41.530 --> 01:03:45.930
Mansell's ship, who commanded on that
expedition, and after staying some time

01:03:45.930 --> 01:03:48.350
returned and silenced the fears of the
people.

01:03:49.150 --> 01:03:52.250
The next day many persons from on board
the fleet came ashore.

01:03:53.130 --> 01:03:57.710
Among these were several well known by Mr.
Lithgow, who after reciprocal compliments

01:03:57.710 --> 01:04:01.430
spent some days together in festivity and
the amusements of the town.

01:04:02.310 --> 01:04:06.270
They then invited Mr. Lithgow to go on
board and pay his respects to the Admiral.

01:04:07.010 --> 01:04:11.830
He accordingly accepted the invitation,
was kindly received by him, and detained

01:04:11.830 --> 01:04:13.850
till the next day when the fleet sailed.

01:04:14.530 --> 01:04:18.950
The Admiral would willingly have taken Mr.
Lithgow with him to Algiers, but having

01:04:18.950 --> 01:04:23.610
contracted for his passage to Alexandria,
and his baggage, etc., being in the town,

01:04:23.830 --> 01:04:25.150
he could not accept the offer.

01:04:26.490 --> 01:04:30.690
As soon as Mr. Lithgow got on shore,
he proceeded towards his lodgings by a

01:04:30.690 --> 01:04:35.470
private way, being to embark the same
night for Alexandria, when in passing

01:04:35.470 --> 01:04:39.690
through a narrow uninhabited street,
he found himself suddenly surrounded by

01:04:39.690 --> 01:04:44.310
nine sergeants or officers, who threw a
black cloak over him and forcibly

01:04:44.310 --> 01:04:46.010
conducted him to the Governor's house.

01:04:47.270 --> 01:04:50.810
After some little time the Governor
appeared, when Mr. Lithgow earnestly

01:04:50.810 --> 01:04:53.930
begged he might be informed of the cause
of such violent treatment.

01:04:54.630 --> 01:04:58.570
The Governor only answered by shaking his
head, and gave orders that the prisoner

01:04:58.570 --> 01:05:03.050
should be strictly watched until he,
the Governor, returned from his devotions,

01:05:04.090 --> 01:05:07.970
directing at the same time that the
Captain of the town, the Alcalde Major and

01:05:07.970 --> 01:05:12.370
Town Notary, should be summoned to appear
at his examination, and that all this

01:05:12.370 --> 01:05:16.070
should be done with the greatest secrecy,
to prevent the knowledge reaching the ears

01:05:16.070 --> 01:05:18.670
of the English merchants then residing in
the town.

01:05:20.450 --> 01:05:25.270
These orders were strictly discharged,
and on the Governor's return he,

01:05:25.430 --> 01:05:29.070
with the officers having seated
themselves, Mr. Lithgow was brought before

01:05:29.070 --> 01:05:30.130
them for examination.

01:05:30.810 --> 01:05:35.150
The Governor began by asking several
questions, namely, of what country he was,

01:05:35.250 --> 01:05:37.510
with abound, and how long he had been in
Spain.

01:05:38.250 --> 01:05:42.350
The prisoner, after answering these and
other questions, was conducted to a

01:05:42.350 --> 01:05:46.510
closet, where in a short space of time he
was visited by the Town Captain,

01:05:46.910 --> 01:05:50.550
who inquired whether he had ever been at
Seville, or was lately come from thence,

01:05:50.930 --> 01:05:54.570
and patting his cheeks with an air of
friendship, conjured him to tell the

01:05:54.570 --> 01:05:54.950
truth.

01:05:55.690 --> 01:05:59.930
For, said he, your very countenance shows
there is some hidden matter in your mind

01:05:59.930 --> 01:06:02.170
which prudence should direct you to
disclose.

01:06:03.590 --> 01:06:07.810
Finding himself, however, unable to extort
anything from the prisoner, he left him

01:06:07.810 --> 01:06:12.150
and reported the same to the Governor and
the other officers, on which Mr. Lithgow

01:06:12.150 --> 01:06:15.890
was again brought before them,
a general accusation was laid against him,

01:06:16.170 --> 01:06:19.790
and he was compelled to swear that he
would give true answers to such questions

01:06:19.790 --> 01:06:21.010
as should be asked him.

01:06:22.750 --> 01:06:27.050
The Governor proceeded to inquire the
quality of the English Commander and the

01:06:27.050 --> 01:06:31.010
prisoner's opinion what were the motives
that prevented his accepting an invitation

01:06:31.010 --> 01:06:32.410
from him to come on shore.

01:06:33.510 --> 01:06:36.770
He demanded likewise the names of the
English Captains in the squadron,

01:06:37.070 --> 01:06:40.790
and what knowledge he had of the
embarkation or preparation for it before

01:06:40.790 --> 01:06:41.890
his departure from England.

01:06:42.730 --> 01:06:46.650
The answers given to the several questions
asked were set down in writing by the

01:06:46.650 --> 01:06:51.570
notary, but the Junto seemed surprised at
his denying any knowledge of the fitting

01:06:51.570 --> 01:06:55.950
out of the fleet, particularly the
Governor, who said he lied, that he was a

01:06:55.950 --> 01:07:00.230
traitor and a spy and came directly from
England to favour and assist the designs

01:07:00.230 --> 01:07:04.270
that were projected against Spain,
and that he had been for that purpose nine

01:07:04.270 --> 01:07:08.670
months in Seville in order to procure
intelligence of the time the Spanish Navy

01:07:08.670 --> 01:07:10.190
was expected from the Indies.

01:07:10.990 --> 01:07:14.230
They exclaimed against his familiarity
with the officers of the fleet,

01:07:14.690 --> 01:07:19.030
and many other English gentlemen,
between whom they said unusual civilities

01:07:19.030 --> 01:07:22.890
had passed, that all these transactions
had been carefully noticed.

01:07:24.230 --> 01:07:28.550
Besides, to sum up the whole and put the
truth past all doubt, they said he came

01:07:28.550 --> 01:07:33.050
from a council of war held that morning on
board the Admiral's ship in order to put

01:07:33.050 --> 01:07:34.950
in execution the orders assigned him.

01:07:35.610 --> 01:07:39.550
They upbraided him with being accessory to
the burning of the island of St. Thomas in

01:07:39.550 --> 01:07:40.290
the West Indies.

01:07:40.730 --> 01:07:45.030
Wherefore, said they, these Lutherans and
Sons of the Devil ought to have no credit

01:07:45.030 --> 01:07:46.730
given to what they say or swear.

01:07:48.150 --> 01:07:52.570
In vain did Mr. Lithgow endeavour to
obviate every accusation laid against him

01:07:52.570 --> 01:07:55.570
and to obtain belief from his prejudiced
judges.

01:07:56.310 --> 01:07:59.950
He begged permission to send for his cloak
bag which contained his papers and might

01:07:59.950 --> 01:08:01.090
serve to show his innocence.

01:08:01.790 --> 01:08:05.410
This request they complied with,
thinking it would discover some things of

01:08:05.410 --> 01:08:06.310
which they were ignorant.

01:08:06.790 --> 01:08:10.710
The cloak bag was accordingly brought,
and being opened, among other things was

01:08:10.710 --> 01:08:15.830
found a licence from King James I,
under the sign manual, setting forth the

01:08:15.830 --> 01:08:19.950
bearer's intention to travel into Egypt,
which was treated by the haughty Spaniards

01:08:19.950 --> 01:08:20.910
with great contempt.

01:08:21.750 --> 01:08:26.450
The other papers consisted of passports,
testimonials, etc., of persons of quality.

01:08:27.270 --> 01:08:31.390
All these credentials, however,
seemed rather to confirm than abate the

01:08:31.390 --> 01:08:35.170
suspicions of these prejudiced judges,
who, after seizing all the prisoners'

01:08:35.370 --> 01:08:37.390
papers, ordered him again to withdraw.

01:08:38.630 --> 01:08:42.650
In the meantime, a consultation was held
to fix the place where the prisoner should

01:08:42.650 --> 01:08:43.370
be confined.

01:08:44.110 --> 01:08:48.630
The alcalde, or chief judge, was for
putting him into the town prison,

01:08:49.010 --> 01:08:52.830
but this was objected to, particularly by
the corregidor, who said in Spanish,

01:08:53.350 --> 01:08:56.830
In order to prevent the knowledge of his
confinement from reaching his countrymen,

01:08:57.150 --> 01:09:00.290
I will take the matter on myself and be
answerable for the consequences,

01:09:01.130 --> 01:09:04.450
upon which it was agreed that he should be
confined in the governor's house with the

01:09:04.450 --> 01:09:05.530
greatest secrecy.

01:09:06.390 --> 01:09:10.110
This matter being determined, one of the
sergeants went to Mr. Lithgow,

01:09:10.330 --> 01:09:14.970
and begged his money with liberty to
search him, as it was needless to make any

01:09:14.970 --> 01:09:19.650
resistance, the prisoner quietly complied,
when the sergeant, after rifling his

01:09:19.650 --> 01:09:24.710
pockets of eleven ducatoons, stripped him
to his shirt, and, searching his breeches,

01:09:24.850 --> 01:09:29.310
he found, enclosed in the waistband,
two canvas bags, containing one hundred

01:09:29.310 --> 01:09:30.950
and thirty-seven pieces of gold.

01:09:31.930 --> 01:09:35.950
The sergeant immediately took the money to
the corregidor, who, after having told it

01:09:35.950 --> 01:09:40.230
over, ordered him to clothe the prisoner,
and shut him up close, until after supper.

01:09:42.190 --> 01:09:47.010
About midnight, the sergeant and two
Turkish slaves released Mr. Lithgow from

01:09:47.010 --> 01:09:50.790
his then confinement, but it was to
introduce him to one much more horrible.

01:09:51.610 --> 01:09:55.050
They conducted him through several
passages, to a chamber in a remote part of

01:09:55.050 --> 01:09:58.210
the palace, towards the garden,
where they loaded him with irons,

01:09:58.570 --> 01:10:03.230
and extended his legs by means of an iron
bar above a yard long, the weight of which

01:10:03.230 --> 01:10:07.490
was so great that he could neither stand
nor sit, but was obliged to lie

01:10:07.490 --> 01:10:08.810
continually on his back.

01:10:09.870 --> 01:10:13.210
They left him in this condition for some
time, when they returned with a

01:10:13.210 --> 01:10:18.350
refreshment of food, of a pound of boiled
mutton and a loaf, together with a small

01:10:18.350 --> 01:10:23.930
quantity of wine, which was not only the
first, but the best and last of the kind,

01:10:24.270 --> 01:10:25.990
during his confinement in this place.

01:10:26.930 --> 01:10:30.730
After delivering these articles,
the sergeant locked the door, and left Mr.

01:10:30.810 --> 01:10:33.370
Lithgow to his own private contemplations.

01:10:34.190 --> 01:10:38.110
The next day he received a visit from the
governor, who promised him his liberty,

01:10:38.270 --> 01:10:43.050
with many other advantages, if he would
confess being a spy, but on his protesting

01:10:43.050 --> 01:10:46.250
that he was entirely innocent,
the governor left him in a rage,

01:10:46.350 --> 01:10:50.290
saying he should see him no more until
further torments constrained him to

01:10:50.290 --> 01:10:50.770
confess.

01:10:52.350 --> 01:10:56.470
Commanding the keeper to whose care he was
committed, that he should permit no person

01:10:56.470 --> 01:11:01.390
whatever to have access to or commune with
him, that his sustenance should not exceed

01:11:01.390 --> 01:11:06.330
three ounces of musty bread and a pint of
water every second day, that he shall be

01:11:06.330 --> 01:11:08.510
allowed neither bed, pillow, nor coverlid.

01:11:09.350 --> 01:11:13.450
Close up, said he, this window in his room
with lime and stone, stop up the holes of

01:11:13.450 --> 01:11:16.810
the door with double mats, let him have
nothing that bears any likeness to

01:11:16.810 --> 01:11:17.150
comfort.

01:11:18.050 --> 01:11:22.370
These and several orders of the like
severity were given to render it

01:11:22.370 --> 01:11:25.750
impossible for his condition to be known
to those of the English nation.

01:11:27.250 --> 01:11:31.630
In this wretched and melancholy state did
Paul Lithgow continue without seeing any

01:11:31.630 --> 01:11:36.150
person for several days, in which time the
Governor received an answer to a letter he

01:11:36.150 --> 01:11:40.950
had written relative to the prisoner from
Madrid, and, pursuant to the instructions

01:11:40.950 --> 01:11:45.710
given him, began to put in practice the
cruelties devised which were hastened

01:11:45.710 --> 01:11:50.110
because Christmas Holy Days approached,
it being then the forty-seventh day since

01:11:50.110 --> 01:11:50.930
his imprisonment.

01:11:52.630 --> 01:11:56.130
About two o'clock in the morning he heard
the noise of a coach in the street,

01:11:56.570 --> 01:12:00.870
and some time after heard the opening of
the prison doors, not having had any sleep

01:12:00.870 --> 01:12:05.570
for two nights, hunger, pain, and
melancholy reflections having prevented

01:12:05.570 --> 01:12:07.090
him from taking any repose.

01:12:08.310 --> 01:12:12.390
Soon after the prison doors were opened,
the nine sergeants who had first seized

01:12:12.390 --> 01:12:16.830
him entered the place where he lay,
and without uttering a word conducted him

01:12:16.830 --> 01:12:21.430
in his irons through the house into the
street, where a coach waited, and into

01:12:21.430 --> 01:12:25.050
which they laid him at the bottom on his
back, not being able to sit.

01:12:25.890 --> 01:12:29.610
Two of the sergeants rode with him,
and the rest walked by the coach's side,

01:12:29.910 --> 01:12:32.470
but all observed the most profound
silence.

01:12:33.370 --> 01:12:37.650
They drove him to a vine-press house about
a league from the town, to which a rack

01:12:37.650 --> 01:12:41.830
had been privately conveyed before,
and here they shut him up for that night.

01:12:43.470 --> 01:12:48.610
At daybreak the next morning arrived the
Governor and the Alcalde, into whose

01:12:48.610 --> 01:12:52.470
presence Mr. Lithgow was immediately
brought to undergo another examination.

01:12:53.270 --> 01:12:56.790
The prisoner desired he might have an
interpreter, which was allowed to

01:12:56.790 --> 01:13:00.930
strangers by the laws of that country,
but this was refused, nor would they

01:13:00.930 --> 01:13:04.550
permit him to appeal to Madrid,
the superior court of judicature.

01:13:05.470 --> 01:13:09.850
After a long examination, which lasted
from morning until night, there appeared

01:13:09.850 --> 01:13:14.170
in all his answers so exact a conformity
with what he had before said, that they

01:13:14.170 --> 01:13:17.810
declared he had learned them by heart,
there not being the least prevarication.

01:13:18.670 --> 01:13:22.810
They, however, pressed him again to make a
full discovery, that is to accuse himself

01:13:22.810 --> 01:13:27.170
of crimes never committed, the Governor
adding, you are still in my power,

01:13:27.450 --> 01:13:32.030
I can set you free if you comply,
if not I must deliver you to the Alcalde.

01:13:33.070 --> 01:13:37.190
Mr. Lithgow still persisting in his
innocence, the Governor ordered the notary

01:13:37.190 --> 01:13:40.830
to draw up a warrant for delivering him to
the Alcalde to be tortured.

01:13:42.410 --> 01:13:46.310
In consequence of this he was conducted by
the sergeants to the end of a stone

01:13:46.310 --> 01:13:48.290
gallery, where the rack was placed.

01:13:48.950 --> 01:13:53.530
The encaruador, or executioner,
immediately struck off his irons,

01:13:53.670 --> 01:13:57.550
which put him to very great pain,
the bolts being so closely riveted,

01:13:57.890 --> 01:14:01.650
that the sledgehammer tore away half an
inch of his heel in forcing off the bolt,

01:14:02.170 --> 01:14:06.190
the anguish of which, together with his
weak condition, not having the least

01:14:06.190 --> 01:14:11.050
sustenance for three days, occasioned him
to groan bitterly, upon which the

01:14:11.050 --> 01:14:15.790
merciless Alcalde said, Villain,
traitor, this is but the earnest of what

01:14:15.790 --> 01:14:16.570
you shall endure.

01:14:17.990 --> 01:14:22.410
When his irons were off he fell on his
knees, uttering a short prayer that God

01:14:22.410 --> 01:14:26.810
would be pleased to enable him to be
steadfast, and undergo courageously the

01:14:26.810 --> 01:14:28.410
grievous trial he had to encounter.

01:14:29.610 --> 01:14:33.690
The Alcalde and notary having placed
themselves in chairs, he was stripped

01:14:33.690 --> 01:14:37.330
naked and fixed upon the rack,
the office of these gentlemen being to

01:14:37.330 --> 01:14:41.550
witness of and set down the confessions
and tortures endured by the delinquent.

01:14:42.810 --> 01:14:46.570
It is impossible to describe all the
various tortures inflicted upon him.

01:14:47.530 --> 01:14:52.010
Suffice it to say that he lay on the rack
for above five hours, during which time he

01:14:52.010 --> 01:14:56.630
received above sixty different tortures of
the most hellish nature, and had they

01:14:56.630 --> 01:14:59.730
continued them a few minutes longer he
must have inevitably perished.

01:15:00.990 --> 01:15:05.290
These cruel persecutors being satisfied
for the present, the prisoner was taken

01:15:05.290 --> 01:15:09.470
from the rack, and his irons being again
put on, he was conducted to his former

01:15:09.470 --> 01:15:13.270
dungeon, having received no other
nourishment than a little warm wine,

01:15:13.790 --> 01:15:17.070
which was given him rather to prevent his
dying and reserve him for future

01:15:17.070 --> 01:15:20.490
punishments than from any principle of
charity or compassion.

01:15:22.690 --> 01:15:26.870
As a confirmation of this, orders were
given for a coach to pass every morning

01:15:26.870 --> 01:15:31.410
before day by the prison, that the noise
made by it might give fresh terrors and

01:15:31.410 --> 01:15:35.150
alarms to the unhappy prisoner,
and deprive him of all possibility of

01:15:35.150 --> 01:15:36.590
obtaining the least repose.

01:15:38.010 --> 01:15:42.250
He continued in this horrid situation,
almost starved for want of the common

01:15:42.250 --> 01:15:45.990
necessaries to preserve his wretched
existence, until Christmas Day,

01:15:46.510 --> 01:15:50.130
when he received some relief from
Marianne, waiting woman to the Governor's

01:15:50.130 --> 01:15:50.370
Lady.

01:15:51.310 --> 01:15:55.690
This woman, having obtained leave to visit
him, carried with her some refreshments,

01:15:56.050 --> 01:16:01.150
consisting of honey, sugar, raisins,
and other articles, and so affected was

01:16:01.150 --> 01:16:05.310
she at beholding his situation that she
wept bitterly, and at her departure

01:16:05.310 --> 01:16:09.390
expressed the greatest concern at not
being able to give him further assistance.

01:16:11.210 --> 01:16:16.070
In this loathsome prison was poor Mr.
Lithgow kept until he was almost devoured

01:16:16.070 --> 01:16:16.910
by vermin.

01:16:17.590 --> 01:16:21.850
They crawled about his beard, lips,
eyebrows, etc., so that he could scarce

01:16:21.850 --> 01:16:26.770
open his eyes, and his mortification was
increased by not having the use of his

01:16:26.770 --> 01:16:31.930
hands or legs to defend himself from his
being so miserably maimed by the tortures.

01:16:33.330 --> 01:16:37.130
So cruel was the Governor that he even
ordered the vermin to be swept on him

01:16:37.130 --> 01:16:38.530
twice in every eight days.

01:16:39.750 --> 01:16:43.270
He, however, obtained some little
mitigation of this part of his punishment

01:16:43.270 --> 01:16:48.130
from the humanity of a Turkish slave that
attended him, who, when he could do it

01:16:48.130 --> 01:16:52.550
with safety, destroyed the vermin,
and contributed every refreshment to him

01:16:52.550 --> 01:16:53.510
that laid in his power.

01:16:55.650 --> 01:16:59.630
From this slave Mr. Lithgow at length
received information which gave him little

01:16:59.630 --> 01:17:03.770
hopes of ever being released, but on the
contrary that he should finish his life

01:17:03.770 --> 01:17:04.810
under new tortures.

01:17:05.750 --> 01:17:11.270
The substance of this information was that
an English seminary priest and a Scotch

01:17:11.270 --> 01:17:15.590
cooper had been for some time employed by
the Governor to translate from the English

01:17:15.590 --> 01:17:20.690
into the Spanish language all his books
and observations, and that it was commonly

01:17:20.690 --> 01:17:23.370
said in the Governor's house that he was
an arch-heretic.

01:17:24.910 --> 01:17:28.930
This information greatly alarmed him,
and he began, not without reason,

01:17:29.290 --> 01:17:33.330
to fear that they would soon finish him,
more especially as they could neither by

01:17:33.330 --> 01:17:38.150
torture or any other means bring him to
vary from what he had all along said at

01:17:38.150 --> 01:17:39.390
his different examinations.

01:17:40.330 --> 01:17:40.830
End