WEBVTT

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Two days after he had received the above
information, the Governor, an Inquisitor,

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and a canonical priest, accompanied by two
Jesuits, entered his dungeon, and being

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seated, after several idle questions,
the Inquisitor asked Mr. Lithgow if he was

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a Roman Catholic and acknowledged the
Pope's supremacy.

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He answered that he neither was the one
nor did the other, adding that he was

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surprised at being asked such questions,
since it was expressly stipulated by the

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Articles of Peace between England and
Spain that none of the English subjects

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should be liable to the Inquisition,
or in any way molested by them on account

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of diversity in religion, etc.

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In the bitterness of his soul,
he made use of some warm expressions not

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suited to his circumstances.

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As you have almost murdered me,
said he, for pretended treason,

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so now you intend to make a martyr of me
for my religion.

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He also expostulated with the Governor on
the ill return he made to the King of

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England, whose subject he was,
for the princely humanity exercised

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towards the Spaniards in 1588,
when their armada was shipwrecked on the

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Scotch coast, and thousands of the
Spaniards found relief, who must otherwise

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have miserably perished.

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The Governor admitted the truth of what
Mr. Lithgow said, but replied with a

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haughty air that the King, who then only
ruled Scotland, was actuated more by fear

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than love, and therefore did not deserve
any thanks.

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One of the Jesuits said, and there was no
faith to be kept with heretics,

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the Inquisitor, then rising, addressed
himself to Mr. Lithgow in the following

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words.

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You have been taken up as a spy,
accused of treachery and tortured,

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as we acknowledge, innocently,
which appears by the account lately

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received from Madrid of the intentions of
the English.

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Yet it was the divine power that brought
those judgments upon you, for

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presumptuously treating the blessed
miracle of Loreto with ridicule,

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and expressing yourself in your writings
irreverently of his holiness, the great

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agent and Christ's vicar upon earth.

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Therefore you are justly fallen into our
hands by their special appointment.

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Thy books and papers are miraculously
translated by the assistance of

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Providence, influencing thy own
countrymen.

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This trumpery being ended, they gave the
prisoner eight days to consider and

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resolve whether he would become a convert
to their religion, during which time the

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Inquisitor told him he, with other
religious orders, would attend to give him

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such assistance thereto as he might want.

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One of the Jesuits said, first making the
sign of the cross upon his breast,

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My son, behold, you deserve to be burnt
alive, but by the grace of our Lady of

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Loreto, whom you have blasphemed,
we will both save your soul and body.

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In the morning the Inquisitor,
with three other ecclesiastics,

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returned, when the former asked the
prisoner what difficulties he had on his

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conscience that retarded his conversion,
to which he answered he had not any doubts

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in his mind, being confident in the
promises of Christ, and assuredly

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believing his revealed will signified in
the Gospels, as professed in the Reformed

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Catholic Church, being confirmed by grace
and having infallible assurance thereby of

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the Christian faith.

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To these words the Inquisitor replied,
Thou art no Christian but an absurd

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heretic, and without conversion a member
of perdition.

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The prisoner then told him that it was not
consistent with the nature and essence of

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religion and charity to convince by
appropriate speeches, racts, and torments,

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but by arguments deduced from the
Scriptures, and that all other methods

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would with him be totally ineffectual.

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The Inquisitor was so enraged at the
replies made by the prisoner that he

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struck him on the face, used many abusive
speeches, and attempted to stab him,

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which he had certainly done, had he not
been prevented by the Jesuits,

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and from this time he never again visited
the prisoner.

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The next day the two Jesuits returned,
and putting on a very grave supercilious

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air, the superior asked him what
resolution he had taken, to which Mr.

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Lithgow replied that he was already
resolved, unless he could show substantial

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reasons to make him alter his opinion.

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The superior, after a pedantic display of
their seven sacraments, the intercession

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of saints, transubstantiation,
etc., boasted greatly of their church,

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her antiquity, universality, and
uniformity, all of which Mr. Lithgow

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denied, for, said he, the profession of
the faith I hold hath been ever since the

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first days of the apostles, and Christ had
ever his own church, however obscure,

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in the greatest time of your darkness.

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The Jesuits, finding their arguments had
not the desired effect, that torments

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could not shake his constancy,
nor even the fear of the cruel sentence he

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had reason to expect would be pronounced
and executed on him, after severe menaces

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left him.

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On the eighth day after, being the last of
their inquisition when sentence is

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pronounced, they returned again,
but quite altered, both in their words and

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behaviour.

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After repeating much of the same kind of
arguments as before, they, with seeming

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tears in their eyes, pretended they were
sorry from their heart he must be obliged

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to undergo a terrible death, but above all
for the loss of his most precious soul,

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and falling on their knees, cried out,
Convert!

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convert!

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O dear brother, for our blessed lady's
sake, convert!

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To which he answered, I fear neither death
nor fire being prepared for both.

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The first effects Mr. Lithgow felt of the
determination of this bloody tribunal,

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was a sentence to receive that night
eleven different tortures, and if he did

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not die in the execution of them,
which might be reasonably expected from

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the maimed and disjointed condition he was
in, he was, after Easter holy days,

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to be carried to Granada, and there burnt
to ashes.

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The first part of this sentence was
executed with great barbarity that night,

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and it pleased God to give him strength
both of body and mind to stand fast to the

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truth, and to survive the horrid
punishments inflicted on him.

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After these barbarians had glutted
themselves for the present, with

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exercising on the unhappy prisoner the
most distinguished cruelties, they again

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put irons on and conveyed him to his
former dungeon.

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The next morning he received some little
comfort from the Turkish slave before

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mentioned, who secretly brought him in his
shirt-sleeve some raisins and figs,

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which he licked up in the best manner his
strength would permit with his tongue.

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It was to this slave Mr. Lithgow
attributed his surviving so long in such a

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wretched situation, for he found means to
convey some of these fruits to him twice

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every week.

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It is very extraordinary, and worthy of
note, that this poor slave, bred up from

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his infancy according to the maxims of his
prophet and parents, in the greatest

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detestation of Christians, should be so
affected at the miserable situation of Mr.

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Lithgow, that he fell ill and continued so
for upwards of forty days.

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During this period Mr. Lithgow was
attended by a negro woman, a slave,

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who found means to furnish him with
refreshments still more amply than the

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Turk, being conversant in the house and
family.

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She brought him every day some vittles,
and with it some wine in a bottle.

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The time was now so far elapsed,
and the horrid situation so truly

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loathsome, that Mr. Lithgow waited with
anxious expectation, for the day which by

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putting an end to his life would also end
his torments.

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But his melancholy expectations were,
by the interposition of providence,

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happily rendered abortive, and his
deliverance obtained from the following

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circumstances.

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It happened that a Spanish gentleman of
quality came from Granada to Malaga,

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who, being invited to an entertainment by
the Governor, informed him of what had

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befallen Mr. Lithgow from the time of his
being apprehended as a spy, and described

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the various sufferings he had endured.

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He likewise told him that after it was
known the prisoner was innocent,

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it gave him great concern, that on this
account he would gladly have released him,

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restored his money and papers,
and made some atonement for the injuries

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he had received, but that upon an
inspection into his writings, several were

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found of a very blasphemous nature,
highly reflecting on their religion,

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that on his refusing to abjure these
heretical opinions he was turned over to

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the Inquisition, by whom he was finally
condemned.

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While the Governor was relating this
tragical tale, a Flemish youth,

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servant to the Spanish gentleman,
who waited at the table, was struck with

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amazement and pity at the sufferings of
the stranger described.

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On his return to his master's lodgings,
he began to revolve in his mind what he

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had heard, which made such an impression
on him that he could not rest in his bed.

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In the short slumbers he had, his
imagination pointed to him the person

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described on the rack and burning in the
fire.

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In this anxiety he passed the night,
and when the morning came, without

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disclosing his intentions to any person
whatever, he went into the town and

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inquired for an English factor.

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He was directed to the house of a Mr.
Wilde, to whom he related the whole of

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what he had heard past the preceding
evening between his master and the

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Governor, but could not tell Mr. Lithgow's
name.

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Mr. Wilde, however, conjectured it was he,
by the servant remembering the

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circumstance of his being a traveller,
and his having had some acquaintance with

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him.

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On the departure of the Flemish servant,
Mr. Wilde immediately sent for the other

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English factors, to whom he related all
the particulars relative to their

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unfortunate countrymen.

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After a short consultation it was agreed
that an information of the whole affair

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should be sent by express to Sir Walter
Aston, the English ambassador to the King

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of Spain, then at Madrid.

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This was accordingly done, and the
ambassador, having presented a memorial to

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the King and Council of Spain,
obtained an order for Mr. Lithgow's

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enlargement and his delivery to the
English factor.

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This order was directed to the Governor of
Malaga, and was received with great

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dislike and surprise by the whole assembly
of the bloody Inquisition.

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Mr. Lithgow was released from his
confinement on the eve of Easter Sunday,

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when he was carried from his dungeon on
the back of the slave who had attended

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him, to the house of one Mr. Bosbick,
where all proper comforts were given him.

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It fortunately happened that there was at
this time a squadron of English ships in

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the road, commanded by Sir Richard
Hawkins, who, being informed of the past

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sufferings and present situation of Mr.
Lithgow, came the next day ashore with a

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proper guard, and received him from the
merchants.

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He was instantly carried in blankets on
board the vanguard, and three days after

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was removed to another ship, by direction
of the General Sir Robert Mansell,

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who ordered that he should have proper
care taken of him.

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The Factor presented him with clothes and
all necessary provisions, besides which

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they gave him two hundred reales in
silver, and Sir Richard Hawkins sent him

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two double pistols.

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Before his departure from the Spanish
coast, Sir Richard Hawkins demanded the

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delivery of his papers, money,
books, etc., but could not obtain any

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satisfactory answer on that head.

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We cannot help making a pause here to
reflect how manifestly Providence

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interfered in behalf of this poor man when
he was just on the brink of destruction,

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for by his sentence, from which there was
no appeal, he would have been taken in a

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few days to Granada and burned to ashes,
and that a poor ordinary servant,

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who had not the least knowledge of him,
nor was any ways interested in his

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preservation, should risk the displeasure
of his master and hazard his own life to

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disclose a thing of so momentous and
perilous a nature to a strange gentleman

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on whose secrecy depended his own
existence.

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By such secondary means does Providence
frequently interfere in behalf of the

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virtuous and oppressed, of which this is a
most distinguished example.

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After lying twelve days in the road,
the ship Wadeanchor, and in about two

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months arrived safe at Detford.

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The next morning Mr. Lithgow was carried
on a feather bed to Tybalds in

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Hertfordshire, where at that time was the
king and royal family.

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His majesty happened to be that day
engaged in hunting, but on his return in

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the evening Mr. Lithgow was presented to
him and related the particulars of his

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sufferings and his happy delivery.

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The king was so affected at the narrative
that he expressed the deepest concern and

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gave orders that he should be sent to Bath
and his wants properly supplied from his

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royal munificence.

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By these means, under God, after some
time, Mr. Lithgow was restored,

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from the most wretched spectacle,
to a great share of health and strength,

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but he lost the use of his left arm and
several of the smaller bones were so

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crushed and broken as to be ever after
rendered useless.

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Notwithstanding that every effort was
used, Mr. Lithgow could never obtain any

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part of his money or effects, although his
majesty and the ministers of state

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interested themselves in his behalf.

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Gondamore, the Spanish ambassador,
indeed promised that all his effects

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should be restored, with the addition of
one thousand pounds English money,

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as some atonement for the tortures he had
undergone, which last was to be paid him

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by the governor of Malaga.

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These engagements, however, were but mere
promises, and although the king was a kind

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of guarantee for the well-performance of
them, the cunning Spaniard found means to

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elude the same.

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He had indeed too great a share of
influence in the English council,

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during the time of that Pacific reign,
when England suffered herself to be

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bullied into slavish compliance by most of
the states and kings in Europe.

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The Story of Galileo The most eminent men
of science and philosophy of the day did

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not escape the watchful eye of this cruel
despotism.

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Galileo, the chief astronomer and
mathematician of his age, was the first

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who used the telescope successfully in
solving the movements of the heavenly

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bodies.

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He discovered that the sun is the centre
of motion around which the earth and

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various planets revolve.

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For making this great discovery,
Galileo was brought before the

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Inquisition, and for a while was in great
danger of being put to death.

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After a long and bitter review of
Galileo's writings, in which many of his

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most important discoveries were condemned
as errors, the charge of the Inquisitors

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went on to declare that you, Galileo,
have, upon account of those things which

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you have written and confessed,
subjected yourself to a strong suspicion

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of heresy in this holy office,
by believing, and holding to be true,

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a doctrine which is false and contrary to
the sacred and divine scripture,

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namely, that the sun is the centre of the
orb of the earth and does not move from

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the east to the west, and that the earth
moves and is not the centre of the world.

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In order to save his life, Galileo
admitted that he was wrong in thinking

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that the earth revolved around the sun,
and swore that, for the future I will

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never more say or assert, either by word
or writing, anything that shall give

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occasion for a like suspicion.

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But immediately after taking this forced
oath, he is said to have whispered to a

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friend standing near, the earth moves for
all that.

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Summary of the Inquisition Of the
multitudes who perished by the Inquisition

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throughout the world, no authentic record
is now discoverable.

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But wherever Popery had power,
there was the Tribunal.

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It had been planted even in the East,
and the Portuguese Inquisition of Goa was

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until within these few years fed with many
an agony.

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South America was partitioned into
provinces of the Inquisition, and with a

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ghastly mimicry of the crimes of the
Mother State, the arrivals of viceroys and

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the other popular celebrations were
thought imperfect without an autodafé.

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The Netherlands were one scene of
slaughter from the time of the decree

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which planted the Inquisition among them.

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In Spain the calculation is more
attainable.

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Each of the seventeen tribunals during a
long period burned annually, on an

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average, ten miserable beings.

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We are to recollect that this number was
in a country where persecution had for

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ages abolished all religious differences,
and where the difficulty was not to find

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the stake, but the offering.

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Yet even in Spain, thus gleaned of all
heresy, the Inquisition could still swell

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its lists of murders to thirty-two
thousand.

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The numbers burned in effigy, or condemned
to penance, punishments generally

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equivalent to exile, confiscation,
and taint of blood, to all ruin but the

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mere loss of worthless life, amounted to
three hundred and nine thousand.

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But the crowds who perished in dungeons of
torture, of confinement, and of broken

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hearts, the millions of dependent lives
made utterly helpless, or hurried to the

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grave by the death of the victims,
are beyond all register, or recorded only

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before him who was sworn that he that
leadeth into captivity shall go into

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captivity, he that killeth with a sword
must be killed with a sword.

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Such was the Inquisition, declared by the
Spirit of God to be at once the offspring

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and the image of the Popedom.

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To feel the force of the parentage,
we must look to the time.

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In the thirteenth century, the Popedom was
at the summit of mortal dominion.

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It was independent of all kingdoms,
it ruled with a rank of influence never

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before or since possessed by a human
sceptre, it was the acknowledged sovereign

17:57.930 --> 17:59.170
of body and soul.

17:59.850 --> 18:03.710
To all earthly intents, its power was
immeasurable, for good or evil.

18:04.170 --> 18:08.090
It might have spread literature,
peace, freedom, and Christianity to the

18:08.090 --> 18:09.650
ends of Europe, or the world.

18:10.230 --> 18:15.090
But its nature was hostile, its fuller
triumph only disclosed its fuller evil,

18:15.550 --> 18:19.510
and to the shame of human reason and the
terror and suffering of human virtue,

18:20.050 --> 18:24.530
Rome, in the hour of its consummate
grandeur, teemed with the monstrous and

18:24.530 --> 18:26.370
horrid birth of the Inquisition.

18:31.340 --> 18:37.160
Chapter 6 An Account of the Persecutions
under the Papacy in Italy A country which

18:37.160 --> 18:41.300
has been, and still is, the centre of
Popery, the seat of the Pontiff,

18:41.300 --> 18:45.220
and the source of the various errors which
have spread themselves over other

18:45.220 --> 18:49.820
countries, deluded the minds of thousands,
and diffused the clouds of superstition

18:49.820 --> 18:52.060
and bigotry over the human understanding.

18:53.120 --> 18:56.920
In pursuing our narrative, we shall
include the most remarkable persecutions

18:56.920 --> 19:00.940
which have happened, and the cruelties
which have been practised, by the

19:00.940 --> 19:05.020
immediate power of the Pope, through the
power of the Inquisition, and by the

19:05.020 --> 19:06.800
bigotry of the Italian princes.

19:09.040 --> 19:14.220
In the twelfth century, the first
persecutions under the Papacy began in

19:14.220 --> 19:19.000
Italy, at the time that Adrian,
an Englishman, was Pope, being occasioned

19:19.000 --> 19:20.380
by the following circumstances.

19:21.360 --> 19:27.020
A learned man and an excellent orator of
Brescia, named Arnold, came to Rome and

19:27.020 --> 19:31.060
boldly preached against the corruptions
and innovations which had crept into the

19:31.060 --> 19:31.380
Church.

19:32.260 --> 19:37.200
His discourses were so clear, consistent,
and breathed forth such a pure spirit of

19:37.200 --> 19:41.980
piety, that the Senators and many of the
people highly approved of and admired his

19:41.980 --> 19:42.500
doctrines.

19:43.240 --> 19:47.500
This so greatly enraged Adrian,
that he commanded Arnold instantly to

19:47.500 --> 19:49.100
leave the city as a heretic.

19:50.100 --> 19:53.720
Arnold, however, did not comply,
for the Senators and some of the principal

19:53.720 --> 19:56.980
people took his part, and resisted the
authority of the Pope.

19:58.320 --> 20:03.000
Adrian now laid the city of Rome under an
interdict, which caused the whole body of

20:03.000 --> 20:07.260
clergy to interpose, and at length he
persuaded the Senators and people to give

20:07.260 --> 20:10.280
up the point and suffer Arnold to be
banished.

20:10.940 --> 20:15.020
This being agreed to, he received the
sentence of exile and retired to Germany,

20:15.340 --> 20:19.320
where he continued to preach against the
Pope and to expose the gross errors of the

20:19.320 --> 20:20.060
Church of Rome.

20:21.620 --> 20:25.940
Adrian, on this account, thirsted for his
blood, and made several attempts to get

20:25.940 --> 20:26.840
him into his hands.

20:26.840 --> 20:31.480
But Arnold for a long time avoided every
snare laid for him.

20:32.420 --> 20:36.120
At length, Frederick Barbarossa,
arriving at the imperial dignity,

20:36.740 --> 20:39.460
requested that the Pope would crown him
with his own hand.

20:40.080 --> 20:44.340
This Adrian complied with, and at the same
time asked a favour of the Emperor,

20:44.680 --> 20:46.840
which was to put Arnold into his hands.

20:47.740 --> 20:51.920
The Emperor very readily delivered up the
unfortunate preacher, who soon fell a

20:51.920 --> 20:57.200
martyr to Adrian's vengeance, being hanged
and his body burnt to ashes at Apulia.

20:57.980 --> 21:01.300
The same fate attended several of his old
friends and companions.

21:03.660 --> 21:08.320
Encinas, a Spaniard, was sent to Rome to
be brought up in the Roman Catholic faith.

21:09.020 --> 21:12.480
But having conversed with some of the
Reformed, and having read several

21:12.480 --> 21:15.840
treatises which they put into his hands,
he became a Protestant.

21:16.700 --> 21:21.580
This at length being known, one of his own
relations informed against him when he was

21:21.580 --> 21:24.460
burnt by order of the Pope and a conclave
of Cardinals.

21:25.280 --> 21:30.420
The brother of Encinas had been taken up
much about the same time for having a New

21:30.420 --> 21:32.800
Testament in the Spanish language in his
possession.

21:33.420 --> 21:37.620
But before the time appointed for his
execution, he found means to escape out of

21:37.620 --> 21:39.000
prison and retired to Germany.

21:40.780 --> 21:46.040
Phaninus, a learned layman by reading
controversial books, became of the

21:46.040 --> 21:46.920
Reformed religion.

21:47.760 --> 21:52.100
An information being exhibited against him
to the Pope, he was apprehended and cast

21:52.100 --> 21:52.680
into prison.

21:53.500 --> 21:57.040
His wife, children, relations,
and friends visited him in his

21:57.040 --> 22:01.060
confinement, and so far wrought upon his
mind that he renounced his faith and

22:01.060 --> 22:02.000
obtained his release.

22:02.500 --> 22:08.000
But he was no sooner free from confinement
than his mind felt the heaviest of chains,

22:08.180 --> 22:09.520
the weight of a guilty conscience.

22:10.280 --> 22:14.280
His horrors were so great that he found
them insupportable until he had returned

22:14.280 --> 22:18.320
from his apostasy and declared himself
fully convinced of the errors of the

22:18.320 --> 22:19.020
Church of Rome.

22:19.600 --> 22:24.520
To make amends for his falling off,
he now openly and strenuously did all he

22:24.520 --> 22:28.460
could to make converts to Protestantism,
and was pretty successful in his

22:28.460 --> 22:28.920
endeavours.

22:29.920 --> 22:34.100
These proceedings occasioned his second
imprisonment, but he had his life offered

22:34.100 --> 22:35.580
him if he would recount again.

22:36.540 --> 22:40.820
This proposal he rejected with disdain,
saying that he scorned life upon such

22:40.820 --> 22:41.220
terms.

22:42.100 --> 22:45.940
Being asked why he would obstinately
persist in his opinions and leave his wife

22:45.940 --> 22:50.000
and children in distress, he replied,
I shall not leave them in distress.

22:50.520 --> 22:53.280
I have recommended them to the care of an
excellent trustee.

22:54.280 --> 22:55.200
What trustee?

22:55.600 --> 22:59.000
said the person who had asked the
question, with some surprise, to which

22:59.000 --> 23:03.640
Phaninus answered, Jesus Christ is the
trustee, I mean, and I think I could not

23:03.640 --> 23:05.020
commit them to the care of a better.

23:06.480 --> 23:10.980
On the day of execution he appeared
remarkably cheerful, which one observing

23:10.980 --> 23:15.760
said, it is strange you should appear so
merry upon such an occasion, when Jesus

23:15.760 --> 23:19.980
Christ himself just before his death was
in such agonies that he sweated blood and

23:19.980 --> 23:25.440
water, to which Phaninus replied,
Christ sustained all manner of pangs and

23:25.440 --> 23:30.700
conflicts with hell and death on our
accounts, and thus by his suffering freed

23:30.700 --> 23:33.260
those who really believed in him from the
fear of them.

23:34.480 --> 23:38.920
He was then strangled, his body was burnt
to ashes, and then scattered about by the

23:38.920 --> 23:39.240
wind.

23:42.120 --> 23:46.560
Dominicus, a learned soldier, having read
several controversial writings,

23:46.720 --> 23:51.860
became a zealous Protestant, and retiring
to Placentia, he preached the Gospel in

23:51.860 --> 23:54.780
its utmost purity to a very considerable
congregation.

23:56.500 --> 24:00.740
One day, at the conclusion of his sermon,
he said, If the congregation will attend

24:00.740 --> 24:05.180
tomorrow, I will give them a description
of Antichrist and paint him out in his

24:05.180 --> 24:05.800
proper colours.

24:06.680 --> 24:11.260
A vast concourse of people attended the
next day, but just as Dominicus was

24:11.260 --> 24:15.500
beginning his sermon, a civil magistrate
went up to the pulpit and took him into

24:15.500 --> 24:15.900
custody.

24:16.740 --> 24:20.820
He readily submitted, but as he went along
with the magistrate he made use of this

24:20.820 --> 24:24.220
expression, I wonder the devil hath let me
alone so long.

24:25.180 --> 24:29.380
When he was brought to examination,
this question was put to him, Will you

24:29.380 --> 24:30.640
renounce your doctrines?

24:30.900 --> 24:33.340
to which he replied, My doctrines?

24:33.500 --> 24:35.300
I maintain no doctrines of my own.

24:35.620 --> 24:40.020
What I preach are the doctrines of Christ,
and for those I will forfeit my blood,

24:40.300 --> 24:43.520
and even think myself happy to suffer for
the sake of my Redeemer.

24:45.140 --> 24:49.340
Every method was taken to make him recant
for his faith and embrace the errors of

24:49.340 --> 24:53.420
the Church of Rome, but when persuasion
and menaces were found ineffectual,

24:54.020 --> 24:56.460
he was sentenced to death and hanged in
the marketplace.

25:00.510 --> 25:04.570
Galliatius, a Protestant gentleman who
resided near the castle of Sant'Angelo,

25:05.150 --> 25:07.290
was apprehended on account of his faith.

25:07.970 --> 25:12.210
Great endeavours being used by his
friends, he recanted and subscribed to

25:12.210 --> 25:15.630
several of the superstitious doctrines
propagated by the Church of Rome.

25:16.950 --> 25:21.350
Becoming however sensible of his error,
he publicly renounced his recantation.

25:22.210 --> 25:26.070
Being apprehended for this, he was
condemned to be burned, and agreeable to

25:26.070 --> 25:29.670
the order was chained to a stake,
where he was left, several hours before

25:29.670 --> 25:33.170
the fire was put to the faggots,
in order that his wife, relations,

25:33.390 --> 25:37.110
and friends who surrounded him might
induce him to give up his opinions.

25:38.370 --> 25:42.330
Galliatius, however, retained his
constancy of mind, and entreated the

25:42.330 --> 25:45.190
executioner to put fire to the wood that
was to burn him.

25:46.070 --> 25:50.330
This at length he did, and Galliatius was
soon consumed in the flames, which burnt

25:50.330 --> 25:54.330
with amazing rapidity, and deprived him of
sensation in a few minutes.

25:56.150 --> 26:00.090
Soon after this gentleman's death,
a great number of Protestants were put to

26:00.090 --> 26:03.910
death in various parts of Italy,
on account of their faith, giving a sure

26:03.910 --> 26:06.770
proof of their sincerity in their
martyrdoms.

26:09.960 --> 26:16.260
An account of the persecutions of Calabria
In the fourteenth century, many of the

26:16.260 --> 26:21.400
Waldenses of Praguella and Dauphine
emigrated to Calabria, and settling some

26:21.400 --> 26:25.120
wastelands, by the permission of the
nobles of that country, they soon,

26:25.240 --> 26:29.680
by the most industrious cultivation,
made several wild and barren spots appear

26:29.680 --> 26:32.000
with all the beauties of verdure and
fertility.

26:33.300 --> 26:36.960
The Calabrian lords were highly pleased
with their new subjects and tenants,

26:37.300 --> 26:41.260
as they were honest, quiet, and
industrious, but the priests of the

26:41.260 --> 26:44.980
country exhibited several negative
complaints against them, for not being

26:44.980 --> 26:49.580
able to accuse them of anything bad which
they did do, they founded accusations on

26:49.580 --> 26:53.480
what they did not do, and charged them
with not being Roman Catholics,

26:54.000 --> 26:58.640
with not making any of their boys priests,
with not making any of their girls nuns,

26:58.940 --> 27:03.040
with not going to mass, with not giving
wax tapers to their priests as offerings,

27:03.580 --> 27:07.340
with not going on pilgrimages,
and with not bowing to images.

27:08.860 --> 27:13.080
The Calabrian lords, however, quieted the
priests, by telling them that these people

27:13.080 --> 27:16.680
were extremely harmless, that they gave no
offence to the Roman Catholics,

27:17.020 --> 27:20.940
and cheerfully paid the tithes to the
priests, whose revenues were considerably

27:20.940 --> 27:24.400
increased by their coming into the
country, and who, of consequence,

27:24.540 --> 27:26.600
ought to be the last persons to complain
of them.

27:27.660 --> 27:32.040
Things went on tolerably well after this
for a few years, during which the

27:32.040 --> 27:36.960
Waldenses formed themselves into two
corporate towns, annexing several villages

27:36.960 --> 27:38.280
to the jurisdiction of them.

27:39.200 --> 27:43.500
At length they sent to Geneva for two
clergymen, one to preach in each town,

27:43.860 --> 27:46.620
as they determined to make a public
profession of their faith.

27:47.500 --> 27:51.220
Intelligence of this affair being carried
to the Pope, pious the fourth,

27:51.560 --> 27:54.100
he determined to exterminate them from
Calabria.

27:55.140 --> 28:00.520
To this end he sent Cardinal Alexandrino,
a man of very violent temper and a furious

28:00.520 --> 28:04.800
bigot, together with two monks to
Calabria, where they were to act as

28:04.800 --> 28:05.360
inquisitors.

28:06.160 --> 28:10.060
These authorised persons came to St.
Exist, one of the towns built by the

28:10.060 --> 28:14.120
Waldenses, and having assembled the
people, told them that they should receive

28:14.120 --> 28:17.520
no injury, if they would accept of
preachers appointed by the Pope,

28:18.100 --> 28:21.280
but if they would not, they should be
deprived both of their properties and

28:21.280 --> 28:26.460
lives, and that their intentions might be
known, mass should be publicly said that

28:26.460 --> 28:28.800
afternoon, at which they were ordered to
attend.

28:30.240 --> 28:34.540
The people of St. Exist, instead of
attending mass, fled into the woods with

28:34.540 --> 28:38.860
their families, and thus disappointed the
Cardinal and his co-adjuters.

28:39.880 --> 28:44.060
The Cardinal then proceeded to Lagarde,
the other town belonging to the Waldenses,

28:44.700 --> 28:48.420
where not to be served as he had been at
St. Exist, he ordered the gates to be

28:48.420 --> 28:50.140
locked, and all avenues guarded.

28:51.100 --> 28:54.920
The same proposals were then made to the
inhabitants of Lagarde, as had previously

28:54.920 --> 28:58.760
been offered to those of St. Exist,
but with this additional piece of

28:58.760 --> 28:59.220
artifice.

28:59.840 --> 29:03.620
The Cardinal assured them that the
inhabitants of St. Exist had immediately

29:03.620 --> 29:07.800
come into his proposals, and agreed that
the Pope should appoint them preachers.

29:08.740 --> 29:13.460
This falsehood succeeded, for the people
of Lagarde, thinking what the Cardinal had

29:13.460 --> 29:17.380
told them to be the truth, said they would
exactly follow the example of their

29:17.380 --> 29:18.720
brethren at St. Exist.

29:19.740 --> 29:24.420
The Cardinal, having gained his point by
deluding the people of one town,

29:24.900 --> 29:27.800
sent for troops of soldiers with a view to
murder those of the other.

29:28.400 --> 29:32.000
He accordingly dispatched the soldiers
into the woods to hunt down the

29:32.000 --> 29:36.420
inhabitants of St. Exist like wild beasts,
and gave them strict orders to spare

29:36.420 --> 29:39.880
neither age nor sex, but to kill all they
came near.

29:41.080 --> 29:45.740
The troops entered the woods, and many
fell a prey to their ferocity before the

29:45.740 --> 29:48.240
Waldenses were properly apprised of their
design.

29:49.460 --> 29:52.720
At length, however, they determined to
sell their lives as dear as possible,

29:53.140 --> 29:57.180
when several conflicts happened,
in which the half-armed Waldenses

29:57.180 --> 30:01.100
performed prodigies of valour,
and many were slain on both sides.

30:01.940 --> 30:05.680
The greatest part of the troops being
killed, in the different Roncontres,

30:06.020 --> 30:09.840
the rest were compelled to retreat,
which so enraged the Cardinal that he

30:09.840 --> 30:12.260
wrote to the Viceroy of Naples for
reinforcements.

30:13.240 --> 30:17.120
The Viceroy immediately ordered a
proclamation to be made throughout all the

30:17.120 --> 30:22.120
Neapolitan territories, that all outlaws,
deserters, and other proscribed persons

30:22.120 --> 30:26.800
should be surely pardoned for their
respective offences, on condition of

30:26.800 --> 30:31.700
making a campaign against the inhabitants
of St. Exist, and continuing under arms

30:31.700 --> 30:33.740
until those people were exterminated.

30:35.640 --> 30:40.860
Many persons of desperate fortunes came in
upon this proclamation, and, being formed

30:40.860 --> 30:45.220
into light companies, were sent to scour
the woods and put to death all they could

30:45.220 --> 30:47.040
meet with of the reformed religion.

30:48.020 --> 30:52.120
The Viceroy himself likewise joined the
Cardinal at the head of a body of regular

30:52.120 --> 30:56.460
forces, and in conjunction they did all
they could to harass the poor people in

30:56.460 --> 30:56.860
the woods.

30:57.780 --> 31:01.880
Some they caught and hanged up upon trees,
cut down boughs and burnt them,

31:02.120 --> 31:06.340
or ripped them open and left their bodies
to be devoured by wild beasts or birds of

31:06.340 --> 31:06.660
prey.

31:07.560 --> 31:12.000
Many they shot at a distance, but the
greatest number they hunted down by way of

31:12.000 --> 31:12.380
sport.

31:13.460 --> 31:17.220
A few hid themselves in caves,
but famine destroyed them in their

31:17.220 --> 31:21.980
retreat, and thus all these poor people
perished by various means to glut the

31:21.980 --> 31:24.440
bigoted malice of their merciless
persecutors.

31:26.460 --> 31:31.220
The inhabitants of St. Exist were no
sooner exterminated than those of La Garde

31:31.220 --> 31:34.080
engaged the attention of the Cardinal and
Viceroy.

31:35.060 --> 31:38.540
It was offered that if they should embrace
the Roman Catholic persuasion,

31:38.960 --> 31:42.820
themselves and families should not be
injured, that their houses and properties

31:42.820 --> 31:45.620
should be restored, and none would be
permitted to molest them.

31:46.220 --> 31:51.120
But on the contrary, if they refused this
mercy, as it was termed, the utmost

31:51.120 --> 31:55.500
extremities would be used, and the most
cruel deaths the certain consequence of

31:55.500 --> 31:57.100
their noncompliance.

31:59.940 --> 32:04.460
Notwithstanding the promises on one side
and menaces on the other, these worthy

32:04.460 --> 32:08.980
people unanimously refused to renounce
their religion or embrace the errors of

32:08.980 --> 32:09.340
Popery.

32:10.080 --> 32:15.040
This exasperated the Cardinal and Viceroy
so much that thirty of them were ordered

32:15.040 --> 32:18.240
to be put immediately to the rack,
as a terror to the rest.

32:19.740 --> 32:23.120
Those who were put to the rack were
treated with such severity that several

32:23.120 --> 32:24.400
died under the torches.

32:25.040 --> 32:30.220
One Charlin, in particular, was so cruelly
used that his belly burst, his bowels came

32:30.220 --> 32:32.720
out, and he expired in the greatest
agonies.

32:33.800 --> 32:37.860
These barbarities, however, did not answer
the purposes for which they were intended.

32:38.560 --> 32:42.360
For those who remained alive after the
rack, and those who had not felt the rack,

32:42.640 --> 32:47.180
remained equally constant in their faith,
and boldly declared that no tortures of

32:47.180 --> 32:51.820
body or terrors of mind should ever induce
them to renounce their God or worship

32:51.820 --> 32:52.400
images.

32:54.480 --> 32:58.960
Several were then by the Cardinal's order
stripped stark naked and whipped to death

32:58.960 --> 33:03.660
with iron rods, and some were hacked to
pieces with large knives, others were

33:03.660 --> 33:07.900
thrown down from the top of a large tower,
and many were covered over with pitch and

33:07.900 --> 33:08.680
burnt alive.

33:10.700 --> 33:14.700
One of the monks who attended the
Cardinal, being naturally of a savage and

33:14.700 --> 33:19.220
cruel disposition, requested of him that
he might shed some of the blood of these

33:19.220 --> 33:20.720
poor people with his own hands.

33:21.580 --> 33:25.040
When his request being granted,
the barbarous man took a large sharp

33:25.040 --> 33:29.820
knife, and cut the throats of fourscore
men, women, and children with as little

33:29.820 --> 33:32.200
remorse as a butcher would have killed so
many sheep.

33:33.100 --> 33:36.380
Every one of these bodies were then
ordered to be quartered, the quarters

33:36.380 --> 33:40.560
placed upon stakes, and then fixed in
different parts of the country within a

33:40.560 --> 33:41.720
circuit of thirty miles.

33:42.960 --> 33:47.060
The four principal men of La Garde were
hanged, and the clergyman was thrown from

33:47.060 --> 33:48.420
the top of his church steeple.

33:49.220 --> 33:53.280
He was terribly mangled, but not quite
killed by the fall, at which time the

33:53.280 --> 33:56.080
Viceroy passing by said, Is the dog yet
living?

33:56.500 --> 33:58.040
Take him up and give him to the hogs.

33:58.780 --> 34:02.420
When brutal as this sentence may appear,
it was executed accordingly.

34:03.980 --> 34:08.820
Sixty women were racked so violently that
the cords pierced their arms and legs

34:08.820 --> 34:09.660
close to the bone.

34:10.280 --> 34:14.400
When being remanded to prison,
their wounds mortified, and they died in

34:14.400 --> 34:15.580
the most miserable manner.

34:16.540 --> 34:19.080
Many others were put to death by various
cruel means.

34:19.760 --> 34:24.000
And if any Roman Catholic more
compassionate than the rest interceded for

34:24.000 --> 34:28.380
any of the reformed, he was immediately
apprehended and shared the same fate as a

34:28.380 --> 34:29.500
favourer of heretics.

34:31.020 --> 34:35.400
The Viceroy being obliged to march back to
Naples on some affairs of moment which

34:35.400 --> 34:40.260
required his presence, and the Cardinal
being recalled to Rome, the Marquis of

34:40.260 --> 34:44.180
Boutanay was ordered to put the finishing
stroke to what they had begun,

34:44.600 --> 34:48.680
which he at length effected by acting with
such barbarous rigour that there was not a

34:48.680 --> 34:52.760
single person of the reformed religion
left living in all Calabria.

34:54.080 --> 34:58.360
Thus were a great number of inoffensive
and harmless people, deprived of their

34:58.360 --> 35:02.080
possessions, robbed of their property,
driven from their homes and at length

35:02.080 --> 35:06.640
murdered by various means, only because
they would not sacrifice their consciences

35:06.640 --> 35:10.640
to the superstitions of others,
embrace idolatrous doctrines which they

35:10.640 --> 35:13.820
abhorred, and accept of teachers whom they
could not believe.

35:15.300 --> 35:20.000
Tyranny is of three kinds, that which
enslaves the person, that which seizes the

35:20.000 --> 35:23.320
property, and that which prescribes and
dictates to the mind.

35:24.100 --> 35:28.100
The two first sorts may be termed civil
tyranny, and have been practised by

35:28.100 --> 35:32.180
arbitrary sovereigns in all ages,
who have delighted in tormenting the

35:32.180 --> 35:35.240
persons and stealing the properties of
their unhappy subjects.

35:36.320 --> 35:40.500
But the third sort, prescribing and
dictating to the mind, may be called

35:40.500 --> 35:45.120
ecclesiastical tyranny, and this is the
worst kind of tyranny, as it includes the

35:45.120 --> 35:45.940
other two sorts.

35:46.580 --> 35:50.820
For the Amish clergy not only do torture
the body, and seize the effects of those

35:50.820 --> 35:55.140
they persecute, but take the lives,
torment the minds, and, if possible,

35:55.240 --> 35:58.380
would tyrannise over the souls of the
unhappy victims.

36:01.940 --> 36:08.160
Account of the Persecutions in the Valleys
of Piedmont Many of the World NCs,

36:08.240 --> 36:12.180
to avoid the persecutions to which they
were continually subjected in France,

36:12.720 --> 36:16.320
went and settled in the valleys of
Piedmont, where they increased exceedingly

36:16.320 --> 36:18.700
and flourished very much for a
considerable time.

36:20.700 --> 36:23.860
Though they were harmless in their
behaviour, inoffensive in their

36:23.860 --> 36:28.820
conversation, and paid tithes to the Roman
clergy, yet the latter could not be

36:28.820 --> 36:31.460
contented, but wished to give them some
disturbance.

36:32.220 --> 36:36.420
They accordingly complained to the
Archbishop of Turin that the World NCs of

36:36.420 --> 36:39.340
the Valleys of Piedmont were heretics,
for these reasons.

36:39.900 --> 36:42.940
One, that they did not believe in the
doctrines of the Church of Rome.

36:43.300 --> 36:46.100
Two, that they made no offerings or
prayers for the dead.

36:46.500 --> 36:48.300
Three, that they did not go to Mass.

36:48.740 --> 36:51.400
Four, that they did not confess and
receive absolution.

36:52.000 --> 36:56.460
And five, that they did not believe in
purgatory or pay money to get the souls of

36:56.460 --> 36:57.640
their friends out of it.

36:59.460 --> 37:02.960
Upon these charges the Archbishop ordered
a persecution to be commenced,

37:03.420 --> 37:07.360
and many fell martyrs to the superstitious
rage of the priests and monks.

37:08.600 --> 37:13.280
At Turin, one of the reformed had his
bowels torn out and put in a basin before

37:13.280 --> 37:16.740
his face, where they remained in his view
until he expired.

37:17.780 --> 37:22.720
At Revelle, Catelin Girard, being at the
stake, desired the executioner to give him

37:22.720 --> 37:26.220
a stone, which he refused, thinking that
he meant to throw it at somebody.

37:26.800 --> 37:31.560
But Girard, assuring him that he had no
such design, the executioner complied.

37:31.900 --> 37:36.800
When Girard, looking earnestly at the
stone, said, When it is in the power of a

37:36.800 --> 37:41.500
man to eat and digest this solid stone,
the religion for which I am about to

37:41.500 --> 37:43.920
suffer shall have an end, and not before.

37:45.120 --> 37:48.820
He then threw the stone on the ground and
submitted cheerfully to the flames.

37:50.020 --> 37:53.560
A great many more of the reformed were
oppressed or put to death by various

37:53.560 --> 37:58.900
means, until the patience of the Waldenses
being tired out, they flew to arms in

37:58.900 --> 38:01.720
their own defence and formed themselves
into regular bodies.

38:03.580 --> 38:08.080
Exasperated at this, the Bishop of Turin
procured a number of troops and sent

38:08.080 --> 38:08.800
against them.

38:09.440 --> 38:13.280
But in most of the skirmishes and
engagements the Waldenses were successful,

38:14.280 --> 38:18.120
which partly arose from their being better
acquainted with the passes of the Valleys

38:18.120 --> 38:22.140
of Piedmont than their adversaries,
and partly from the desperation with which

38:22.140 --> 38:25.560
they fought, for they well knew if they
were taken they should not be considered

38:25.560 --> 38:28.640
as prisoners of war, but tortured to death
as heretics.

38:30.000 --> 38:35.320
At length, Philip VII, Duke of Savoy and
Supreme Lord of Piedmont, determined to

38:35.320 --> 38:39.660
interpose his authority and stop these
bloody wars, which so greatly disturbed

38:39.660 --> 38:40.380
his dominions.

38:41.120 --> 38:45.060
He was not willing to disoblige the Pope
or affront the Archbishop of Turin.

38:45.880 --> 38:49.620
Nevertheless, he sent them both messages,
importing that he could not any longer

38:49.620 --> 38:54.060
tamely see his dominions overrun with
troops, who were directed by priests

38:54.060 --> 38:58.420
instead of officers and commanded by
prelates instead of generals, nor would he

38:58.420 --> 39:02.640
suffer his country to be depopulated while
he himself had not been even consulted

39:02.640 --> 39:03.540
upon the occasion.

39:04.920 --> 39:09.300
The priests, finding the resolution of the
Duke, did all they could to prejudice his

39:09.300 --> 39:13.240
mind against the Waldenses, but the Duke
told them that though he was unacquainted

39:13.240 --> 39:17.200
with the religious tenets of these people,
yet he had always found them quiet,

39:17.400 --> 39:21.100
faithful, and obedient, and therefore he
determined that they should be no longer

39:21.100 --> 39:21.700
persecuted.

39:23.060 --> 39:26.600
The priests now had recourse to the most
palpable and absurd falsehoods.

39:27.180 --> 39:30.720
They assured the Duke that he was mistaken
in the Waldenses, for they were a wicked

39:30.720 --> 39:35.460
set of people, and highly addicted to
intemperance, uncleanness, blasphemy,

39:35.560 --> 39:40.000
adultery, incest, and many other
abominable crimes, and that they were even

39:40.000 --> 39:44.480
monsters in nature, for their children
were born with black throats, with four

39:44.480 --> 39:46.660
rows of teeth, and bodies all over hairy.

39:47.580 --> 39:51.420
The Duke was not so devoid of common sense
as to give credit to what the priests

39:51.420 --> 39:54.940
said, though they affirmed in the most
solemn manner the truth of their

39:54.940 --> 39:55.600
assertions.

39:56.240 --> 40:00.940
He, however, sent twelve very learned and
sensible gentlemen into the Piedmontese

40:00.940 --> 40:03.860
valleys to examine into the real character
of the inhabitants.

40:04.980 --> 40:08.440
These gentlemen, after travelling through
all their towns and villages and

40:08.440 --> 40:12.960
conversing with people of every rank among
the Waldenses, returned to the Duke and

40:12.960 --> 40:17.240
gave him the most favourable account of
these people, affirming, before the faces

40:17.240 --> 40:20.800
of the priests who vilified them,
that they were harmless, inoffensive,

40:21.120 --> 40:25.740
loyal, friendly, industrious, and pious,
that they abhorred the crimes of which

40:25.740 --> 40:30.020
they were accused, and that should an
individual through his depravity fall into

40:30.020 --> 40:34.480
any of those crimes, he would by their
laws be punished in the most exemplary

40:34.480 --> 40:34.840
manner.

40:35.700 --> 40:39.040
With respect to the children, the
gentlemen said, the priest had told the

40:39.040 --> 40:42.780
most gross and ridiculous falsities,
for they were neither born with black

40:42.780 --> 40:46.660
throats, teeth in their mouths,
nor hair on their bodies, but were as fine

40:46.660 --> 40:47.820
children as could be seen.

40:48.480 --> 40:52.220
And to convince Your Highness of what we
have said, continued one of the gentlemen,

40:52.640 --> 40:56.500
we have brought twelve of the principal
male inhabitants, who have come to ask

40:56.500 --> 40:59.900
pardon in the name of the rest,
for having taken up arms without your

40:59.900 --> 41:03.960
leave, though even in their own defence,
and to preserve their lives from their

41:03.960 --> 41:04.780
merciless enemies.

41:05.460 --> 41:09.120
And we have likewise brought several women
with children of various ages,

41:09.500 --> 41:13.120
that Your Highness may have an opportunity
of personally examining them as much as

41:13.120 --> 41:13.700
you please.

41:15.460 --> 41:19.820
The Duke, after accepting the apology of
the twelve delegates, conversing with the

41:19.820 --> 41:23.060
women and examining the children,
graciously dismissed them.

41:23.660 --> 41:27.700
He then commanded the priest, who had
attempted to mislead him, immediately to

41:27.700 --> 41:31.440
leave the court, and gave strict orders
that the persecution should cease

41:31.440 --> 41:32.820
throughout his dominions.

41:35.760 --> 41:40.260
The Waldenses had enjoyed peace many
years, when Philip, the seventh Duke of

41:40.260 --> 41:44.320
Savoy, died, and his successor happened to
be a very bigoted papist.

41:45.060 --> 41:49.580
About the same time, some of the principal
Waldenses proposed that their clergy

41:49.580 --> 41:53.600
should preach in public, that everyone
might know the purity of their doctrines,

41:54.020 --> 41:57.780
for hitherto they had preached only in
private, and to such congregations as they

41:57.780 --> 42:01.120
well knew to consist of none but persons
of the reformed religion.

42:02.600 --> 42:07.060
On hearing these proceedings, the new Duke
was greatly exasperated, and sent a

42:07.060 --> 42:10.740
considerable body of troops into the
valleys, swearing that if the people would

42:10.740 --> 42:13.580
not change their religion, he would have
them flayed alive.

42:14.720 --> 42:18.940
The commander of the troops soon found the
impracticability of conquering them with

42:18.940 --> 42:20.320
the number of men he had with him.

42:20.920 --> 42:25.600
He therefore sent word to the Duke that
the idea of subjugating the Waldenses with

42:25.600 --> 42:29.600
so small a force was ridiculous,
that those people were better acquainted

42:29.600 --> 42:33.440
with the country than any that were with
him, that they had secured all the passes,

42:33.600 --> 42:38.200
were well armed, and resolutely determined
to defend themselves, and with respect to

42:38.200 --> 42:42.460
flaying them alive, he said that every
skin belonging to those people would cost

42:42.460 --> 42:44.300
him the lives of a dozen of his subjects.

42:46.440 --> 42:50.000
Terrified at this information,
the Duke withdrew the troops, determining

42:50.000 --> 42:52.260
to act not by force, but by stratagem.

42:53.260 --> 42:57.280
He therefore ordered rewards for the
taking of any of the Waldenses who might

42:57.280 --> 43:01.520
be found straying from their places of
security, and these, when taken,

43:01.680 --> 43:03.660
were either flayed alive or burnt.

43:05.580 --> 43:10.560
The Waldenses had hitherto only had the
New Testament and a few books of the Old

43:10.560 --> 43:14.800
in the Waldensian tongue, but they
determined now to have the sacred writings

43:14.800 --> 43:16.360
complete in their own language.

43:17.220 --> 43:21.200
They therefore employed a Swiss printer to
furnish them with a complete edition of

43:21.200 --> 43:25.040
the Old and New Testaments in the
Waldensian tongue, which he did,

43:25.320 --> 43:29.520
for the consideration of fifteen hundred
crowns of gold paid him by those pious

43:29.520 --> 43:29.900
people.

43:31.560 --> 43:36.660
Pope Paul III, a bigoted papist,
ascending the pontifical chair,

43:37.220 --> 43:41.380
immediately solicited the Parliament of
Turin to persecute the Waldenses as the

43:41.380 --> 43:42.900
most pernicious of all heretics.

43:43.960 --> 43:47.780
The Parliament readily agreed,
when several were suddenly apprehended and

43:47.780 --> 43:48.960
burnt by their order.

43:50.300 --> 43:54.400
Among these was Bartholomew Hector,
a bookseller and stationer of Turin,

43:54.840 --> 44:02.040
who was brought up a reformed clergy,
was fully convinced of the errors of the

44:02.040 --> 44:07.060
Church of Rome, yet his mind was for some
time wavering, and he hardly knew what

44:07.060 --> 44:08.260
persuasion to embrace.

44:09.340 --> 44:13.600
At length, however, he fully embraced the
reformed religion, and was apprehended,

44:13.660 --> 44:17.720
as we have already mentioned, and burnt by
order of the Parliament of Turin.

44:19.440 --> 44:23.360
A consultation was now held by the
Parliament of Turin, in which it was

44:23.360 --> 44:27.200
agreed to send deputies to the valleys of
Piedmont with the following propositions.

44:27.880 --> 44:28.220
1.

44:28.600 --> 44:32.700
That if the Waldenses would come to the
bosom of the Church of Rome, and embrace

44:32.700 --> 44:36.420
the Roman Catholic religion, they should
enjoy their houses, properties,

44:36.760 --> 44:40.060
and lands, and live with their families,
without the least molestation.

44:41.120 --> 44:41.560
2.

44:42.100 --> 44:45.340
That to prove their obedience,
they should send twelve of their principal

44:45.340 --> 44:49.560
persons, with all their ministers and
schoolmasters, to Turin, to be dealt with

44:49.560 --> 44:50.180
at discretion.

44:50.840 --> 44:51.120
3.

44:51.480 --> 44:55.360
That the Pope, the King of France,
and the Duke of Savoy approved of and

44:55.360 --> 44:58.940
authorized the proceedings of the
Parliament of Turin upon this occasion.

44:59.660 --> 45:00.020
4.

45:00.420 --> 45:04.480
That if the Waldenses of the valleys of
Piedmont refused to comply with these

45:04.480 --> 45:09.040
propositions, persecution should ensue,
and certain death be their portion.

45:10.600 --> 45:13.760
To each of these propositions,
the Waldenses nobly replied in the

45:13.760 --> 45:16.140
following manner, answering them
respectively.

45:16.700 --> 45:17.060
1.

45:17.160 --> 45:20.820
That no considerations whatever should
make them renounce their religion.

45:21.380 --> 45:21.720
2.

45:21.860 --> 45:26.000
That they would never consent to commit
their best and most respectable friends to

45:26.000 --> 45:29.240
the custody and discretion of their worst
and most inveterate enemies.

45:29.780 --> 45:30.140
3.

45:30.260 --> 45:34.220
That they valued the approbation of the
King of Kings, who reigns in heaven,

45:34.600 --> 45:36.160
more than any temporal authority.

45:37.000 --> 45:37.380
4.

45:37.720 --> 45:40.060
That their souls were more precious than
their bodies.

45:41.760 --> 45:46.680
These pointed and spirited replies greatly
exasperated the Parliament of Turin.

45:47.380 --> 45:52.580
They continued, with more avidity than
ever, to kidnap such Waldenses as did not

45:52.580 --> 45:56.460
act with proper precaution, who were sure
to suffer the most cruel deaths.

45:57.560 --> 46:01.480
Among these, it unfortunately happened
that they got hold of Geoffrey Warnagler,

46:01.880 --> 46:05.580
Minister of Angrognia, whom they committed
to the flames as a heretic.

46:07.480 --> 46:11.940
They then solicited a considerable body of
troops of the King of France in order to

46:11.940 --> 46:15.280
exterminate the reformed entirely from the
valleys of Piedmont.

46:15.800 --> 46:19.880
But just as the troops were going to
march, the Protestant princes of Germany

46:19.880 --> 46:24.060
interposed, and threatened to send troops
to assist the Waldenses if they should be

46:24.060 --> 46:24.400
attacked.

46:25.360 --> 46:29.540
The King of France, not caring to enter
into a war, remanded the troops,

46:29.900 --> 46:33.840
and sent word to the Parliament of Turin
that he could not spare any troops at

46:33.840 --> 46:35.220
present to act in Piedmont.

46:36.460 --> 46:40.400
The members of the Parliament were greatly
vexed at this disappointment, and the

46:40.400 --> 46:44.320
persecution gradually ceased, for as they
could only put to death such of the

46:44.320 --> 46:48.380
reformed as they caught by chance,
and as the Waldenses daily grew more

46:48.380 --> 46:52.900
cautious, their cruelty was obliged to
subside for want of objects on whom to

46:52.900 --> 46:53.740
exercise it.

46:55.900 --> 47:00.280
After the Waldenses had enjoyed a few
years' tranquillity, they were again

47:00.280 --> 47:02.200
disturbed by the following means.

47:03.080 --> 47:08.020
The Pope's nuncio, coming to Turin to the
Duke of Savoy upon business, told that

47:08.020 --> 47:12.480
Prince he was astonished he had not yet
either routed out the Waldenses from the

47:12.480 --> 47:16.900
Piedmont entirely, or compelled them to
enter into the bosom of the Church of

47:16.900 --> 47:21.380
Rome, that he could not help looking upon
such conduct with a suspicious eye,

47:21.840 --> 47:26.280
and that he really thought him a favourer
of those heretics, and should report the

47:26.280 --> 47:28.740
affair accordingly to His Holiness the
Pope.

47:30.360 --> 47:34.400
Stung by this reflection, and unwilling to
be misrepresented to the Pope,

47:34.860 --> 47:38.360
the Duke determined to act with the
greatest severity in order to show his

47:38.360 --> 47:42.060
zeal, and to make amends for former
neglect by future cruelty.

47:43.660 --> 47:48.580
He accordingly issued express orders for
all the Waldenses to attend Mass regularly

47:48.580 --> 47:49.600
on pain of death.

47:50.460 --> 47:54.380
This they absolutely refused to do,
on which he entered the Piedmontese

47:54.380 --> 47:58.740
valleys with a formidable body of troops,
and began a most furious persecution,

47:59.260 --> 48:03.460
in which great numbers were hanged,
drowned, ripped open, tied to trees,

48:03.580 --> 48:07.960
and pierced with prongs, thrown from
precipices, burnt, stabbed, racked to

48:07.960 --> 48:12.140
death, crucified with their heads
downwards, worried by dogs, etc.

48:13.280 --> 48:17.320
Those who fled had their goods plundered,
and their houses burnt to the ground.

48:18.080 --> 48:21.720
They were particularly cruel when they
caught a minister or a schoolmaster,

48:22.100 --> 48:26.180
whom they put to such exquisite tortures
as are almost incredible to conceive.

48:26.960 --> 48:30.980
If any whom they took seemed wavering in
their faith, they did not put them to

48:30.980 --> 48:35.060
death, but sent them to the galleys,
to be made converts by dint of hardships.

48:36.840 --> 48:41.320
The most cruel persecutors upon this
occasion, that attended the Duke,

48:41.620 --> 48:42.820
were three in number.

48:43.940 --> 48:48.760
First, Thomas Incomel, an apostate,
for he was brought up in the Reformed

48:48.760 --> 48:52.520
religion, but renounced his faith,
embraced the errors of popery,

48:52.540 --> 48:53.400
and turned monk.

48:54.080 --> 48:58.980
He was a great libertine, given to
unnatural crimes, and sordidly solicitous

48:58.980 --> 49:00.480
for plunder of the Waldenses.

49:02.300 --> 49:06.880
Second, Corbis, a man of a very ferocious
and cruel nature, whose business was to

49:06.880 --> 49:07.860
examine the prisoners.

49:08.520 --> 49:13.100
And third, the Provost of Justice,
who was very anxious for the execution of

49:13.100 --> 49:16.680
the Waldenses, as every execution put
money in his pocket.

49:18.080 --> 49:23.120
These three persons were unmerciful to the
last degree, and wherever they came,

49:23.240 --> 49:25.300
the blood of the innocent was sure to
flow.

49:26.160 --> 49:30.260
Exclusive of the cruelties exercised by
the Duke, by these three persons,

49:30.400 --> 49:34.780
and the army in their different marches,
many local barbarities were committed.

49:35.560 --> 49:40.080
At Pignerol, a town in the valleys,
was a monastery, the monks of which,

49:40.200 --> 49:44.460
finding they might injure the Reformed
with impunity, began to plunder the houses

49:44.460 --> 49:46.560
and pull down the churches of the
Waldenses.

49:47.340 --> 49:50.680
Not meeting with any opposition,
they seized upon the persons of those

49:50.680 --> 49:54.720
unhappy people, murdering the men,
confining the women, and putting the

49:54.720 --> 49:56.380
children to Roman Catholic nurses.

49:57.720 --> 50:02.160
The Roman Catholic inhabitants of the
Valley of St. Martin likewise did all they

50:02.160 --> 50:04.220
could to torment the neighbouring
Waldenses.

50:04.920 --> 50:07.780
They destroyed their churches,
burnt their houses, seized their

50:07.780 --> 50:11.580
properties, stole their cattle,
converted their land to their own use,

50:12.040 --> 50:15.740
committed their ministers to the flames,
and drove the Waldenses to the woods,

50:16.140 --> 50:20.360
where they had nothing to subsist on but
wild fruits, roots, the bark of trees,

50:20.480 --> 50:20.760
etc.

50:21.780 --> 50:25.780
Some Roman Catholic ruffians, having
seized a minister, as he was going to

50:25.780 --> 50:29.400
preach, determined to take him to a
convenient place and burn him.

50:30.100 --> 50:34.180
His parishioners, having intelligence of
this affair, the men armed themselves,

50:34.340 --> 50:37.680
pursued the ruffians, and seemed
determined to rescue their minister,

50:38.140 --> 50:41.500
which the ruffians no sooner perceived
than they stabbed the poor gentleman,

50:41.960 --> 50:44.980
and, leaving him weltering in his blood,
made a precipitate retreat.

50:45.880 --> 50:49.220
The astonished parishioners did all they
could to recover him, but in vain,

50:49.580 --> 50:53.000
for the weapon had touched the vital
parts, and he expired as they were

50:53.000 --> 50:53.900
carrying him home.

50:56.140 --> 51:00.760
The monks of Pignerol, having a great
inclination to get the minister of a town

51:00.760 --> 51:05.440
in the valleys called Saint-Germain into
their power, hired a band of ruffians for

51:05.440 --> 51:06.880
the purpose of apprehending him.

51:08.020 --> 51:12.020
These fellows were conducted by a
treacherous person who had formerly been a

51:12.020 --> 51:15.460
servant to the clergyman, and who
perfectly well knew a secret way to the

51:15.460 --> 51:18.540
house, by which he could lead them without
alarming the neighbourhood.

51:19.340 --> 51:22.540
The guide knocked at the door,
and, being asked who was there,

51:22.680 --> 51:23.900
answered in his own name.

51:24.600 --> 51:28.540
The clergyman, not expecting any injury
from a person on whom he had heaped

51:28.540 --> 51:32.820
favours, immediately opened the door,
but, perceiving the ruffians, he started

51:32.820 --> 51:36.980
back, and fled to a back door,
but they rushed in, followed, and seized

51:36.980 --> 51:37.220
him.

51:38.140 --> 51:41.760
Having murdered all his family,
they made him proceed towards Pignerol,

51:42.220 --> 51:45.520
goading him all the way with pikes,
lances, swords, etc.

51:45.960 --> 51:50.060
He was kept a considerable time in prison,
and then fastened to the stake to be

51:50.060 --> 51:54.640
burned, when two women of the Waldenses,
who had renounced their religion to save

51:54.640 --> 51:59.720
their lives, were ordered to carry faggots
to the stake to burn him, and as they laid

51:59.720 --> 52:03.760
them down, to say, Take these,
thou wicked heretic, and recommence for

52:03.760 --> 52:05.900
the pernicious doctrines thou hast taught
us.

52:06.860 --> 52:11.480
These words they both repeated to him,
to which he calmly replied, I formerly

52:11.480 --> 52:13.940
taught you well, but you have since
learned ill.

52:14.820 --> 52:18.960
The fire was then put to the faggots,
and he was speedily consumed, calling upon

52:18.960 --> 52:21.360
the name of the Lord as long as his voice
permitted.

52:23.380 --> 52:27.300
As the troops of ruffians, belonging to
the monks, did great mischief about the

52:27.300 --> 52:30.940
town of Saint-Germain, murdering and
plundering many of the inhabitants,

52:31.520 --> 52:36.540
the Reformed of Lucerne and Grogne sent
some bands of armed men to the assistance

52:36.540 --> 52:38.180
of their brethren of Saint-Germain.

52:39.120 --> 52:42.800
These bodies of armed men frequently
attacked the ruffians, and often put them

52:42.800 --> 52:47.560
to the rout, which so terrified the monks
that they left the monastery of Pignerol

52:47.560 --> 52:51.980
for some time, until they could procure a
body of regular troops to guard them.

52:54.000 --> 52:58.560
The Duke, not thinking himself so
successful as he at first imagined he

52:58.560 --> 53:01.040
should be, greatly augmented his forces.

53:01.800 --> 53:05.940
He ordered the bands of ruffians belonging
to the monks to join him, and commanded

53:05.940 --> 53:10.440
that a general jail delivery should take
place, provided the persons released would

53:10.440 --> 53:14.920
bear arms and form themselves into light
companies to assist in the extermination

53:14.920 --> 53:15.700
of the Waldenses.

53:16.700 --> 53:21.160
The Waldenses, being informed of the
proceedings, secured as much of their

53:21.160 --> 53:25.600
properties as they could, and quitted the
valleys, retired to the rocks and caves

53:25.600 --> 53:30.240
among the Alps, for it is to be understood
that the valleys of Piedmont are situated

53:30.240 --> 53:34.780
at the foot of those prodigious mountains
called the Alps, or the Alpine Hills.

53:36.280 --> 53:40.940
The army now began to plunder and burn the
towns and villages wherever they came,

53:40.940 --> 53:45.760
but the troops could not force the passes
to the Alps, which were gallantly defended

53:45.760 --> 53:50.660
by the Waldenses, who always repulsed
their enemies, but if any fell into the

53:50.660 --> 53:54.140
hands of the troops they were sure to be
treated with the most barbarous severity.

53:55.360 --> 53:59.340
A soldier, having caught one of the
Waldenses, bit his right ear off,

53:59.400 --> 54:04.000
saying, I will carry this member of that
wicked heretic with me into my own country

54:04.000 --> 54:05.300
and preserve it as a rarity.

54:05.860 --> 54:08.200
He then stabbed the man and threw him into
a ditch.

54:10.480 --> 54:14.720
A party of the troops found a venerable
man, upwards of a hundred years of age,

54:14.940 --> 54:18.760
together with his granddaughter,
a maiden of about eighteen, in a cave.

54:19.500 --> 54:23.540
They butchered the poor old man in the
most inhuman manner, and then attempted to

54:23.540 --> 54:29.140
ravish the girl, when she started away and
fled from them, but they pursuing her she

54:29.140 --> 54:31.420
threw herself from a precipice and
perished.

54:32.960 --> 54:37.180
The Waldenses, in order the more
effectually to be able to repel force by

54:37.180 --> 54:41.560
force, entered into a league with the
Protestant powers of Germany and with the

54:41.560 --> 54:43.680
reformed of Dauphine and Pregella.

54:44.440 --> 54:49.020
These were respectively to furnish bodies
of troops, and the Waldenses determined

54:49.020 --> 54:52.900
when thus reinforced to quit the mountains
of the Alps, where they must soon have

54:52.900 --> 54:56.940
perished as the winter was coming on,
and to force the Duke's army to evacuate

54:56.940 --> 54:58.000
their native valleys.

54:59.300 --> 55:01.400
The Duke of Savoy was now tired of the
war.

55:01.760 --> 55:06.080
It had cost him great fatigue and anxiety
of mind, a vast number of men,

55:06.120 --> 55:07.740
and very considerable sums of money.

55:08.320 --> 55:12.320
It had been much more tedious and bloody
than he expected, as well as more

55:12.320 --> 55:16.220
expensive than he could at first have
imagined, for he thought the plunder would

55:16.220 --> 55:20.160
have discharged the expenses of the
expedition, but in this he was mistaken,

55:20.480 --> 55:24.520
for the Pope's nuncio, the bishops,
monks, and other ecclesiastics,

55:24.740 --> 55:29.520
who attended the army and encouraged the
war, sunk the greatest part of the wealth

55:29.520 --> 55:31.500
that was taken under various pretenses.

55:32.540 --> 55:36.140
For these reasons, and the death of his
duchess, of which he had just received

55:36.140 --> 55:39.880
intelligence, and fearing that the
Waldenses, by the treaties they had

55:39.880 --> 55:43.820
entered into, would become more powerful
than ever, he determined to return to

55:43.820 --> 55:46.880
Turin with his army, and to make peace
with the Waldenses.

55:47.940 --> 55:51.360
This resolution he executed, though
greatly against the will of the

55:51.360 --> 55:55.520
ecclesiastics, who were the chief gainers,
and the best pleased with revenge.

55:56.860 --> 56:00.780
Before the articles of peace could be
ratified, the Duke himself died,

56:01.180 --> 56:05.380
soon after his return to Turin,
but on his deathbed he strictly enjoined

56:05.380 --> 56:09.660
his son to perform what he intended,
and to be as favourable as possible to the

56:09.660 --> 56:10.120
Waldenses.

56:11.060 --> 56:15.440
The Duke's son, Charles Emmanuel,
succeeded to the dominions of Savoy,

56:15.800 --> 56:19.800
and gave a full ratification of peace to
the Waldenses, according to the last

56:19.800 --> 56:23.980
injunctions of his father, though the
ecclesiastics did all they could to

56:23.980 --> 56:25.220
persuade him to the contrary.

56:29.290 --> 56:36.090
An account of the persecutions in Venice
While the state of Venice was free from

56:36.090 --> 56:41.390
inquisitors, a great number of Protestants
fixed their residence there, and many

56:41.390 --> 56:44.830
converts were made by the purity of the
doctrines they professed and the

56:44.830 --> 56:47.130
inoffensiveness of the conversation they
used.

56:48.130 --> 56:52.610
The Pope, being informed of the great
increase of Protestantism, in the year

56:52.610 --> 56:58.870
1542 sent inquisitors to Venice to make an
inquiry into the matter, and apprehend

56:58.870 --> 57:00.990
such as they might deem obnoxious persons.

57:01.830 --> 57:06.110
Hence a severe persecution began,
and many worthy persons were martyred for

57:06.110 --> 57:10.070
serving God with purity and scorning the
trappings of idolatry.

57:11.450 --> 57:14.930
Various were the modes by which the
Protestants were deprived of life,

57:14.930 --> 57:19.310
but one particular method, which was first
invented upon this occasion, we shall

57:19.310 --> 57:19.870
describe.

57:20.770 --> 57:24.610
As soon as sentence was passed,
the prisoner had an iron chain which ran

57:24.610 --> 57:26.830
through a great stone fastened to his
body.

57:27.530 --> 57:32.130
He was then laid flat upon a plank with
his face upwards, and rowed between two

57:32.130 --> 57:36.410
boats to a certain distance at sea,
when the two boats separated, and he was

57:36.410 --> 57:38.190
sunk to the bottom by the weight of the
stone.

57:39.510 --> 57:43.450
If any denied the jurisdiction of the
inquisitors at Venice, they were sent to

57:43.450 --> 57:47.610
Rome, where being committed purposely to
damp prisons and never called to a

57:47.610 --> 57:51.670
hearing, their flesh mortified,
and they died miserably in jail.

57:53.250 --> 57:57.510
A citizen of Venice, Antony Ricchetti,
being apprehended as a Protestant,

57:58.030 --> 58:01.050
was sentenced to be drowned in the manner
we have already described.

58:02.030 --> 58:06.810
A few days previous to the time appointed
for his execution, his son went to see him

58:06.810 --> 58:11.050
and begged him to recount that his life
might be saved, and himself not left

58:11.050 --> 58:11.670
fatherless.

58:12.290 --> 58:16.710
To which the father replied, A good
Christian is bound to relinquish not only

58:16.710 --> 58:20.050
goods and children, but life itself for
the glory of his Redeemer.

58:20.690 --> 58:25.270
Therefore I am resolved to sacrifice
everything in this transitory world for

58:25.270 --> 58:28.130
the sake of salvation in a world that will
last to eternity.

58:29.790 --> 58:33.910
The Lords of Venice likewise sent him word
that if he would embrace the Roman

58:33.910 --> 58:37.550
Catholic religion, they would not only
give him his life, but redeem a

58:37.550 --> 58:41.370
considerable estate which he had
mortgaged, and freely present him with it.

58:42.290 --> 58:46.590
This, however, he absolutely refused to
comply with, sending word to the nobles

58:46.590 --> 58:49.330
that he valued his soul beyond all other
considerations.

58:50.150 --> 58:54.830
And being told that a fellow-prisoner
named Francis Segar had recounted,

58:55.110 --> 59:00.070
he answered, If he is forsaken God,
I pity him, but I shall continue steadfast

59:00.070 --> 59:00.790
in my duty.

59:01.990 --> 59:05.630
Finding all endeavours to persuade him to
renounce his faith ineffectual,

59:06.150 --> 59:10.730
he was executed according to his sentence,
dying cheerfully, and recommending his

59:10.730 --> 59:12.310
soul fervently to the Almighty.

59:14.290 --> 59:18.970
What Ricchetti had been told concerning
the apostasy of Francis Segar was

59:18.970 --> 59:23.990
absolutely false, for he had never offered
to recant, but steadfastly persisted in

59:23.990 --> 59:28.170
his faith, and was executed a few days
after Ricchetti in the very same manner.

59:30.570 --> 59:35.650
Francis Spinola, a Protestant gentleman of
very great learning, being apprehended by

59:35.650 --> 59:38.910
order of the Inquisitors, was carried
before their tribunal.

59:40.210 --> 59:44.250
A treatise on the Lord's Supper was then
put into his hands, and he was asked if he

59:44.250 --> 59:48.570
knew the author of it, to which he
replied, I confess myself to be the author

59:48.570 --> 59:52.730
of it, and at the same time solemnly
affirm that there is not a line in it but

59:52.730 --> 59:56.090
what is authorised by and consonant to the
Holy Scriptures.

59:56.750 --> 01:00:01.370
On this confession he was committed close
prisoner to a dungeon for several days.

01:00:02.690 --> 01:00:06.450
Being brought to a second examination,
he charged the Pope's Legate and the

01:00:06.450 --> 01:00:10.730
Inquisitors with being merciless
barbarians, and then represented the

01:00:10.730 --> 01:00:15.570
superstitions and idolatries practised by
the Church of Rome in so glaring a light

01:00:15.570 --> 01:00:18.950
that, not being able to refute his
arguments, they sent him back to his

01:00:18.950 --> 01:00:21.610
dungeon to make him repent of what he had
said.

01:00:22.730 --> 01:00:26.670
On his third examination they asked him if
he would recant his error, to which he

01:00:26.670 --> 01:00:31.370
answered that the doctrines he maintained
were not erroneous, being purely the same

01:00:31.370 --> 01:00:35.650
as those which Christ and his apostles had
taught, and which were handed down to us

01:00:35.650 --> 01:00:36.710
in the sacred writings.

01:00:37.930 --> 01:00:41.950
The Inquisitors then sentenced him to be
drowned, which was executed in the manner

01:00:41.950 --> 01:00:42.930
already described.

01:00:43.690 --> 01:00:47.750
He went to meet death with the utmost
serenity, seemed to wish for dissolution,

01:00:48.210 --> 01:00:52.170
and declaring that the prolongation of his
life did but tend to retard that real

01:00:52.170 --> 01:00:55.130
happiness which could only be expected in
the world to come.

01:00:59.510 --> 01:01:03.310
An account of several remarkable
individuals who were martyred in different

01:01:03.310 --> 01:01:05.710
parts of Italy, on account of their
religion.

01:01:07.390 --> 01:01:10.590
John Mollius was born at Rome of reputable
parents.

01:01:11.310 --> 01:01:15.310
At twelve years of age they placed him in
the monastery of Grey Friars, where he

01:01:15.310 --> 01:01:19.650
made such a rapid progress in arts,
sciences and languages that at eighteen

01:01:19.650 --> 01:01:22.310
years of age he was permitted to take
priest's orders.

01:01:23.170 --> 01:01:27.050
He was then sent to Ferrara, where,
after pursuing his studies six years

01:01:27.050 --> 01:01:31.050
longer, he was made theological reader in
the university of that city.

01:01:32.130 --> 01:01:37.370
He now unhappily exerted his great talents
to disguise the gospel truths and to

01:01:37.370 --> 01:01:39.650
varnish over the error of the Church of
Rome.

01:01:41.330 --> 01:01:45.670
After some years' residence in Ferrara,
he removed to the University of Bologna,

01:01:46.130 --> 01:01:47.290
where he became a professor.

01:01:48.370 --> 01:01:52.090
Having read some treatises written by
ministers of the Reformed religion,

01:01:52.570 --> 01:01:56.290
he grew fully sensible of the errors of
popery and soon became a zealous

01:01:56.290 --> 01:01:57.690
Protestant in his heart.

01:01:58.350 --> 01:02:03.170
He now determined to expound, according to
the purity of the gospel, St. Paul's

01:02:03.170 --> 01:02:05.950
epistle to the Romans in a regular course
of sermons.

01:02:06.830 --> 01:02:10.530
The concourse of people that continually
attended his preaching was surprising,

01:02:11.210 --> 01:02:15.310
but when the priests found the tenor of
his doctrines, they dispatched an account

01:02:15.310 --> 01:02:20.530
of the affair to Rome, when the Pope sent
a monk named Cornelius to Bologna to

01:02:20.530 --> 01:02:24.250
expound the same epistle, according to the
tenets of the Church of Rome.

01:02:24.830 --> 01:02:28.890
The people, however, found such a
disparity between the two preachers that

01:02:28.890 --> 01:02:32.930
the audience of Mollius increased,
and Cornelius was forced to preach to

01:02:32.930 --> 01:02:33.810
empty benches.

01:02:35.550 --> 01:02:39.390
Cornelius wrote an account of his bad
success to the Pope, who immediately sent

01:02:39.390 --> 01:02:43.030
an order to apprehend Mollius,
who was seized upon accordingly and kept

01:02:43.030 --> 01:02:44.150
in close confinement.

01:02:44.870 --> 01:02:49.270
The Bishop of Bologna sent him word that
he must recant or be burnt, but he

01:02:49.270 --> 01:02:51.230
appealed to Rome and was removed thither.

01:02:52.370 --> 01:02:56.950
At Rome he begged to have a public trial,
but that the Pope absolutely denied him,

01:02:57.270 --> 01:03:01.150
and commanded him to give an account of
his opinions in writing, which he did

01:03:01.150 --> 01:03:02.330
under the following heads.

01:03:03.490 --> 01:03:08.610
Original sin, free will, the infallibility
of the Church of Rome, the infallibility

01:03:08.610 --> 01:03:13.490
of the Pope, justification by faith,
purgatory, transubstantiation,

01:03:14.030 --> 01:03:18.750
mass, auricular confession, prayers for
the dead, the host, prayers for saints,

01:03:18.930 --> 01:03:24.130
going on pilgrimages, extreme unction,
performing services in an unknown tongue,

01:03:24.530 --> 01:03:24.970
etc.

01:03:26.270 --> 01:03:29.290
All these he confirmed from Scripture
authority.

01:03:30.030 --> 01:03:33.910
The Pope, upon this occasion, for
political reasons, spared him for the

01:03:33.910 --> 01:03:37.990
present, but soon after had him
apprehended and put to death, he first

01:03:37.990 --> 01:03:41.350
being hanged, and his body burnt to ashes,
A.D.

01:03:42.110 --> 01:03:42.590
1553.

01:03:44.350 --> 01:03:48.650
The year after, Francis Gamber,
a Lombard of the Protestant persuasion,

01:03:49.090 --> 01:03:51.970
was apprehended and condemned to death by
the Senate of Milan.

01:03:52.770 --> 01:03:56.570
At the place of execution a monk presented
a cross to him, to whom he said,

01:03:57.110 --> 01:04:01.490
My mind is so full of the real merits and
goodness of Christ, that I want not a

01:04:01.490 --> 01:04:03.870
piece of senseless stick to put me in mind
of him.

01:04:04.710 --> 01:04:08.350
For this expression his tongue was bored
through, and he was afterward burnt.

01:04:10.710 --> 01:04:11.110
A.D.

01:04:11.610 --> 01:04:16.070
1555, Algerius, a student in the
University of Padua and a man of great

01:04:16.070 --> 01:04:20.430
learning, having embraced the reformed
religion, did all he could to convert

01:04:20.430 --> 01:04:20.810
others.

01:04:21.270 --> 01:04:25.350
For these proceedings he was accused of
heresy to the Pope, and being apprehended

01:04:25.350 --> 01:04:27.090
was committed to the prison at Venice.

01:04:27.970 --> 01:04:32.230
The Pope, being informed of Algerius'
great learning and surprising natural

01:04:32.230 --> 01:04:36.430
abilities, thought it would be of infinite
service to the Church of Rome if he could

01:04:36.430 --> 01:04:38.770
induce him to forsake the Protestant
cause.

01:04:39.590 --> 01:04:43.910
He therefore sent for him to Rome,
and tried by the most profane promises to

01:04:43.910 --> 01:04:48.110
win him to his purpose, but finding his
endeavours ineffectual he ordered him to

01:04:48.110 --> 01:04:51.310
be burnt, which sentence was executed
accordingly.

01:04:52.310 --> 01:04:52.690
A.D.

01:04:53.150 --> 01:04:58.730
1559, John Aloysius, being sent from
Geneva to preach in Calabria, was there

01:04:58.730 --> 01:05:03.110
apprehended as a Protestant, carried to
Rome, and burnt by order of the Pope,

01:05:03.310 --> 01:05:06.850
and James Bovilius for the same reason was
burnt at Messina.

01:05:08.450 --> 01:05:09.170
A.D.

01:05:09.350 --> 01:05:14.370
1560, Pope Pius IV ordered all the
Protestants to be severely persecuted

01:05:14.370 --> 01:05:18.310
throughout the Italian states,
when great numbers of every age,

01:05:18.530 --> 01:05:20.390
sex, and condition suffered martyrdom.

01:05:21.310 --> 01:05:25.730
Concerning the cruelties practised upon
this occasion, a learned and humane Roman

01:05:25.730 --> 01:05:28.850
Catholic thus spoke of them in a letter to
a noble lord.

01:05:30.250 --> 01:05:35.490
I cannot, my lord, forbear disclosing my
sentiments with regard to the persecution

01:05:35.490 --> 01:05:36.550
now carrying on.

01:05:36.950 --> 01:05:38.550
I think it cruel and unnecessary.

01:05:39.210 --> 01:05:42.950
I tremble at the manner of putting to
death, as it resembles more the slaughter

01:05:42.950 --> 01:05:45.770
of calves and sheep than the execution of
human beings.

01:05:46.450 --> 01:05:50.490
I will relate to your lordship a dreadful
scene of which I was myself an eyewitness.

01:05:51.330 --> 01:05:55.030
Seventy Protestants were cooped up in one
filthy dungeon together.

01:05:55.650 --> 01:05:59.010
The executioner went in among them,
picked out one from among the rest,

01:05:59.350 --> 01:06:03.570
blindfolded him, led him out to an open
place before the prison, and cut his

01:06:03.570 --> 01:06:05.050
throat with the greatest composure.

01:06:05.750 --> 01:06:09.530
He then calmly walked into the prison
again, bloody as he was, and with the

01:06:09.530 --> 01:06:12.770
knife in his hand selected another and
dispatched him in the same manner.

01:06:13.350 --> 01:06:16.470
And this, my lord, he repeated until the
whole number were put to death.

01:06:17.170 --> 01:06:21.390
I leave it to your lordship's feelings to
judge of my sensations upon this occasion.

01:06:22.170 --> 01:06:25.250
My tears now wash the paper upon which I
give you the recital.

01:06:26.310 --> 01:06:29.690
Another thing I must mention, the patience
with which they met death.

01:06:30.170 --> 01:06:34.550
They seemed all resignation and piety,
fervently praying to God and cheerfully

01:06:34.550 --> 01:06:35.690
encountering their fate.

01:06:36.450 --> 01:06:39.990
I cannot reflect without shuddering how
the executioner held the bloody knife

01:06:39.990 --> 01:06:43.930
between his teeth, what a dreadful figure
he appeared, all covered with blood,

01:06:44.390 --> 01:06:47.910
and with what unconcern he executed his
barbarous office.

01:06:49.810 --> 01:06:54.230
A young Englishman, who happened to be at
Rome, was one day passing by a church when

01:06:54.230 --> 01:06:56.230
the procession of the host was just coming
out.

01:06:56.750 --> 01:07:00.770
A bishop carried the host, which the young
man perceiving he snatched it from him,

01:07:01.090 --> 01:07:05.150
threw it upon the ground, and trampled it
under his feet, crying out, Ye wretched

01:07:05.150 --> 01:07:08.910
idolaters, who neglect the true God to
adore a morsel of bread.

01:07:09.790 --> 01:07:13.530
This action so provoked the people that
they would have torn him to pieces on the

01:07:13.530 --> 01:07:17.810
spot, but the priests persuaded them to
let him abide by the sentence of the Pope.

01:07:19.150 --> 01:07:23.190
When the affair was represented to the
Pope, he was so greatly exasperated that

01:07:23.190 --> 01:07:27.390
he ordered the prisoner to be burnt
immediately, but a cardinal dissuaded him

01:07:27.390 --> 01:07:31.710
from this hasty sentence, saying that it
was better to punish him by slow degrees

01:07:31.710 --> 01:07:36.170
and to torture him, that they might find
out if he had been instigated by any

01:07:36.170 --> 01:07:38.570
particular person to commit so atrocious
an act.

01:07:39.390 --> 01:07:43.330
This being approved, he was tortured with
the most exemplary severity,

01:07:44.130 --> 01:07:47.790
notwithstanding which they could only get
these words from him, It was the will of

01:07:47.790 --> 01:07:49.210
God that I should do as I did.

01:07:50.050 --> 01:07:54.770
The Pope then passed this sentence upon
him, That he should be led by the

01:07:54.770 --> 01:07:58.810
executioner naked to the middle through
the streets of Rome, that he should wear

01:07:58.810 --> 01:08:02.850
the image of the devil upon his head,
that his britches should be painted with

01:08:02.850 --> 01:08:06.690
the representation of flames, that he
should have his right hand cut off,

01:08:07.410 --> 01:08:10.930
that after having been carried about thus
in procession he should be burnt.

01:08:13.090 --> 01:08:16.690
When he heard this sentence pronounced he
implored God to give him strength and

01:08:16.690 --> 01:08:18.090
fortitude to go through it.

01:08:18.890 --> 01:08:21.710
As he passed through the streets he was
greatly derided by the people,

01:08:22.190 --> 01:08:25.650
to whom he said some severe things
respecting the Romish superstition,

01:08:26.170 --> 01:08:29.870
but a cardinal who attended the procession
overhearing him ordered him to be gagged.

01:08:30.810 --> 01:08:34.850
When he came to the church doorway he
trampled on the host, the hangman cut off

01:08:34.850 --> 01:08:39.910
his right hand and fixed it on a pole,
then two tormentors with flaming torches

01:08:39.910 --> 01:08:42.970
scorched and burnt his flesh all the rest
of the way.

01:08:43.810 --> 01:08:47.890
At the place of execution he kissed the
chains that were to bind him to the stake,

01:08:48.650 --> 01:08:52.830
a monk presenting the figure of a saint to
him he struck it aside, and then being

01:08:52.830 --> 01:08:57.170
chained to the stake fire was put to the
faggots and he was soon burnt to ashes.

01:08:58.090 --> 01:09:02.950
A little after the last mentioned
execution a venerable old man who had long

01:09:02.950 --> 01:09:06.890
been a prisoner in the Inquisition was
condemned to be burnt and brought out for

01:09:06.890 --> 01:09:07.450
execution.

01:09:08.330 --> 01:09:12.470
When he was fastened to the stake a priest
held a crucifix to him, on which he said

01:09:12.470 --> 01:09:16.890
if you do not take that idol from my sight
you will constrain me to spit upon it.

01:09:17.450 --> 01:09:21.490
The priest rebuked him for this with great
severity, but he bade him remember the

01:09:21.490 --> 01:09:25.770
first and second commandments and refrain
from idolatry as God himself had

01:09:25.770 --> 01:09:26.090
commanded.

01:09:26.430 --> 01:09:30.790
He was then gagged that he should not
speak any more, and fire being put to the

01:09:30.790 --> 01:09:32.830
faggots he suffered martyrdom in the
flames.

01:09:34.490 --> 01:09:40.090
An Account of the Persecutions in the
Marquisate of Salouse The Marquisate of

01:09:40.090 --> 01:09:44.290
Salouse, on the south side of the valleys
of Piedmont, was in A.D.

01:09:44.750 --> 01:09:50.370
1561 principally inhabited by Protestants,
when the Marquis, who was proprietor of

01:09:50.370 --> 01:09:53.630
it, began a persecution against them at
the instigation of the Pope.

01:09:54.410 --> 01:09:58.450
He began by banishing the ministers,
and if any of them refused to leave their

01:09:58.450 --> 01:10:02.490
flocks they were sure to be imprisoned and
severely tortured, however he did not

01:10:02.490 --> 01:10:04.390
proceed so far as to put any to death.

01:10:05.990 --> 01:10:09.610
Soon after the Marquisate fell into the
possession of the Duke of Savoy,

01:10:10.010 --> 01:10:14.150
who sent circular letters to all the towns
and villages that he expected the people

01:10:14.150 --> 01:10:16.070
should all conform to go to mass.

01:10:16.670 --> 01:10:21.530
The inhabitants of Salouse, upon receiving
this letter, returned a general epistle in

01:10:21.530 --> 01:10:21.970
answer.

01:10:22.910 --> 01:10:26.610
The Duke, after reading the letter,
did not interrupt the Protestants for some

01:10:26.610 --> 01:10:30.850
time, but at length he sent them word that
they must either conform to the mass,

01:10:30.990 --> 01:10:33.110
or leave his dominions in fifteen days.

01:10:33.950 --> 01:10:38.850
The Protestants, upon this unexpected
edict, sent a deputy to the Duke to obtain

01:10:38.850 --> 01:10:43.210
its revocation, or at least to have it
moderated, but their remonstrances were in

01:10:43.210 --> 01:10:46.430
vain, and they were given to understand
that the edict was absolute.

01:10:47.430 --> 01:10:51.050
Some were weak enough to go to mass in
order to avoid banishment and preserve

01:10:51.050 --> 01:10:55.090
their property, others removed with all
their effects to different countries,

01:10:55.610 --> 01:10:59.630
and many neglected the time so long that
they were obliged to abandon all they were

01:10:59.630 --> 01:11:02.110
worth and leave the Marquisate in haste.

01:11:02.550 --> 01:11:07.190
Those who unhappily stayed behind were
seized, plundered, and put to death.

01:11:11.200 --> 01:11:14.740
An Account of the Persecutions in the
Valleys of Piedmont in the Seventeenth

01:11:14.740 --> 01:11:15.220
Century.

01:11:17.260 --> 01:11:22.180
Pope Clement VIII sent missionaries into
the valleys of Piedmont to induce the

01:11:22.180 --> 01:11:26.240
Protestants to renounce their religion,
and these missionaries, having erected

01:11:26.240 --> 01:11:30.460
monasteries in several parts of the
valleys, became exceedingly troublesome to

01:11:30.460 --> 01:11:34.260
those of the Reformed, where the
monasteries appeared not only as

01:11:34.260 --> 01:11:39.240
fortresses to curb, but as sanctuaries for
all such to fly to as had any ways injured

01:11:39.240 --> 01:11:39.500
them.

01:11:40.380 --> 01:11:43.580
The Protestants petitioned the Duke of
Savoy against these missionaries,

01:11:43.920 --> 01:11:48.340
whose insolence and ill usage were become
intolerable, but instead of getting any

01:11:48.340 --> 01:11:52.840
redress, the interest of the missionaries
so far prevailed, that the Duke published

01:11:52.840 --> 01:11:57.440
a decree in which he declared that one
witness should be sufficient in a court of

01:11:57.440 --> 01:12:01.820
law against a Protestant, and that any
witness who convicted a Protestant of any

01:12:01.820 --> 01:12:04.880
crime whatever should be entitled to one
hundred crowns.

01:12:06.160 --> 01:12:10.100
It may be easily imagined, upon the
publication of a decree of this nature,

01:12:10.480 --> 01:12:14.860
that many Protestants fell martyrs to
perjury and avarice, for several

01:12:14.860 --> 01:12:18.500
villainous papists would swear anything
against the Protestants for the sake of

01:12:18.500 --> 01:12:22.560
the reward, and then fly to their own
priests for absolution from their false

01:12:22.560 --> 01:12:23.160
oaths.

01:12:23.900 --> 01:12:28.340
If any Roman Catholic of more conscience
than the rest blamed these fellows for

01:12:28.340 --> 01:12:32.560
their atrocious crimes, they themselves
were in danger of being informed against

01:12:32.560 --> 01:12:35.040
and punished as favourers of heretics.

01:12:36.160 --> 01:12:40.040
The missionaries did all they could to get
the books of the Protestants into their

01:12:40.040 --> 01:12:44.180
hands in order to burn them, when the
Protestants, doing their utmost endeavours

01:12:44.180 --> 01:12:48.500
to conceal their books, the missionaries
wrote to the Duke of Savoy, who,

01:12:48.560 --> 01:12:52.460
for the heinous crime of not surrendering
their Bibles, prayer-books, and religious

01:12:52.460 --> 01:12:55.500
treatises, sent a number of troops to be
quartered on them.

01:12:56.340 --> 01:12:59.880
These military gentry did great mischief
in the houses of the Protestants,

01:13:00.020 --> 01:13:04.120
and destroyed such quantities of
provisions that many families were thereby

01:13:04.120 --> 01:13:04.600
ruined.

01:13:05.260 --> 01:13:09.960
To encourage as much as possible the
apostasy of the Protestants, the Duke of

01:13:09.960 --> 01:13:14.700
Savoy published a proclamation wherein he
said, To encourage the heretics to turn

01:13:14.700 --> 01:13:18.880
Catholics, it is our will and pleasure,
and we do hereby expressly command,

01:13:19.460 --> 01:13:23.820
that all such as shall embrace the holy
Roman Catholic faith shall enjoy an

01:13:23.820 --> 01:13:28.380
exemption from all and every tax for the
space of five years, commencing from the

01:13:28.380 --> 01:13:29.340
day of their conversion.

01:13:30.400 --> 01:13:35.160
The Duke of Savoy likewise established a
court called the Council for Extirpating

01:13:35.160 --> 01:13:35.860
the Heretics.

01:13:36.500 --> 01:13:40.860
This court was to enter into inquiries
concerning the ancient privileges of the

01:13:40.860 --> 01:13:45.320
Protestant churches, and the decrees which
had been from time to time made in favour

01:13:45.320 --> 01:13:46.240
of the Protestants.

01:13:47.100 --> 01:13:50.460
But the investigation of these things was
carried on with a most manifest

01:13:50.460 --> 01:13:51.440
partiality.

01:13:52.040 --> 01:13:57.060
Old charters were wrested to a wrong
sense, and sophistry was used to pervert

01:13:57.060 --> 01:14:00.040
the meaning of everything which tended to
favour the reformed.

01:14:01.200 --> 01:14:05.300
As if these severities were not
sufficient, the Duke soon after published

01:14:05.300 --> 01:14:09.720
another edict, in which he strictly
commanded that no Protestant should act as

01:14:09.720 --> 01:14:14.380
a schoolmaster or tutor, either in public
or private, or dare to teach any art,

01:14:14.800 --> 01:14:19.080
science or language, directly or
indirectly, to persons of any persuasion

01:14:19.080 --> 01:14:19.520
whatever.

01:14:20.660 --> 01:14:24.920
This edict was immediately followed by
another, which decreed that no Protestant

01:14:24.920 --> 01:14:29.520
should hold any place of profit,
trust or honour, and to wind up the whole,

01:14:29.860 --> 01:14:34.600
the certain token of an approaching
persecution came forth, in a final edict,

01:14:34.920 --> 01:14:39.340
by which it was positively ordered that
all Protestants should diligently attend

01:14:39.340 --> 01:14:39.780
Mass.

01:14:41.520 --> 01:14:46.100
The publication of an edict containing
such an injunction may be compared to

01:14:46.100 --> 01:14:50.140
unfurling the bloody flag, for murder and
rapine were sure to follow.

01:14:51.140 --> 01:14:55.000
One of the first objects that attracted
the notice of the Papists was Mr.

01:14:55.140 --> 01:14:59.600
Sebastian Bassan, a zealous Protestant who
was seized by the missionaries,

01:14:59.920 --> 01:15:02.880
confined, tormented for 15 months and then
burned.

01:15:04.200 --> 01:15:08.080
Previous to the persecution, the
missionaries employed kidnappers to steal

01:15:08.080 --> 01:15:11.440
away the Protestants' children,
that they might privately be brought up

01:15:11.440 --> 01:15:12.120
Roman Catholics.

01:15:12.960 --> 01:15:16.640
But now they took away the children by
open force, and if they met with any

01:15:16.640 --> 01:15:18.340
resistance, they murdered the parents.

01:15:19.580 --> 01:15:23.740
To give greater vigour to the persecution,
the Duke of Savoy called a general

01:15:23.740 --> 01:15:28.520
assembly of the Roman Catholic nobility
and gentry, when a solemn edict was

01:15:28.520 --> 01:15:32.120
published against the Reformed,
containing many heads and including

01:15:32.120 --> 01:15:36.000
several reasons for extirpating the
Protestants, among which were the

01:15:36.000 --> 01:15:36.300
following.

01:15:36.840 --> 01:15:39.180
One, for the preservation of the papal
authority.

01:15:39.720 --> 01:15:42.840
Two, that the church livings may be all
under one mode of government.

01:15:43.340 --> 01:15:45.440
Three, to make a union among all parties.

01:15:46.100 --> 01:15:49.980
Four, in honour of all the saints and of
the ceremonies of the Church of Rome.

01:15:50.880 --> 01:15:57.100
This severe edict was followed by a most
cruel order published on January 25,

01:15:57.580 --> 01:15:57.980
A.D.

01:15:58.560 --> 01:16:04.380
1655, under the Duke's sanction,
by Andrew Gastaldo, Doctor of Civil Laws.

01:16:05.040 --> 01:16:10.980
This order set forth that every head of a
family, with the individuals of that

01:16:10.980 --> 01:16:15.740
family, of the Reformed religion,
of what rank, degree or condition soever,

01:16:16.180 --> 01:16:20.680
none excepted inhabiting and possessing
estates in Lucerne, San Giovanni,

01:16:20.840 --> 01:16:26.280
Bibiana, Campiglione, San Secondo,
Lucerneta, La Torre, Feneli and

01:16:26.280 --> 01:16:30.480
Bricherasio, should within three days
after the publication thereof,

01:16:30.840 --> 01:16:36.460
withdraw and depart, and be withdrawn out
of the said places, and translated into

01:16:36.460 --> 01:16:40.840
the places and limits tolerated by His
Highness during his pleasure, particularly

01:16:40.840 --> 01:16:45.840
Bobbio, Angrogne, Villario, Rurata and the
County of Bonetti.

01:16:46.620 --> 01:16:50.680
And all is to be done on pain of death and
confiscation of house and goods,

01:16:51.140 --> 01:16:54.040
unless within the limited time they turned
Roman Catholics.

01:16:55.480 --> 01:17:00.760
A flight, with such speed, in the midst of
winter, may be conceived as no agreeable

01:17:00.760 --> 01:17:04.220
task, especially in a country almost
surrounded by mountains.

01:17:05.320 --> 01:17:08.980
The sudden order affected all,
and things which would have been scarcely

01:17:08.980 --> 01:17:12.340
noticed at another time now appeared in
the most conspicuous light.

01:17:13.340 --> 01:17:18.040
Women with child, or women just lain in,
were not objects of pity on this order for

01:17:18.040 --> 01:17:22.540
sudden removal, for all were included in
the command, and it unfortunately happened

01:17:22.540 --> 01:17:24.980
that the winter was remarkably severe and
rigorous.

01:17:26.260 --> 01:17:29.900
The Papists, however, drove the people
from their habitations at the time

01:17:29.900 --> 01:17:33.980
appointed, without even suffering them to
have sufficient clothes to cover them,

01:17:34.300 --> 01:17:37.860
and many perished in the mountains through
the severity of the weather or for want of

01:17:37.860 --> 01:17:38.220
food.

01:17:38.780 --> 01:17:43.160
Some, however, who remained behind after
the decree was published, met with the

01:17:43.160 --> 01:17:48.140
severest treatment, being murdered by the
Popish inhabitants, or shot by the troops

01:17:48.140 --> 01:17:49.360
who were quartered in the valleys.

01:17:50.420 --> 01:17:54.160
A particular description of these
cruelties is given in a letter written by

01:17:54.160 --> 01:17:58.140
a Protestant who was upon the spot,
and who happily escaped the carnage.