WEBVTT

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The army, says he, having got footing,
became very numerous by the addition of a

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multitude of the neighboring Popish
inhabitants, who, finding we were the

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destined prey of the plunderers,
fell upon us with an impetuous fury.

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Exclusive of the Duke of Savoy's troops
and the Popish inhabitants, there were

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several regiments of French auxiliaries,
some companies belonging to the Irish

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brigades, and several bands formed of
outlaws, smugglers, and prisoners who had

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been promised pardon and liberty in this
world and absolution in the next for

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assisting to exterminate the Protestants
from Piedmont.

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This armed multitude, being encouraged by
the Roman Catholic bishops and monks,

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fell upon the Protestants in a most
furious manner.

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Nothing there was to be seen but the face
of horror and despair.

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Blood stained the floors of the houses,
dead bodies bestrewed the seats,

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groans and cries were heard from all
parts.

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Some armed themselves and skirmished with
the troops, and many with their families

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fled to the mountains.

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In one village they cruelly tormented one
hundred and fifty women and children after

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the men were fled, beheading the women and
dashing out the brains of the children.

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In the towns of Villario and Bobbio,
most of those who refused to go to Mass,

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who were upwards of fifteen years of age,
they crucified with their heads downwards,

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and the greatest number of those who were
under that age were strangled.

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Sarah Ratignolle de Vigne, a woman of
sixty years of age, being seized by some

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soldiers, they ordered her to say a prayer
to some saints, which she refusing,

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they thrust a sickle into her belly,
ripped her up, and then cut off her head.

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Martha Constantine, a handsome young
woman, was treated with great indecency

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and cruelty by several of the troops,
who first ravished and then killed her by

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cutting off her breasts.

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These they fried and set before some of
their comrades, who ate them without

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knowing what they were.

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When they had done eating, the others told
them what they had made a meal of,

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in consequence of which a quarrel ensued,
swords were drawn and a battle took place.

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Several were killed in the fray,
the greater part of whom were those

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concerned in the horrid massacre of the
woman, and who had practiced such an

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inhuman deception on their companions.

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Some of the soldiers seized a man of
Trasignere, and ran the points of their

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sword through his ears and through his
feet.

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They then tore off the nails of his
fingers and toes with red-hot pincers,

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tied him to the tail of an ass,
and dragged him about the streets.

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They finally fastened a cord around his
head, which they twisted with a stick in

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so violent a manner as to wring it from
his body.

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Peter Simmonds, a Protestant of about
eighty years of age, was tied neck and

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heels, and then thrown down a precipice.

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In the fall the branch of a tree caught
hold of the ropes that fastened him,

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and suspended him in the midway,
so that he languished for several days,

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and at length miserably perished of
hunger.

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Esegar Chino, refusing to renounce his
religion, was cut into small pieces,

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the soldiers, in ridicule, saying they had
minced him.

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A woman named Armand had every limb
separated from each other, and then the

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respective parts were hung upon a hedge.

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Two old women were ripped open,
and then left in the fields upon the snow

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where they perished, and a very old woman,
who is deformed, had her nose and hands

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cut off, and was left to bleed to death in
that manner.

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A great number of men, women, and children
were flung from the rocks and dashed to

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pieces.

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Magdalene Bertino, a Protestant woman of
La Torre, was stripped stark naked,

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her head tied between her legs,
and thrown down one of the precipices,

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and Mary Raimonde, of the same town,
had the flesh sliced from her bones until

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she expired.

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Magdalene Pilo, a villario, was cut to
pieces in the cave of Castellus.

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Anne Charbonniere had one end of a stake
thrust up her body, and the other being

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fixed in the ground, she was left in that
manner to perish, and Jacob Perrin,

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the elder of the church of Villario,
and David, his brother, were flayed alive.

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An inhabitant of La Torre, named Giovanni
Andrea Michialm, was apprehended with four

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of his children, three of them were hacked
to pieces before him, the soldiers asking

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him at the death of every child if he
would renounce his religion, this he

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constantly refused.

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One of the soldiers then took up the last
and youngest by the legs, and putting the

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same question to the father, he replied as
before, when the inhuman brute dashed out

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the child's brains.

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The father, however, at the same moment
started from them and fled, the soldiers

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fired after him but missed him,
and he by the swiftness of his heels

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escaped and hid himself in the Alps.

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Further persecutions in the valleys of
Piedmont in the seventeenth century.

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Giovanni Palanchion, for refusing to turn
papist, was tied by one leg to the tail of

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a mule, and dragged through the streets of
Lucerne amidst the acclamations of an

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inhuman mob, who kept stoning him and
crying out, he's possessed with the devil,

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so that neither stoning nor dragging him
through the streets will kill him,

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for the devil keeps him alive.

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They then took him to the river,
chopped off his head, and left that and

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his body unburied upon the bank of the
stream.

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Magdalene, the daughter of Peter Fontaine,
a beautiful child of ten years of age,

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was ravished and murdered by the soldiers.

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Another girl of about the same age they
roasted alive at Villanova, and a poor

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woman, hearing that the soldiers were
coming toward her house, snatched up the

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cradle in which her infant son was asleep,
and fled toward the woods.

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The soldiers, however, saw and pursued
her, when she lightened herself by putting

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down the cradle and child, which the
soldiers no sooner came to than they

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murdered the infant, and, continuing the
pursuit, found the mother in a cave,

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where they first ravished and then cut her
to pieces.

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Jacob Michelino, chief elder of the Church
of Bobbio, and several other Protestants,

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were hung up by means of hooks fixed in
their bellies, and left to expire in the

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most excruciating tortures.

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Giovanni Rostagnale, a venerable
Protestant, upwards of fourscore years of

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age, had his nose and ears cut off,
and slices cut from the fleshy parts of

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his body, until he bled to death.

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Seven persons—Daniel Siliaggio and his
wife Giovanni Durant, Ludwig Durant,

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Bartholomew Durant, Daniel Ravel,
and Paul Reno—had their mouths stuffed

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with gunpowder, which, being set fire to,
their heads were blown to pieces.

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Jacob Birone, a schoolmaster of Rurata,
for refusing to change his religion,

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was stripped quite naked, and,
after having been very indecently exposed,

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had the nails of his toes and fingers torn
off with red-hot pincers, and holes bored

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through his hands with the point of a
dagger.

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He then had a cord tied round his middle,
and was led through the streets with a

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soldier on each side of him.

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At every turning, the soldier on his
right-hand side cut a gash in his flesh,

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and the soldier on his left-hand side
struck him with a bludgeon, both saying at

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the same instant, Will you go to Mass?

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Will you go to Mass?

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He still replied in the negative to these
interrogatories, and, being at length

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taken to the bridge, they cut off his head
on the balustrades, and threw both that

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and his body into the river.

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Paul Garnier, a very pious Protestant,
had his eyes put out, was then flayed

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alive, and being divided into four parts,
his quarters were placed on four of the

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principal houses of Lucerne.

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He bore all his sufferings with the most
exemplary patience, praised God as long as

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he could speak, and plainly evinced what
confidence and resignation a good

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conscience can inspire.

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Daniel Cardon of Roccapiata, being
apprehended by some soldiers, they cut his

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head off and, having fried his brains,
ate them.

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Two poor old blind women of Sant'Giovanni
were burnt alive, and a widow of La Torre

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with her daughter were driven into the
river and their stone to death.

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Paul Gilles, on attempting to run away
from some soldiers, was shot in the neck.

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They then slit his nose, sliced his chin,
stabbed him, and gave his carcass to the

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dogs.

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Some of the Irish troops, having taken
eleven men of Garciliana prisoners,

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they made a furnace red-hot, and forced
them to push each other in, until they

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came to the last man, whom they pushed in
themselves.

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Michael Gonet, a man of ninety,
was burnt to death, Baptiste Audry,

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another old man, was stabbed, and
Bartholomew Fraschke had holes made in his

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heels through which ropes were put,
and he was dragged by them to the jail,

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where his wounds mortified and killed him.

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Magdalene de la Pierre, being pursued by
some of the soldiers and taken,

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was thrown down a precipice and dashed to
pieces.

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Margaret Revella and Mary Pravilarin,
two very old women, were burnt alive,

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and Michael Bellino, with Anne
Boccardinot, were beheaded.

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The son and the daughter of a councillor
of Giovanni were rolled down a steep hill

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together, and suffered to perish in a deep
pit at the bottom.

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A tradesman's family, namely himself,
his wife, and an infant in her arms,

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were cast from a rock and dashed to
pieces, and Joseph Chéret and Paul Caniero

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were flayed alive.

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Cipriani Abustia, being asked if he would
renounce his religion and turn Roman

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Catholic, replied, I would rather renounce
life or turn dog, to which a priest

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answered, For that expression you shall
both renounce life and be given to the

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dogs.

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They accordingly dragged him to prison,
where he continued a considerable time

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without food, until he was famished,
after which they threw his corpse into the

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street before the prison, and it was
devoured by dogs in the most shocking

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manner.

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Margaret Saretto was stoned to death and
then thrown into the river.

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Antonio Bartina had his head cleft
asunder, and Joseph Pont was cut through

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the middle of his body.

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Daniel Maria and his whole family,
being ill of a fever, several papist

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ruffians broke into his house,
telling him they were practical physicians

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and would give them all present ease,
which they did by knocking the whole

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family on the head.

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Three infant children of a Protestant
named Peter Fine were covered with snow

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and stifled, an elderly widow named Judith
was beheaded, and a beautiful young woman

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was stripped naked and had a stake driven
through her body, of which she expired.

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Lucie, the wife of Peter Besson,
a woman far gone in her pregnancy,

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who lived in one of the villages of the
Piedmontese Valleys, determined,

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if possible, to escape from such dreadful
scenes as everywhere surrounded her.

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She accordingly took two young children,
one in each hand, and set off towards the

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Alps.

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But on the third day of the journey she
was taken in labour among the mountains

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and delivered of an infant, who perished
through the extreme inclemency of the

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weather, as did the two other children,
for all three were found dead by her and

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herself just expiring by the person to
whom she related the above particulars.

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Francis Gros, the son of a clergyman,
had his flesh slowly cut from his body

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into small pieces and put into a dish
before him.

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Two of his children were minced before his
sight, and his wife was fastened to a post

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that she might behold all these cruelties
practised on her husband and offspring.

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The tormentors, at length being tired of
exercising their cruelties, cut off the

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heads of both husband and wife,
and then gave the flesh of the whole

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family to the dogs.

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Monsieur Thomas Marguer fled to a cave
when the soldiers shut up the mouth,

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and he perished with famine.

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Judith Revelin and seven children were
barbarously murdered in their beds,

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and a widow of near fourscore years of age
was hewn to pieces by soldiers.

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Jacob Roseno was ordered to pray to the
saints, which he absolutely refused to do.

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Some of the soldiers beat him violently
with bludgeons to make him comply,

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but he still refusing, several of them
fired at him, and lodged a great many

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balls in his body.

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As he was almost expiring, they cried to
him, Will you call upon the saints?

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Will you pray to the saints?

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To which he answered, No, no, no,
when one of the soldiers with a broad

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sword clove his head asunder and put an
end to his sufferings in this world,

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for which undoubtedly he is gloriously
rewarded in the next.

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A soldier attempting to ravish a young
woman named Susanna Gacquin, she made a

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stout resistance, and in the struggle
pushed him over a precipice, when he was

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dashed to pieces by the fall.

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His comrades, instead of admiring the
virtue of the young woman and applauding

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her for so nobly defending her chastity,
fell upon her with their swords and cut

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her to pieces.

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Giovanni Pulhus, a poor peasant of Latour,
being apprehended as a Protestant by the

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soldiers, was ordered by the Marquess of
Pianesta to be executed in a place near

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the convent.

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When he came to the gallows, several monks
attended and did all they could to

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persuade him to renounce his religion,
but he told them he never would embrace

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idolatry, and that he was happy at being
thought worthy to suffer for the name of

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Christ.

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They then put him in mind of what his wife
and children, who depended upon his

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labour, would suffer after his decease,
to which he replied, I would have my wife

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and children as well as myself to consider
their souls more than their bodies,

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and the next world before this,
and with respect to the distress I may

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leave them in, God is merciful and will
provide for them while they are worthy of

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his protection.

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Finding the inflexibility of this poor
man, the monks cried, Turn him off,

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turn him off, which the executioner did
almost immediately, and the body being

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afterward cut down was flung into the
river.

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Paul Clement, an elder of the church of
Rossana, being apprehended by the monks of

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a neighbouring monastery, was carried to
the market-place of that town,

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where some Protestants had just been
executed by the soldiers.

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He was shown the dead bodies in order that
the sight might intimidate him.

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On beholding the shocking subjects,
he said calmly, You may kill the body,

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but you cannot prejudice the soul of a
true believer, but with respect to the

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dreadful spectacles which you have here
shown me, you may rest assured that God's

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vengeance will overtake the murderers of
those poor people and punish them for the

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innocent blood they have spilt.

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The monks were so exasperated at this
reply that they ordered him to be hanged

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directly, and while he was hanging the
soldiers amused themselves in standing at

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a distance and shooting at the body as at
a mark.

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Daniel Rambo, of Vilario, the father of a
numerous family, was apprehended and,

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with several others, committed to prison
in the jail of Pesana.

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Here he was visited by several priests
who, with continual importunities,

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did all they could to persuade him to
renounce the Protestant religion and turn

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papist.

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But this he peremptorily refused,
and the priests, finding his resolution,

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pretended to pity his numerous family,
and told him that he might yet have his

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life if he would subscribe to the belief
of the following articles, the real

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presence of the host, transubstantiation,
purgatory, the Pope's infallibility,

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that masses said for the dead will release
souls from purgatory, that praying to

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saints will procure the remission of sins.

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Monsieur Rambo told the priests that
neither his religion, his understanding,

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nor his conscience would suffer him to
subscribe to any of the articles for the

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following reasons, that to believe the
real presence in the host is a shocking

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union of both blasphemy and idolatry,
that to fancy the words of consecration

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perform what the papists call
transubstantiation by converting the wafer

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and wine into the real and identical body
and blood of Christ, which was crucified

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and which afterwards ascended into heaven,
is too gross an absurdity for even a child

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to believe who has come to the least
glimmering of reason, and that nothing but

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the most blind superstition could make the
Roman Catholics put a confidence in

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anything so completely ridiculous,
that the doctrine of purgatory was more

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inconsistent and absurd than a fairy tale,
that the Pope's being infallible was an

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impossibility, and the Pope arrogantly
laid claim to what could belong to God

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only as a perfect being, that saying
masses for the dead was ridiculous and

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only meant to keep up a belief in the
fable of purgatory, as the fate of all is

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finally decided on the departure of the
soul from the body, that praying to saints

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for the remission of sins is misplacing
adoration, as the saints themselves have

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occasion for an intercessor in Christ,
therefore as God only can pardon our

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errors, we ought to sue to him alone for
pardon.

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The priests were so highly offended at M.

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Rambeau's answers to the articles to which
they would have had him subscribe,

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that they determined to shake his
resolution by the most cruel method

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imaginable.

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They ordered one joint of his finger to be
cut off every day until all his fingers

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were gone.

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They then proceeded in the same manner
with his toes.

17:19.410 --> 17:23.070
Afterward they alternately cut off daily a
hand and a foot.

17:23.910 --> 17:26.970
But finding that he bore his sufferings
with the most admirable patience,

17:27.490 --> 17:31.850
increased, both in fortitude and
resignation, and maintained his faith with

17:31.850 --> 17:36.490
steadfast resolution and unshaken
constancy, they stabbed him to the heart,

17:36.950 --> 17:39.210
and then gave his body to be devoured by
the dogs.

17:41.730 --> 17:46.910
Peter Gabriola, a Protestant gentleman of
considerable eminence, being seized by a

17:46.910 --> 17:51.050
troop of soldiers and refusing to renounce
his religion, they hung a great number of

17:51.050 --> 17:54.730
little bags of gunpowder about his body,
and then setting fire to them,

17:54.910 --> 17:55.570
blew him up.

17:57.510 --> 18:02.430
Antony, the son of Samuel Cattieris,
a poor dumb lad who was extremely

18:02.430 --> 18:07.430
inoffensive, was cut to pieces by a party
of the troops, and soon after the same

18:07.430 --> 18:11.490
ruffians entered the house of Peter
Monireat, and cut off the legs of the

18:11.490 --> 18:15.310
whole family, leaving them to bleed to
death, as they were unable to assist

18:15.310 --> 18:16.730
themselves or to help each other.

18:17.770 --> 18:22.090
Daniel Beneck, being apprehended,
had his nose slit, his ears cut off,

18:22.170 --> 18:25.910
and was then divided into quarters,
each quarter being hung upon a tree,

18:26.450 --> 18:31.190
and Mary Monino had her jawbones broke,
and was then left to anguish till she was

18:31.190 --> 18:31.670
famished.

18:33.570 --> 18:37.310
Mary Palanchion, a handsome widow
belonging to the town of Vilario,

18:37.790 --> 18:42.530
was seized by a party of the Irish
brigades, who having beat her cruelly and

18:42.530 --> 18:46.810
ravished her, dragged her to a high bridge
which crossed the river, and stripped her

18:46.810 --> 18:50.470
naked in a most indecent manner,
hung her by the legs to the bridge,

18:50.510 --> 18:54.750
with her head downwards towards the water,
and then going into boats, they fired at

18:54.750 --> 18:56.150
her until she expired.

18:58.470 --> 19:02.530
Mary Negrino and her daughter,
who was an idiot, were cut to pieces in

19:02.530 --> 19:05.410
the woods, and their bodies left to be
devoured by wild beasts.

19:06.230 --> 19:10.570
Susanna Bales, a widow of Vilario,
was immured until she perished through

19:10.570 --> 19:15.310
hunger, and Susanna Calvio, running away
from some soldiers and hiding herself in a

19:15.310 --> 19:18.130
barn, they set fire to the straw and
burned her.

19:19.510 --> 19:21.390
Paul Armand was hacked to pieces.

19:21.830 --> 19:24.650
A child named Daniel Bertino was burnt.

19:26.430 --> 19:30.450
Daniel Michielino had his tongue plucked
out, and was left to perish in that

19:30.450 --> 19:35.430
condition, and Andreo Bertino,
a very old man, who was lame, was mangled

19:35.430 --> 19:39.550
in a most shocking manner, and at length
had his belly ripped open and his bowels

19:39.550 --> 19:41.370
carried about on the point of a halberd.

19:43.310 --> 19:48.070
Constantia Bellione, a Protestant lady,
being apprehended on account of her faith,

19:48.510 --> 19:51.910
was asked by a priest if she would
renounce the devil and go to Mass,

19:52.490 --> 19:56.930
to which she replied, I was brought up in
a religion by which I was always taught to

19:56.930 --> 20:00.830
renounce the devil, but should I comply
with your desire and go to Mass,

20:01.190 --> 20:03.850
I should be sure to meet him there in a
variety of shapes.

20:04.970 --> 20:09.170
The priest was highly incensed at what she
said, and told her to recant, or she would

20:09.170 --> 20:09.970
suffer cruelly.

20:10.790 --> 20:15.150
The lady, however, boldly answered that
she valued not any sufferings he could

20:15.150 --> 20:18.890
inflict, and in spite of all the torments
he could invent, she would keep her

20:18.890 --> 20:20.950
conscience pure and her faith inviolate.

20:22.390 --> 20:25.890
The priest then ordered slices of her
flesh to be cut off from several parts of

20:25.890 --> 20:30.750
her body, which cruelty she bore with the
most singular patience, only saying to the

20:30.750 --> 20:35.610
priest, What horrid and lasting torments
will you suffer in hell for the trifling

20:35.610 --> 20:37.890
and temporary pains which I now endure?

20:39.270 --> 20:42.430
Exasperated at this expression,
and willing to stop her tongue,

20:42.970 --> 20:47.330
the priest ordered a file of musketeers to
draw up and fire upon her, by which she

20:47.330 --> 20:50.470
was soon dispatched, and sealed her
martyrdom with her blood.

20:52.890 --> 20:57.610
A young woman named Judith Mandon,
for refusing to change her religion and

20:57.610 --> 21:02.110
embrace potpourri, was fastened to a stake
and sticks thrown at her from a distance,

21:02.570 --> 21:06.550
in the very same manner as that barbarous
custom which was formerly practised on

21:06.550 --> 21:10.290
Shrove Tuesday of shying at rocks,
as it was termed.

21:11.010 --> 21:15.170
By this inhuman proceeding the poor
creature's limbs were beat and mangled in

21:15.170 --> 21:19.510
a terrible manner, and her brains were at
last dashed out by one of the bludgeons.

21:21.770 --> 21:27.190
David Pallier and Paul Jeanret,
attempting to escape to the Alps with each

21:27.190 --> 21:31.450
his son, were pursued and overtaken by the
soldiers in a large plain.

21:32.230 --> 21:36.230
Here they hunted them for their diversion,
goading them with their swords and making

21:36.230 --> 21:38.690
them run about until they dropped down
with fatigue.

21:39.610 --> 21:42.770
When they found that their spirits were
quite exhausted and that they could not

21:42.770 --> 21:46.750
afford the many more barbarous sport by
running, the soldiers hacked them to

21:46.750 --> 21:49.350
pieces and left their mangled bodies on
the spot.

21:51.450 --> 21:56.570
A young man of Bobbio, named Michael
Greve, was apprehended in the town of

21:56.570 --> 21:59.890
Latour and being led to the bridge was
thrown over into the river.

22:00.630 --> 22:04.290
As he could swim very well he swam down
the stream thinking to escape,

22:04.610 --> 22:09.010
but the soldiers and the mob followed on
both sides of the river and kept stoning

22:09.010 --> 22:11.750
him until receiving a blow on one of his
temples.

22:11.910 --> 22:14.930
He was stunned and consequently sunk and
was drowned.

22:16.970 --> 22:21.390
David Armand was ordered to lay his head
down on a block when a soldier with a

22:21.390 --> 22:23.310
large hammer beat out his brains.

22:24.110 --> 22:29.050
David Baradona, being apprehended at
Villario, was carried to Latour where,

22:29.190 --> 22:32.930
refusing to renounce his religion,
he was tormented by means of brimstone

22:32.930 --> 22:38.010
matches being tied between his fingers and
toes and set fire to, and afterward by

22:38.010 --> 22:42.930
having his flesh plucked off with red-hot
pincers until he expired, and Giovanni

22:42.930 --> 22:47.930
Barolina, with his wife, were thrown into
a pool of stagnant water and compelled by

22:47.930 --> 22:52.070
means of pitchforks and stones to duck
down their heads until they were

22:52.070 --> 22:52.650
suffocated.

22:56.090 --> 23:00.490
A number of soldiers went to the house of
Joseph Garniero and, before they entered,

23:00.950 --> 23:03.550
fired in at the window to give notice of
their approach.

23:04.150 --> 23:09.110
A musket-ball entered one of Mrs.
Garniero's breasts as she was suckling an

23:09.110 --> 23:10.050
infant with the other.

23:10.730 --> 23:14.750
On finding their intentions, she begged
hard that they would spare the life of the

23:14.750 --> 23:18.310
infant, which they promised to do,
and sent it immediately to a Roman

23:18.310 --> 23:19.210
Catholic nurse.

23:20.130 --> 23:24.270
They then took the husband and hanged him
at his own door, and having shot the wife

23:24.270 --> 23:28.270
through the head, they left her body
weltering in its blood and her husband

23:28.270 --> 23:29.430
hanging on the gallows.

23:31.150 --> 23:36.130
Isaiah Mondon, an elderly man and a pious
Protestant, fled from the merciless

23:36.130 --> 23:39.590
persecutors to a cleft in a rock,
where he suffered the most dreadful

23:39.590 --> 23:43.430
hardships, for in the midst of the winter
he was forced to lie on the bare stone

23:43.430 --> 23:44.370
without any covering.

23:45.070 --> 23:48.570
His food was the roots he could scratch up
near his miserable habitation,

23:49.150 --> 23:52.970
and the only way by which he could procure
drink was to put snow in his mouth until

23:52.970 --> 23:53.430
it melted.

23:55.070 --> 23:58.890
Here, however, some of the inhuman
soldiers found him, and after having

23:58.890 --> 24:03.190
beaten him unmercifully, they drove him
towards Lucerne, goading him with the

24:03.190 --> 24:04.150
points of their swords.

24:05.790 --> 24:10.830
Being exceedingly weakened by his manner
of living and his spirits exhausted by the

24:10.830 --> 24:13.410
blows he had received, he fell down in the
road.

24:14.230 --> 24:18.530
They again beat him to make him proceed,
when on his knees he implored them to put

24:18.530 --> 24:20.390
him out of his misery by dispatching him.

24:21.670 --> 24:25.010
This they at last agreed to do,
and one of them, stepping up to him,

24:25.110 --> 24:29.430
shot him through the head with a pistol,
saying, There, heretic, take thy request.

24:31.590 --> 24:35.910
Mary Revall, a worthy Protestant,
received a shot in her back as she was

24:35.910 --> 24:36.930
walking along the street.

24:37.550 --> 24:41.150
She dropped down with the wound,
but recovering sufficient strength she

24:41.150 --> 24:44.790
raised herself upon her knees,
and lifting her hands towards heaven,

24:45.170 --> 24:49.790
prayed in a most fervent manner to the
Almighty, when a number of soldiers who

24:49.790 --> 24:53.630
were near at hand fired a whole volley of
shot at her, many of which took effect,

24:54.090 --> 24:55.990
and put an end to her miseries in an
instant.

24:59.500 --> 25:04.260
Several men, women, and children secreted
themselves in a large cave, where they

25:04.260 --> 25:06.020
continued for some weeks in safety.

25:07.100 --> 25:11.180
It was the custom for two of the men to go
when it was necessary, and by stealth

25:11.180 --> 25:12.240
procure provisions.

25:13.360 --> 25:17.100
These were, however, one day watched,
by which the cave was discovered,

25:17.580 --> 25:20.500
and soon after a troop of Roman Catholics
appeared before it.

25:21.320 --> 25:25.460
The papists that assembled upon this
occasion were neighbours and intimate

25:25.460 --> 25:30.100
acquaintances of the Protestants in the
cave, and some were even related to each

25:30.100 --> 25:30.300
other.

25:31.000 --> 25:34.340
The Protestants therefore came out,
and implored them by the ties of

25:34.340 --> 25:38.820
hospitality, by the ties of blood,
and as old acquaintances and neighbours

25:38.820 --> 25:40.120
not to murder them.

25:41.680 --> 25:46.300
But superstition overcomes every sensation
of nature and humanity, so that the

25:46.300 --> 25:50.940
papists, blinded by bigotry, told them
they could not show any mercy to heretics,

25:50.940 --> 25:53.000
and therefore bade them prepare to die.

25:54.420 --> 25:58.120
Hearing this, and knowing the fatal
obstinacy of the Roman Catholics,

25:58.700 --> 26:02.740
the Protestants all fell prostrate,
lifted their hands and hearts to heaven,

26:03.160 --> 26:08.020
prayed with great sincerity and fervency,
and then bowing down put their faces close

26:08.020 --> 26:12.840
to the ground and patiently waited their
fate, which was soon decided, for the

26:12.840 --> 26:17.000
papists fell upon them with unremitting
fury, and having cut them to pieces left

26:17.000 --> 26:19.460
the mangled bodies and limbs in the cave.

26:22.340 --> 26:26.840
Giovanni Salvaggio, passing by a Roman
Catholic Church and not taking off his

26:26.840 --> 26:30.720
hat, was followed by some of the
congregation, who fell upon and murdered

26:30.720 --> 26:35.980
him, and Jacob Barrel and his wife,
having been taken prisoners by the Earl of

26:35.980 --> 26:40.240
St. Secondo, one of the Duke of Saffoy's
officers, he delivered them up to the

26:40.240 --> 26:44.540
soldiery, who cut off the woman's breasts
and the man's nose, and then shot them

26:44.540 --> 26:45.580
both through the head.

26:48.220 --> 26:53.460
Antony Guigo, a Protestant of a wavering
disposition, went to Periero with an

26:53.460 --> 26:56.100
intent to renounce his religion and
embrace popery.

26:56.720 --> 27:00.140
This design he communicated to some
priests who highly commended it,

27:00.500 --> 27:03.180
and a day was fixed upon for his public
recantation.

27:04.040 --> 27:08.120
In the meantime Antony grew fully sensible
of his perfidy, and his conscience

27:08.120 --> 27:13.060
tormented him so much night and day that
he determined not to recant but to make

27:13.060 --> 27:13.640
his escape.

27:14.460 --> 27:17.980
This he affected, but being soon missed
and pursued, he was taken.

27:18.760 --> 27:22.120
The troops on the way did all they could
to bring him back to his design of

27:22.120 --> 27:27.120
recantation, but finding their endeavours
ineffectual, they beat him violently on

27:27.120 --> 27:27.520
the road.

27:28.340 --> 27:32.100
When coming near a precipice he took an
opportunity of leaping down it and was

27:32.100 --> 27:32.900
dashed to pieces.

27:34.920 --> 27:39.800
A Protestant gentleman of considerable
fortune at Bobbio, being nightly provoked

27:39.800 --> 27:44.460
by the insolence of a priest, retorted
with great severity, and among other

27:44.460 --> 27:49.140
things said that the Pope was anti-Christ,
mass idolatry, purgatory a farce,

27:49.180 --> 27:50.360
and absolution a cheat.

27:51.440 --> 27:56.700
To be revenged, the priest hired five
desperate ruffians, who the same evening

27:56.700 --> 28:00.860
broke into the gentleman's house and
seized upon him in a violent manner.

28:01.220 --> 28:05.120
The gentleman was terribly frightened,
fell on his knees, and implored mercy,

28:05.500 --> 28:08.860
but the desperate ruffians dispatched him
without the least hesitation.

28:12.140 --> 28:19.100
A narrative of the Piedmontese War The
massacres and murders already mentioned to

28:19.100 --> 28:23.260
have been committed in the valleys of
Piedmont nearly depopulated most of the

28:23.260 --> 28:24.060
towns and villages.

28:24.880 --> 28:28.840
One place only had not been assaulted,
and that was owing to the difficulty of

28:28.840 --> 28:29.580
approaching it.

28:30.040 --> 28:34.060
This was the little commonality of Roras,
which was situated upon a rock.

28:35.540 --> 28:40.200
As the work of blood grew slack in other
places, the Earl of Cristopal,

28:40.300 --> 28:44.020
one of the Duke of Savoy's officers,
determined if possible to make himself

28:44.020 --> 28:48.440
master of it, and with that view detached
three hundred men to surprise it secretly.

28:49.660 --> 28:53.940
The inhabitants of Roras, however,
had intelligence of the approach of these

28:53.940 --> 28:59.900
troops, when Captain Joshua Giannavel,
a brave Protestant officer, put himself at

28:59.900 --> 29:04.220
the head of a small body of the citizens
and waited in ambush to attack the enemy

29:04.220 --> 29:05.340
in a small defile.

29:06.380 --> 29:10.100
When the troops appeared and had entered
the defile, which was the only place by

29:10.100 --> 29:13.880
which the town could be approached,
the Protestants kept up a smart and

29:13.880 --> 29:17.900
well-directed fire against them,
and still kept themselves concealed behind

29:17.900 --> 29:19.460
bushes from the sight of the enemy.

29:20.060 --> 29:23.680
A great number of the soldiers were
killed, and the remainder, receiving a

29:23.680 --> 29:27.960
continued fire and not seeing any to whom
they might return it, thought proper to

29:27.960 --> 29:28.320
retreat.

29:29.920 --> 29:33.560
The members of this little community then
sent a memorial to the Marquis of

29:33.560 --> 29:38.040
Pianessa, one of the Duke's general
officers, setting forth that they were

29:38.040 --> 29:42.460
sorry upon any occasion to be under the
necessity of taking up arms, but that the

29:42.460 --> 29:46.260
secret approach of a body of troops,
without any reason assigned or any

29:46.260 --> 29:50.500
previous notice sent of the purpose of
their coming, had greatly alarmed them,

29:50.940 --> 29:54.480
that, as it was their custom never to
suffer any of the military to enter their

29:54.480 --> 29:58.960
little community, they had repelled force
by force, and should do so again,

29:59.520 --> 30:03.240
but in all other respects they professed
themselves dutiful, obedient, and loyal

30:03.240 --> 30:05.480
subjects to their sovereign, the Duke of
Savoy.

30:07.460 --> 30:11.660
The Marquis of Pianessa, that he might
have the better opportunity of deluding

30:11.660 --> 30:16.280
and surprising the Protestants of Roras,
sent them word in answer that he was

30:16.280 --> 30:20.160
perfectly satisfied with their behaviour,
for they had done right and even rendered

30:20.160 --> 30:24.300
a service to their country, as the men who
had attempted to pass the defile were not

30:24.300 --> 30:29.160
his troops, all sent by him, but a band of
desperate robbers, who had for some time

30:29.160 --> 30:32.380
infested those parts, had been a terror to
the neighbouring country.

30:33.020 --> 30:36.300
To give a greater colour to his treachery,
he then published an ambiguous

30:36.300 --> 30:39.560
proclamation, seemingly favourable to the
inhabitants.

30:41.120 --> 30:45.120
Yet the very day after this plausible
proclamation and specious conduct,

30:45.900 --> 30:50.020
the Marquis sent five hundred men to
possess themselves of Roras, while the

30:50.020 --> 30:53.780
people, as he thought, were lulled into
perfect security by his specious

30:53.780 --> 30:54.300
behaviour.

30:55.760 --> 30:58.820
Captain Giannavel, however, was not to be
deceived so easily.

30:59.580 --> 31:03.600
He therefore laid an ambuscade for this
body of troops, as he had for the former,

31:03.880 --> 31:06.680
and compelled them to retire with very
considerable loss.

31:07.980 --> 31:12.620
Though foiled in these two attempts,
the Marquis of Pianessa determined on a

31:12.620 --> 31:16.600
third which should be still more
formidable, but first he imprudently

31:16.600 --> 31:20.100
published another proclamation,
disowning any knowledge of the second

31:20.100 --> 31:20.500
attempt.

31:22.120 --> 31:27.480
Soon after, seven hundred chosen men were
sent upon the expedition, who in spite of

31:27.480 --> 31:32.720
the fire from the Protestants forced the
defile, entered Roras, and began to murder

31:32.720 --> 31:35.860
every person they met with without
distinction of age or sex.

31:36.780 --> 31:41.220
The Protestant Captain Giannavel,
at the head of a small body, though he had

31:41.220 --> 31:45.600
lost the defile, determined to dispute
their passage through a fortified pass

31:45.600 --> 31:47.880
that led to the richest and best part of
the town.

31:48.700 --> 31:53.120
Here he was successful by keeping up a
continual fire, and by means of his men

31:53.120 --> 31:54.640
being all complete marksmen.

31:55.440 --> 31:59.180
The Roman Catholic commander was greatly
staggered at this opposition, as he

31:59.180 --> 32:01.260
imagined that he had surmounted all
difficulties.

32:02.180 --> 32:06.580
He however did his endeavours to force the
pass, but being able to bring up only

32:06.580 --> 32:10.860
twelve men in front at a time,
and the Protestants being secured by a

32:10.860 --> 32:14.940
breastwork, he found he should be baffled
by the handful of men who opposed him.

32:16.720 --> 32:20.800
Enraged at the loss of so many of his
troops, and fearful of disgrace if he

32:20.800 --> 32:24.940
persisted in attempting what appeared so
impracticable, he thought it the wisest

32:24.940 --> 32:25.780
thing to retreat.

32:27.040 --> 32:30.820
Unwilling, however, to withdraw his men by
the defile at which he had entered,

32:31.140 --> 32:35.540
on account of the difficulty and danger of
the enterprise, he determined to retreat

32:35.540 --> 32:40.580
towards Villario by another pass called
Piempre, which though hard of access was

32:40.580 --> 32:41.500
easy of descent.

32:42.240 --> 32:46.960
But in this he met with disappointment,
for Captain Gianavelle having posted his

32:46.960 --> 32:51.240
little band here greatly annoyed the
troops as they passed, and even pursued

32:51.240 --> 32:53.360
their rear until they entered the open
country.

32:55.020 --> 32:59.460
The Marquis of Pianessa, finding that all
his attempts were frustrated, and that

32:59.460 --> 33:03.820
every artifice he used was only an alarm
signal to the inhabitants of Roras,

33:04.420 --> 33:08.480
determined to act openly, and therefore
proclaimed that ample reward should be

33:08.480 --> 33:12.620
given to anyone who would bear arms
against the obstinate heretics of Roras,

33:12.740 --> 33:16.680
as he called them, and that any officer
who would exterminate them should be

33:16.680 --> 33:18.180
rewarded in a princely manner.

33:20.400 --> 33:25.600
This engaged Captain Mario, a bigoted
Roman Catholic and a desperate ruffian,

33:25.900 --> 33:27.220
to undertake the enterprise.

33:28.040 --> 33:31.600
He therefore obtained leave to raise a
regiment in the following six towns

33:37.380 --> 33:41.580
having completed his regiment,
which consisted of one thousand men,

33:42.280 --> 33:47.080
he laid his plan not to go by the defiles
or the Parsis, but to attempt gaining the

33:47.080 --> 33:51.000
summit of a rock, whence he imagined he
could pour his troops into the town

33:51.000 --> 33:52.740
without much difficulty or opposition.

33:54.120 --> 33:57.860
The Protestants suffered the Roman
Catholic troops to gain almost the summit

33:57.860 --> 34:01.360
of the rock without giving them any
opposition or ever appearing in their

34:01.360 --> 34:05.440
sight, but when they had almost reached
the top they made a most furious attack

34:05.440 --> 34:09.400
upon them, one party keeping up a
well-directed and constant fire,

34:09.780 --> 34:12.580
and another party rolling down huge
stones.

34:13.400 --> 34:18.060
This stopped the career of the Papist
troops, many were killed by the musketry

34:18.060 --> 34:21.140
and more by the stones which beat them
down the precipices.

34:21.840 --> 34:26.520
Several fell sacrifices to their hurry,
for by attempting a precipitate retreat

34:26.520 --> 34:31.460
they fell down and were dashed to pieces,
and Captain Mario himself narrowly escaped

34:31.460 --> 34:35.700
with his life, for he fell from a craggy
place into a river which washed the foot

34:35.700 --> 34:36.200
of the rock.

34:36.760 --> 34:40.460
He was taken up senseless, but afterwards
recovered, though he was ill of the

34:40.460 --> 34:44.540
bruises for a long time, and at length he
fell into a decline at Lucerne,

34:44.720 --> 34:45.380
where he died.

34:46.600 --> 34:50.260
Another body of troops was ordered from
the camp at Villario to make an attempt

34:50.260 --> 34:54.420
upon Roras, but these were likewise
defeated by means of the Protestants'

34:54.600 --> 34:58.360
ambush fighting, and compelled to retreat
again to the camp at Villario.

35:00.340 --> 35:04.200
After each of these signal victories,
Captain Giannavele made a suitable

35:04.200 --> 35:08.120
discourse to his men, causing them to
kneel down and return thanks to the

35:08.120 --> 35:12.540
Almighty for his providential protection,
and usually concluded with the Eleventh

35:12.540 --> 35:15.640
Psalm, where the subject is placing
confidence in God.

35:17.120 --> 35:21.760
The Marquis of Pianessa was greatly
enraged at being so much baffled by the

35:21.760 --> 35:23.060
few inhabitants of Roras.

35:23.680 --> 35:27.660
He therefore determined to attempt their
expulsion in such a manner as could hardly

35:27.660 --> 35:28.760
fail of success.

35:29.840 --> 35:34.120
With this view, he ordered all the Roman
Catholic militia of Piedmont to be raised

35:34.120 --> 35:34.800
and disciplined.

35:35.620 --> 35:39.560
When these orders were completed,
he joined to the militia eight thousand

35:39.560 --> 35:44.020
regular troops, and dividing the whole
into three distinct bodies, he designed

35:44.020 --> 35:48.500
that three formidable attacks should be
made at the same time, unless the people

35:48.500 --> 35:53.000
of Roras, to whom he sent an account of
his great preparations, would comply with

35:53.000 --> 35:54.000
the following conditions.

35:54.700 --> 35:55.180
1.

35:55.280 --> 35:57.420
To ask pardon for taking up arms.

35:57.660 --> 35:58.100
2.

35:58.200 --> 36:01.260
To pay the expenses of all the expeditions
sent against them.

36:01.660 --> 36:01.940
3.

36:02.060 --> 36:04.140
To acknowledge the infallibility of the
Pope.

36:04.520 --> 36:04.880
4.

36:05.000 --> 36:05.740
To go to Mass.

36:06.000 --> 36:06.480
5.

36:06.480 --> 36:07.480
To pray to the saints.

36:07.840 --> 36:08.160
6.

36:08.280 --> 36:09.060
To wear beards.

36:09.520 --> 36:09.920
7.

36:10.040 --> 36:11.240
To deliver up their ministers.

36:11.700 --> 36:12.000
8.

36:12.120 --> 36:13.720
To deliver up their schoolmasters.

36:13.720 --> 36:14.280
9.

36:14.280 --> 36:15.500
To go to confession.

36:15.980 --> 36:16.380
10.

36:16.480 --> 36:19.400
To pay loans for the delivery of souls
from purgatory.

36:19.920 --> 36:20.260
11.

36:20.440 --> 36:22.920
To give up Captain Giannavelle at
discretion.

36:23.540 --> 36:24.080
And 12.

36:24.240 --> 36:27.000
To give up the elders of their church at
discretion.

36:29.460 --> 36:33.220
The inhabitants of Roras, on being
acquainted with these conditions,

36:33.340 --> 36:37.460
were filled with an honest indignation,
and in answer sent word to the Marquis

36:37.460 --> 36:41.540
that, sooner than comply with them,
they would suffer three things which,

36:41.660 --> 36:46.760
of all others, were the most obnoxious to
mankind, namely, their estates to be

36:46.760 --> 36:49.600
seized, their houses to be burned,
themselves to be murdered.

36:51.400 --> 36:55.220
Exasperated at this message, the Marquis
sent them this laconic epistle.

36:56.040 --> 37:00.780
To the obstinate heretics inhabiting
Roras, you shall have your request,

37:01.200 --> 37:04.140
for the troops sent against you have
strict injunctions to plunder,

37:04.600 --> 37:05.660
burn, and kill.

37:06.200 --> 37:06.660
Pianessa.

37:08.060 --> 37:12.860
The three armies were then put in motion,
and the attacks ordered to be made thus,

37:13.360 --> 37:16.800
the first by the rocks of Villario,
the second by the Pass of Bagnol,

37:17.120 --> 37:19.400
and the third by the Defile of Lucerne.

37:20.600 --> 37:24.840
The troops forced their way by the
superiority of numbers, and having gained

37:24.840 --> 37:30.020
the rocks, pass, and defile, began to make
the most horrid depredations and exercise

37:30.020 --> 37:31.340
the greatest cruelties.

37:32.020 --> 37:35.360
Men they hanged, burned, racked to death,
or cut to pieces.

37:35.940 --> 37:39.580
Women they ripped open, crucified,
drowned, or threw from the precipices.

37:40.180 --> 37:44.040
And children they tossed upon spears,
minced, cut their throats, or dashed out

37:44.040 --> 37:44.680
their brains.

37:45.660 --> 37:49.680
One hundred and twenty-six suffered in
this manner on the first day of their

37:49.680 --> 37:50.560
gaining the town.

37:52.040 --> 37:56.140
Agreeable to the Marquis of Pianessa's
orders, they likewise plundered the

37:56.140 --> 37:58.220
estates and burned the houses of the
people.

37:59.320 --> 38:03.220
Several Protestants, however, made their
escape, under the conduct of Captain

38:03.220 --> 38:08.080
Giannavelle, whose wife and children were
unfortunately made prisoners, and sent

38:08.080 --> 38:09.740
under a strong guard to Turin.

38:11.020 --> 38:14.780
The Marquis of Pianessa wrote a letter to
Captain Giannavelle, and released a

38:14.780 --> 38:16.920
Protestant prisoner that he might carry at
him.

38:17.740 --> 38:21.580
The contents were that if the Captain
would embrace the Roman Catholic religion,

38:21.740 --> 38:25.480
he should be indemnified, for all his
losses since the commencement of the war,

38:25.900 --> 38:29.180
his wife and children should be
immediately released, and himself

38:29.180 --> 38:31.540
honourably promoted in the Duke of Savoy's
army.

38:32.480 --> 38:36.600
But if he refused to accede to the
proposals made him, his wife and children

38:36.600 --> 38:41.220
should be put to death, and so large a
reward should be given to take him dead or

38:41.220 --> 38:45.280
alive, that even some of his own
confidential friends should be tempted to

38:45.280 --> 38:47.160
betray him from the greatness of the sum.

38:49.060 --> 38:52.220
To this epistle the brave Giannavelle sent
the following answer.

38:53.280 --> 38:58.620
My Lord Marquis, there is no torment so
great or death so cruel but what I would

38:58.620 --> 39:03.540
prefer to the abjuration of my religion,
so that promises lose their effects and

39:03.540 --> 39:05.600
menaces only strengthen me in my faith.

39:06.900 --> 39:10.940
With respect to my wife and children,
my Lord, nothing can be more afflicting to

39:10.940 --> 39:14.960
me than the thought of their confinement,
or more dreadful to my imagination than

39:14.960 --> 39:17.100
their suffering a violent and cruel death.

39:17.980 --> 39:21.200
I keenly feel all the tender sensations of
husband and parent.

39:21.800 --> 39:24.240
My heart is replete with every sentiment
of humanity.

39:24.900 --> 39:27.840
I would suffer any torment to rescue them
from danger.

39:28.140 --> 39:29.820
I would die to preserve them.

39:31.040 --> 39:34.560
But having said thus much, my Lord,
I assure you that the purchase of their

39:34.560 --> 39:36.880
lives must not be the price of my
salvation.

39:37.600 --> 39:41.900
You have them in your power, it is true,
but my consolation is that your power is

39:41.900 --> 39:44.140
only a temporary authority over their
bodies.

39:44.840 --> 39:48.320
You may destroy the mortal part,
but their immortal souls are out of your

39:48.320 --> 39:52.640
reach, and will live hereafter to bear
testimony against you for your cruelties.

39:53.580 --> 39:57.700
I therefore recommend them and myself to
God, and pray for a reformation in your

39:57.700 --> 40:04.880
heart.—Joshua Giannavel." This brave
Protestant officer, after writing the

40:04.880 --> 40:08.920
above letter, retired to the Alps with his
followers, and being joined by a great

40:08.920 --> 40:12.920
number of other fugitive Protestants,
he harassed the enemy by continual

40:12.920 --> 40:13.580
skirmishes.

40:15.420 --> 40:20.020
Meeting one day with a body of Papist
troops near Bibiana, he, though inferior

40:20.020 --> 40:24.240
in numbers, attacked them with great fury,
and put them to rout without the loss of a

40:24.240 --> 40:28.480
man, though himself was shot through the
leg in the engagement by a soldier who had

40:28.480 --> 40:29.780
hid himself behind a tree.

40:30.900 --> 40:35.200
But Giannavel, perceiving whence the shot
came, pointed his gun to the place,

40:35.540 --> 40:37.560
and dispatched the person who had wounded
him.

40:38.580 --> 40:42.500
Captain Giannavel, hearing that a Captain
Jeannier had collected together a

40:42.500 --> 40:46.520
considerable body of Protestants,
wrote him a letter proposing a junction of

40:46.520 --> 40:47.140
their forces.

40:47.720 --> 40:51.780
Captain Jeannier immediately agreed to the
proposal, and marched directly to meet

40:51.780 --> 40:52.360
Giannavel.

40:53.100 --> 40:58.000
The junction being formed, it was proposed
to attack a town inhabited by Roman

40:58.000 --> 41:00.500
Catholics called Garciliana.

41:01.600 --> 41:05.640
The assault was given with great spirit,
but a reinforcement of horse and foot

41:05.640 --> 41:08.860
having lately entered the town,
which the Protestants knew nothing of,

41:09.100 --> 41:13.180
they were repulsed, yet made a masterly
retreat, and only lost one man in the

41:13.180 --> 41:13.480
action.

41:14.720 --> 41:19.840
The next attempt of the Protestant forces
was upon St. Segondo, which they attacked

41:19.840 --> 41:23.960
with great vigour, but met with a strong
resistance from the Roman Catholic troops,

41:24.220 --> 41:28.280
who had fortified the streets and planted
themselves in the houses, from whence they

41:28.280 --> 41:30.500
poured musket balls in prodigious numbers.

41:31.480 --> 41:35.480
The Protestants, however, advanced under
cover of a great number of planks which

41:35.480 --> 41:39.220
some held over their heads to secure them
from the shots of the enemy from the

41:39.220 --> 41:43.860
houses, while others kept up a
well-directed fire, so that the houses and

41:43.860 --> 41:46.440
entrenchments were soon forced,
and the town taken.

41:47.460 --> 41:51.120
In the town they found a prodigious
quantity of plunder which had been taken

41:51.120 --> 41:55.420
from Protestants at various times in
different places, and which was stored up

41:55.420 --> 41:58.520
in the warehouses, churches, dwelling
houses, etc.

41:59.480 --> 42:03.420
This they removed to a place of safety,
to be distributed with as much justice as

42:03.420 --> 42:04.760
possible among the sufferers.

42:05.700 --> 42:10.160
This successful attack was made with such
skill and spirit that it cost very little

42:10.160 --> 42:14.140
to the conquering party, the Protestants
having only seventeen killed and

42:14.140 --> 42:18.260
twenty-six wounded, while the Papists
suffered a loss of no less than four

42:18.260 --> 42:21.880
hundred and fifty killed and five hundred
and eleven wounded.

42:24.100 --> 42:29.500
Five Protestant officers, Giannavelle,
Jahier, Laurentiaux, Genollet,

42:29.640 --> 42:32.580
and Bonnet, laid a plan to surprise
Biceras.

42:33.560 --> 42:37.800
To this end they marched in five
respective bodies, and by agreement were

42:37.800 --> 42:39.360
to make the attack at the same time.

42:40.140 --> 42:45.520
The captains Jahier and Laurentiaux passed
through two defiles in the woods and came

42:45.520 --> 42:49.340
to the place in safety under covert,
but the other three bodies made their

42:49.340 --> 42:53.180
approaches through an open country,
and consequently were more exposed to an

42:53.180 --> 42:53.600
attack.

42:54.560 --> 42:58.860
The Roman Catholics taking the alarm,
a great number of troops were sent to

42:58.860 --> 43:04.160
relieve Biceras from Cavour, Bibiana,
Fellini, Campiglione, and some other

43:04.160 --> 43:05.140
neighbouring places.

43:05.760 --> 43:09.800
When these were united, they determined to
attack the three Protestant parties that

43:09.800 --> 43:11.460
were marching through the open country.

43:12.340 --> 43:16.380
The Protestant officers, perceiving the
intent of the enemy and not being at a

43:16.380 --> 43:19.900
great distance from each other,
joined forces with the utmost expedition

43:19.900 --> 43:22.260
and formed themselves in order of battle.

43:23.300 --> 43:27.660
In the meantime, the captains Jahier and
Laurentiaux had assaulted the town of

43:27.660 --> 43:32.960
Biceras and burnt all the outhouses to
make their approaches with a greater ease,

43:33.400 --> 43:37.440
but not being supported, as they expected,
by the other three Protestant captains,

43:37.800 --> 43:41.560
they sent a messenger on a swift horse
towards the open country to inquire the

43:41.560 --> 43:41.860
reason.

43:42.960 --> 43:46.540
The messenger soon returned and informed
them that it was not in the power of the

43:46.540 --> 43:50.700
three Protestant captains to support their
proceedings, as they were themselves

43:50.700 --> 43:55.420
attacked by a very superior force in the
plain and could scarce sustain the unequal

43:55.420 --> 43:55.960
conflict.

43:57.440 --> 44:01.600
The captains Jahier and Laurentiaux,
on receiving this intelligence,

44:01.720 --> 44:05.980
determined to discontinue the assault on
Biceras and to proceed with all possible

44:05.980 --> 44:08.400
expedition to the relief of their friends
on the plain.

44:09.380 --> 44:13.240
This design proved to be of the most
essential service, for just as they

44:13.240 --> 44:18.060
arrived at the spot where the two armies
were engaged, the Papist troops began to

44:18.060 --> 44:22.060
prevail and were on the point of flanking
the left wing commanded by Captain

44:22.060 --> 44:22.720
Giannavelle.

44:23.400 --> 44:26.580
The arrival of these troops turned the
scale in favour of the Protestants,

44:27.040 --> 44:31.060
and the Papist forces, though they fought
with the most obstinate intrepidity,

44:31.420 --> 44:32.380
were totally defeated.

44:33.000 --> 44:37.240
A great number were killed and wounded on
both sides, and the baggage, military

44:37.240 --> 44:40.260
stores, etc., taken by the Protestants
were very considerable.

44:42.320 --> 44:46.780
Captain Giannavelle, having information
that three hundred of the enemy were to

44:46.780 --> 44:51.280
convoy a great quantity of stores,
provisions, etc., from Latour to the

44:51.280 --> 44:54.480
castle of Mirabach, determined to attack
them on the way.

44:55.420 --> 44:59.280
He accordingly began the assault at
Molbec, though with a very inadequate

44:59.280 --> 44:59.900
force.

45:00.660 --> 45:04.420
The contest was long and bloody,
but the Protestants at length were obliged

45:04.420 --> 45:08.780
to yield to the superiority of numbers and
compelled to make a retreat, which they

45:08.780 --> 45:11.200
did with great regularity and but little
loss.

45:12.860 --> 45:17.020
Captain Giannavelle advanced to an
advantageous post situated near the town

45:17.020 --> 45:21.300
of Vilario, and then sent the following
information and commands to the

45:21.300 --> 45:21.700
inhabitants.

45:23.220 --> 45:23.680
1.

45:23.700 --> 45:25.940
That he should attack the town in
twenty-four hours.

45:26.640 --> 45:27.100
2.

45:27.100 --> 45:31.080
That, with respect to the Roman Catholics
who had borne arms, whether they belonged

45:31.080 --> 45:35.680
to the army or not, he should act by the
law of retaliation and put them to death

45:35.680 --> 45:39.420
for the numerous depredations and many
cruel murders they had committed.

45:40.050 --> 45:40.320
3.

45:40.580 --> 45:44.260
That all women and children, whatever
their religion might be, should be safe.

45:44.740 --> 45:45.080
4.

45:45.220 --> 45:48.780
That he commanded all male Protestants to
leave the town and join him.

45:49.300 --> 45:49.700
5.

45:49.780 --> 45:53.360
That all apostates, who had through
weakness abjured their religion,

45:53.840 --> 45:56.840
should be deemed enemies unless they
renounced their abjuration.

45:57.740 --> 45:58.100
6.

45:58.320 --> 46:02.060
That all who returned to their duty to God
and themselves should be received as

46:02.060 --> 46:02.380
friends.

46:04.240 --> 46:08.020
The Protestants in general immediately
left the town and joined Captain

46:08.020 --> 46:12.520
Giannavelle with great satisfaction,
and the few who through weakness or fear

46:12.520 --> 46:16.740
had abjured their faith recanted their
abjuration and were received into the

46:16.740 --> 46:17.680
bosom of the Church.

46:18.760 --> 46:23.000
As the Marquis of Pianessa had removed the
army and encamped in quite a different

46:23.000 --> 46:27.300
part of the country, the Roman Catholics
of Vilario thought it would be folly to

46:27.300 --> 46:30.180
attempt to defend the place with the small
force they had.

46:30.780 --> 46:34.780
They therefore fled with the utmost
precipitation, leaving the town and most

46:34.780 --> 46:37.340
of their property to the discretion of the
Protestants.

46:38.860 --> 46:43.220
The Protestant commanders, having called a
council of war, resolved to make an

46:43.220 --> 46:44.820
attempt upon the town of Latour.

46:46.800 --> 46:52.020
The Papists, being apprised of the design,
detached some troops to defend a defile

46:52.020 --> 46:56.120
through which the Protestants must make
their approach, but these were defeated,

46:56.480 --> 46:59.660
compelled to abandon the pass,
and forced to retreat to Latour.

47:00.360 --> 47:04.620
The Protestants proceeded on their march,
and the troops of Latour, on their

47:04.620 --> 47:08.320
approach, made a furious sally,
but were repulsed with great loss and

47:08.320 --> 47:09.980
compelled to seek shelter in the town.

47:10.780 --> 47:15.140
The governor now only thought of defending
the place, which the Protestants began to

47:15.140 --> 47:19.160
attack in form, but after many brave
attempts and furious assaults,

47:19.540 --> 47:23.080
the commanders determined to abandon the
enterprise for several reasons,

47:23.500 --> 47:27.440
particularly because they found the place
itself too strong, their own number too

47:27.440 --> 47:31.780
weak, and their cannon not adequate to the
task of battering down the walls.

47:32.560 --> 47:36.760
This resolution taken, the Protestant
commanders began a masterly retreat,

47:37.260 --> 47:41.680
and conducted it with such regularity that
the enemy did not choose to pursue them or

47:41.680 --> 47:45.280
molest their rear, which they might have
done, as they passed the defiles.

47:46.160 --> 47:50.540
The next day they mustered, reviewed the
army, and found the whole to amount to

47:50.540 --> 47:52.080
four hundred and ninety-five men.

47:53.040 --> 47:56.380
They then held a council of war,
and planned an easier enterprise.

47:57.240 --> 48:01.360
This was to make an attack on the
commonality of Crusole, a place inhabited

48:01.360 --> 48:05.680
by a number of the most bigoted Roman
Catholics, and who had exercised during

48:05.680 --> 48:09.520
the persecutions the most unheard of
cruelties on the Protestants.

48:10.600 --> 48:14.900
The people of Crusole, hearing of the
design against them, fled to a

48:14.900 --> 48:19.080
neighbouring fortress situated on a rock,
where the Protestants could not come to

48:19.080 --> 48:23.380
them, for a very few men could render it
inaccessible to a numerous army.

48:25.260 --> 48:29.080
Thus they secured their persons,
but were in too much hurry to secure their

48:29.080 --> 48:32.760
property, the principal part of which,
indeed, had been plundered from the

48:32.760 --> 48:36.400
Protestants, and now, luckily,
fell again to the possession of the right

48:36.400 --> 48:36.740
owners.

48:37.440 --> 48:41.360
It consisted of many rich and valuable
articles, and what at that time was of

48:41.360 --> 48:44.600
much more consequence, a great quantity of
military stores.

48:46.040 --> 48:50.780
The day after the Protestants were gone,
with their booty, eight hundred troops

48:50.780 --> 48:54.640
arrived to the assistance of the people of
Crusole, having been dispatched from

48:54.640 --> 48:56.960
Lucerne, Biceras, Cavour, etc.

48:57.680 --> 49:00.740
But finding themselves too late,
and that pursuit would be vain,

49:01.180 --> 49:05.160
not to return empty-handed, they began to
plunder the neighbouring villages,

49:05.580 --> 49:07.380
though what they took was from their
friends.

49:08.220 --> 49:12.260
After collecting a tolerable booty,
they began to divide it, but, disagreeing

49:12.260 --> 49:16.260
about the different shares, they fell from
words to blows, did a great deal of

49:16.260 --> 49:18.200
mischief, and then plundered each other.

49:20.140 --> 49:24.480
On the very same day in which the
Protestants were so successful at Crusole,

49:24.840 --> 49:28.940
some papists marched with a design to
plunder and burn the little Protestant

49:28.940 --> 49:30.600
village of Rocapiata.

49:31.320 --> 49:34.400
But by the way, they met with the
Protestant forces belonging to the

49:34.400 --> 49:38.900
captains Jojier and Laurentio,
who were posted on the hill of Angrogna.

49:39.600 --> 49:43.960
A trivial engagement ensued, for the Roman
Catholics, on the very first attack,

49:44.060 --> 49:47.280
retreated in great confusion, and were
pursued with much slaughter.

49:48.160 --> 49:52.240
After the pursuit was over, some
straggling papist troops, meeting with a

49:52.240 --> 49:56.640
poor peasant, who was a Protestant,
tied a cord round his head and strained it

49:56.640 --> 49:58.320
until his skull was quite crushed.

50:00.440 --> 50:04.980
Captain Giannavelle and Captain Jojier
concerted a design together to make an

50:04.980 --> 50:09.560
attack upon Lucerne, but Captain Jojier,
not bringing up his forces at the time

50:09.560 --> 50:13.400
appointed, Captain Giannavelle determined
to attempt the enterprise himself.

50:14.580 --> 50:18.200
He therefore, by a forced march,
proceeded towards that place during the

50:18.200 --> 50:21.040
whole night, and was close to it by break
of day.

50:21.900 --> 50:26.180
His first care was to cut the pipes that
conveyed water into the town, and then to

50:26.180 --> 50:30.000
break down the bridge, by which alone
provisions from the country could enter.

50:30.600 --> 50:34.980
He then assaulted the place, and speedily
possessed himself of two of the outposts,

50:35.340 --> 50:38.540
but finding he could not make himself
master of the place, he prudently

50:38.540 --> 50:43.020
retreated with very little loss,
blaming, however, Captain Jojier for the

50:43.020 --> 50:44.180
failure of the enterprise.

50:45.460 --> 50:50.480
The papists, being informed that Captain
Giannavelle was at Angrogna with only his

50:50.480 --> 50:53.720
own company, determined, if possible,
to surprise him.

50:54.380 --> 50:58.000
With this view, a great number of troops
were detached from Latour and other

50:58.000 --> 50:58.440
places.

50:59.020 --> 51:02.800
One party of these got on top of a
mountain, beneath which he was posted,

51:03.220 --> 51:07.020
and the other party intended to possess
themselves of the gate of St. Bartholomew.

51:08.280 --> 51:12.000
The papists thought themselves sure of
taking Captain Giannavelle and every one

51:12.000 --> 51:16.400
of his men, as they consisted but of three
hundred, and their own force was two

51:16.400 --> 51:17.420
thousand five hundred.

51:18.200 --> 51:22.960
Their design, however, was providentially
frustrated, for one of the popish

51:22.960 --> 51:27.100
soldiers, imprudently blowing a trumpet
before the signal for attack was given,

51:27.680 --> 51:31.320
Captain Giannavelle took the alarm,
and posted his little company so

51:31.320 --> 51:35.580
advantageously at the gate of St.
Bartholomew and at the defile by which the

51:35.580 --> 51:39.660
enemy must descend from the mountains,
that the Roman Catholic troops failed in

51:39.660 --> 51:42.760
both attacks, and were repulsed with very
considerable loss.

51:44.820 --> 51:49.480
Soon after, Captain Jojier came to
Angogna, and joined his forces to those of

51:49.480 --> 51:53.680
Captain Giannavelle, giving sufficient
reasons to excuse his before-mentioned

51:53.680 --> 51:54.200
failure.

51:55.500 --> 51:59.720
Captain Jojier now made several secret
excursions with great success,

52:00.260 --> 52:04.340
always selecting the most active troops
belonging to both Giannavelle and himself.

52:05.460 --> 52:08.800
One day he put himself at the head of
forty-four men to proceed upon an

52:08.800 --> 52:13.800
expedition, when, entering a plain near
Ossac, he was suddenly surrounded by a

52:13.800 --> 52:14.900
large body of horse.

52:15.560 --> 52:19.480
Captain Jojier and his men fought
desperately, though oppressed by odds,

52:19.680 --> 52:24.060
and killed the commander-in-chief,
three captains, and fifty-seven private

52:24.060 --> 52:24.880
men of the enemy.

52:25.660 --> 52:29.880
But Captain Jojier himself being killed,
with thirty-five of his men, the rest

52:29.880 --> 52:30.400
surrendered.

52:31.220 --> 52:35.620
One of the soldiers cut off Captain
Jojier's head, and carrying it to Turin,

52:35.720 --> 52:39.180
presented it to the Duke of Savoy,
who rewarded him with six hundred

52:39.180 --> 52:39.900
ducatoons.

52:41.580 --> 52:46.480
The death of this gentleman was a signal
lost to the Protestants, as he was a real

52:46.480 --> 52:49.140
friend to and companion of the Reformed
Church.

52:49.800 --> 52:54.120
He possessed a most undaunted spirit,
so that no difficulties could deter him

52:54.120 --> 52:58.380
from undertaking an enterprise,
or dangers terrify him in its execution.

52:59.120 --> 53:02.280
He was pious without affectation,
and humane without weakness.

53:02.900 --> 53:08.220
Bold in a field, meek in a domestic life,
of a penetrating genius, active in spirit,

53:08.220 --> 53:10.200
and resolute in all his undertakings.

53:11.780 --> 53:15.960
To add to the affliction of the
Protestants, Captain Giannavelle was soon

53:15.960 --> 53:19.340
after wounded, in such a manner that he
was obliged to keep his bed.

53:20.320 --> 53:24.320
They, however, took new courage from
misfortunes, and, determining not to let

53:24.320 --> 53:28.920
their spirits droop, attacked a body of
Popish troops with great intrepidity.

53:29.620 --> 53:33.640
The Protestants were much inferior in
numbers, but fought with more resolution

53:33.640 --> 53:36.940
than the Papists, and at length routed
them with considerable slaughter.

53:38.220 --> 53:43.000
During the action, a sergeant named
Michael Bertino was killed, when his son,

53:43.040 --> 53:46.960
who was close behind him, leaped into his
place and said, I've lost my father,

53:47.040 --> 53:50.060
but courage, fellow soldiers, God is a
father to us all.

53:52.900 --> 53:56.540
Several skirmishes likewise happened
between the troops of Latour and

53:56.540 --> 54:01.400
Tagliaretto, and the Protestant forces,
which, in general, terminated in favour of

54:01.400 --> 54:01.800
the latter.

54:03.200 --> 54:08.080
A Protestant gentleman named Andrian
raised a regiment of horse and took the

54:08.080 --> 54:09.080
command of it himself.

54:09.980 --> 54:14.320
Monsieur Jean Legere persuaded a great
number of Protestants to form themselves

54:14.320 --> 54:19.720
into volunteer companies, and an excellent
officer named Michelin instituted several

54:19.720 --> 54:21.000
bands of light troops.

54:21.880 --> 54:25.380
These, being all joined to the remains of
the veteran Protestant troops,

54:25.660 --> 54:29.680
for great numbers had been lost in the
various battles, skirmishes, sieges,

54:29.820 --> 54:33.860
etc., composed a respectable army,
which the officers thought proper to

54:33.860 --> 54:35.380
encamp near San Giovanni.

54:36.780 --> 54:41.220
The Roman Catholic commanders,
alarmed at the formidable appearance and

54:41.220 --> 54:45.060
increased strength of the Protestant
forces, determined, if possible,

54:45.100 --> 54:47.320
to dislodge them from their encampment.

54:48.160 --> 54:51.840
With this view, they collected together a
large force, consisting of the principal

54:51.840 --> 54:56.120
part of the garrisons of the Roman
Catholic towns, the draft from the Irish

54:56.120 --> 55:00.980
brigades, a great number of regulars sent
by the Marquis of Pianessa, the auxiliary

55:00.980 --> 55:02.980
troops and the independent companies.

55:04.980 --> 55:09.240
These, having formed a junction,
encamped near the Protestants and spent

55:09.240 --> 55:13.640
several days in calling councils of war
and disputing on the most proper mode of

55:13.640 --> 55:14.100
proceeding.

55:14.940 --> 55:18.560
Some were for plundering the country in
order to draw the Protestants from their

55:18.560 --> 55:23.340
camp, others were for patiently waiting
till they were attacked, and a third party

55:23.340 --> 55:27.100
were for assaulting the Protestant camp
and trying to make themselves master of

55:27.100 --> 55:27.820
everything in it.

55:28.780 --> 55:32.700
The last of them prevailed, and the
morning after the resolution had been

55:32.700 --> 55:34.980
taken was appointed to put it into
execution.

55:35.840 --> 55:39.320
The Roman Catholic troops were accordingly
separated into four divisions,

55:39.820 --> 55:43.680
three of which were to make an attack in
different places, and the fourth to remain

55:43.680 --> 55:47.100
as a body of reserve to act as occasion
might require.

55:48.440 --> 55:52.880
One of the Roman Catholic officers,
previous to the attack, thus harangued his

55:52.880 --> 55:53.160
men.

55:53.920 --> 55:57.660
Fellow soldiers, you are now going to
enter upon a great action which will bring

55:57.660 --> 55:58.680
you fame and riches.

55:59.480 --> 56:03.580
The motives of your acting with spirit are
likewise of the most important nature,

56:04.160 --> 56:08.020
namely the honour of showing your loyalty
to your sovereign, the pleasure of

56:08.020 --> 56:12.200
spilling heretic blood, and the prospect
of plundering the Protestant camp.

56:12.660 --> 56:16.920
So, my brave fellows, fall on,
give no quarter, kill all you meet,

56:16.940 --> 56:18.180
and take all you come near.

56:19.220 --> 56:24.000
After this inhuman speech the engagement
began, and the Protestant camp was

56:24.000 --> 56:26.840
attacked in three places with
inconceivable fury.

56:28.080 --> 56:32.280
The fight was maintained with great
obstinacy and perseverance on both sides,

56:32.800 --> 56:37.140
continuing without intermission for the
space of four hours, for the several

56:37.140 --> 56:40.980
companies on both sides relieved each
other alternately, and by that means kept

56:40.980 --> 56:43.320
up a continual fire during the whole
action.

56:45.540 --> 56:49.760
During the engagement of the main armies,
a detachment was sent from the body of

56:49.760 --> 56:54.460
reserve to attack the post of Castellus,
which, if the papists had carried it,

56:54.520 --> 56:58.260
it would have given them the command of
the valleys of Parosa, San Martino,

56:58.340 --> 57:02.780
and Lucerne, but they were repulsed with
great loss, and compelled to return to the

57:02.780 --> 57:04.920
body of reserve from whence they had been
detached.

57:06.360 --> 57:10.280
Soon after the return of this detachment,
the Roman Catholic troops, being

57:10.280 --> 57:14.040
hard-pressed in the main battle,
sent for the body of reserve to come to

57:14.040 --> 57:14.660
their support.

57:15.320 --> 57:18.980
These immediately marched to their
assistance, and for some time longer held

57:18.980 --> 57:23.540
the event doubtful, but a length of valour
of the Protestants prevailed, and the

57:23.540 --> 57:27.320
papists were totally defeated,
with the loss of upwards of three hundred

57:27.320 --> 57:29.080
men killed, and many more wounded.

57:30.880 --> 57:35.640
When the syndic of Lucerne, who was indeed
a papist, but not a bigoted one,

57:35.960 --> 57:39.840
saw the great number of wounded men
brought into that city, he exclaimed,

57:40.320 --> 57:45.480
Ah, I thought the wolves used to devour
the heretics, but now I see the heretics

57:45.480 --> 57:46.380
eat the wolves.

57:47.820 --> 57:49.600
This expression being reported to M.

57:49.920 --> 57:52.760
Maroll, the Roman Catholic
commander-in-chief at Lucerne,

57:53.380 --> 57:57.460
he sent a very severe and threatening
letter to the syndic, who was so terrified

57:57.460 --> 58:01.380
that the fright threw him into a fever,
and he died in a few days.

58:03.240 --> 58:07.600
This great battle was fought just before
the harvest was got in, when the papists,

58:07.940 --> 58:12.780
exasperated at their disgrace and resolved
on any kind of revenge, spread themselves

58:12.780 --> 58:16.940
by night in detached parties over the
finest cornfields of the Protestants,

58:17.360 --> 58:19.380
and set them on fire in sundry places.

58:20.920 --> 58:23.880
Some of these straggling parties,
however, suffered for their conduct,

58:24.320 --> 58:28.240
for the Protestants, being alarmed in the
night by the blazing of the fire among the

58:28.240 --> 58:33.080
corn, pursued the fugitives early in the
morning, and overtaking many, put them to

58:33.080 --> 58:33.360
death.

58:34.300 --> 58:38.380
The Protestant Captain Bellin,
likewise by way of retaliation,

58:38.480 --> 58:42.060
went with a body of light troops,
and burnt the suburbs of Latour,

58:42.460 --> 58:45.000
making his retreat afterward with very
little loss.

58:46.400 --> 58:49.860
A few days later, Captain Bellin,
with a much stronger body of troops,

58:50.220 --> 58:54.100
attacked the town of Latour itself,
and making a breach in the wall of the

58:54.100 --> 58:58.200
convent, his men entered, driving the
garrison into the citadel, and burning

58:58.200 --> 58:59.600
both town and convent.

59:00.420 --> 59:04.260
After having effected this, they made a
regular retreat, as they could not reduce

59:04.260 --> 59:05.900
the citadel for want of cannon.

59:07.880 --> 59:12.160
An account of the persecutions of Michael
de Molinos, a native of Spain.

59:13.820 --> 59:18.560
Michael de Molinos, a Spaniard of a rich
and honourable family, entered when young

59:18.560 --> 59:22.300
into priests' orders, but would not accept
of any preferment in the Church.

59:22.680 --> 59:26.600
He possessed great natural abilities,
which he dedicated to the service of his

59:26.600 --> 59:30.120
fellow creatures, without any view of
emolument to himself.

59:31.300 --> 59:36.160
His course of life was pious and uniform,
nor did he exercise those austerities

59:36.160 --> 59:38.960
which are common among the religious
orders of the Church of Rome.

59:40.100 --> 59:44.400
Being of a contemplative turn of mind,
he pursued the track of the mystical

59:44.400 --> 59:45.140
divines.

59:45.980 --> 59:50.500
And having acquired great reputation in
Spain, and being desirous of propagating

59:50.500 --> 59:54.800
his sublime mode of devotion, he left his
own country and settled at Rome.

59:55.440 --> 59:58.800
Here he soon connected himself with some
of the most distinguished among the

59:58.800 --> 01:00:03.840
literati, who so approved of his religious
maxims, that they concurred in assisting

01:00:03.840 --> 01:00:07.980
him to propagate them, and in a short time
he obtained a great number of followers

01:00:07.980 --> 01:00:12.240
who, from the sublime mode of their
religion, were distinguished by the name

01:00:12.240 --> 01:00:13.240
of Quietists.

01:00:15.400 --> 01:00:21.660
In 1675, Molinos published a book entitled
Il Guida Spirituale, to which were

01:00:21.660 --> 01:00:24.940
subjoined recommendatory letters from
several great personages.

01:00:25.800 --> 01:00:29.800
One of these was by the Archbishop of
Reggio, a second by the General of the

01:00:29.800 --> 01:00:35.100
Franciscans, and a third by Father Martin
de Espaza, a Jesuit who had been Divinity

01:00:35.100 --> 01:00:37.320
Professor both at Salamanca and Rome.

01:00:38.740 --> 01:00:43.000
No sooner was the book published than it
was greatly read and highly esteemed both

01:00:43.000 --> 01:00:47.600
in Italy and Spain, and this so raised the
reputation of the author that his

01:00:47.600 --> 01:00:50.480
acquaintance was coveted by the most
respectable characters.

01:00:51.200 --> 01:00:54.940
Letters were written to him from numbers
of people, so that a correspondence was

01:00:54.940 --> 01:00:58.340
settled between him and those who approved
of his method in different parts of

01:00:58.340 --> 01:00:58.660
Europe.

01:00:59.500 --> 01:01:04.020
Some secular priests, both at Rome and
Naples, declared themselves openly for it,

01:01:04.380 --> 01:01:07.800
and consulted him as a sort of oracle on
many occasions.

01:01:08.660 --> 01:01:12.680
But those who attached themselves to him
with the greatest sincerity were some of

01:01:12.680 --> 01:01:17.140
the Fathers of the Oratory, in particular
three of the most eminent, namely

01:01:17.140 --> 01:01:19.720
Caloredi, Ciceri, and Petrucci.

01:01:20.660 --> 01:01:24.720
Many of the Cardinals also courted his
acquaintance, and thought themselves happy

01:01:24.720 --> 01:01:26.720
in being reckoned among the number of his
friends.

01:01:27.300 --> 01:01:31.680
The most distinguished of them was
Cardinal de Tres, a man of very great

01:01:31.680 --> 01:01:35.700
learning, who so highly approved of
Moulinot's maxims that he entered into a

01:01:35.700 --> 01:01:36.740
close connection with him.

01:01:37.280 --> 01:01:40.920
They conversed together daily,
and notwithstanding the distrust a

01:01:40.920 --> 01:01:45.440
Spaniard has naturally of a Frenchman,
yet Moulinot, who was sincere in his

01:01:45.440 --> 01:01:49.800
principles, opened his mind without
reserve to the Cardinal, and by this means

01:01:49.800 --> 01:01:53.860
a correspondence was settled between
Moulinot and some distinguished characters

01:01:53.860 --> 01:01:54.540
in France.

01:01:55.620 --> 01:01:59.860
Whilst Moulinot was thus laboring to
propagate his religious mode, Father

01:01:59.860 --> 01:02:05.160
Petrucci wrote several treatises relative
to a contemplative life, but he mixed in

01:02:05.160 --> 01:02:09.480
them so many rules for the devotions of
the Romish Church as mitigated that

01:02:09.480 --> 01:02:11.760
censure he might have otherwise incurred.

01:02:12.240 --> 01:02:15.560
They were written chiefly for the use of
nuns, and therefore the sense was

01:02:15.560 --> 01:02:18.040
expressed in the most easy and familiar
style.

01:02:20.180 --> 01:02:24.840
Moulinot had now acquired such reputation
that the Jesuits and Dominicans began to

01:02:24.840 --> 01:02:28.920
be greatly alarmed and determined to put a
stop to the progress of this method.

01:02:29.720 --> 01:02:34.760
To do this it was necessary to decry the
author of it, and as heresy is an

01:02:34.760 --> 01:02:38.560
imputation that makes the strongest
impression at Rome, Moulinus and his

01:02:38.560 --> 01:02:40.320
followers were given out to be heretics.

01:02:41.200 --> 01:02:44.780
Books were also written by some of the
Jesuits against Moulinus and his method,

01:02:45.200 --> 01:02:47.820
but they were all answered with spirit by
Moulinus.

01:02:49.200 --> 01:02:53.320
These disputes occasioned such disturbance
in Rome that the whole affair was taken

01:02:53.320 --> 01:02:55.060
notice of by the Inquisition.

01:02:55.860 --> 01:02:59.580
Moulinus and his book and Father Petrucci,
with his treatises and letters,

01:03:00.080 --> 01:03:04.400
were brought under a severe examination,
and the Jesuits were considered as the

01:03:04.400 --> 01:03:04.980
accusers.

01:03:05.700 --> 01:03:09.940
One of the society had indeed approved of
Moulinus's book, but the rest took care

01:03:09.940 --> 01:03:12.180
that he should not be again seen at Rome.

01:03:13.820 --> 01:03:17.400
In the course of the examination,
both Moulinus and Petrucci acquitted

01:03:17.400 --> 01:03:21.840
themselves so well that their books were
again approved, and the answers which the

01:03:21.840 --> 01:03:24.440
Jesuits had written were censured as
scandalous.

01:03:25.840 --> 01:03:30.280
Petrucci's conduct on this occasion was so
highly approved that it not only raised

01:03:30.280 --> 01:03:34.720
the credit of the cause, but his own
emolument, for he was soon after made

01:03:34.720 --> 01:03:38.640
Bishop of Jesi, which was a new
declaration made by the Pope in their

01:03:38.640 --> 01:03:39.040
favour.

01:03:40.020 --> 01:03:43.540
Their books were now esteemed more than
ever, their method was more followed,

01:03:43.740 --> 01:03:47.640
and the novelty of it, with the new
approbation given after so vigorous an

01:03:47.640 --> 01:03:52.420
accusation by the Jesuits, all contributed
to raise the credit and increase the

01:03:52.420 --> 01:03:53.340
number of the party.

01:03:55.120 --> 01:03:59.400
The behaviour of Father Petrucci in his
new dignity greatly contributed to

01:03:59.400 --> 01:04:03.060
increase his reputation, so that his
enemies were unwilling to give him any

01:04:03.060 --> 01:04:07.480
further disturbance, and indeed there was
less occasion given for censure by his

01:04:07.480 --> 01:04:09.080
writings than those of Moulinus.

01:04:10.140 --> 01:04:14.200
Some passages in the latter were not so
cautiously expressed, but there was room

01:04:14.200 --> 01:04:18.340
to make exceptions to them, while on the
other hand Petrucci so fully explained

01:04:18.340 --> 01:04:22.340
himself as easily to remove the objections
made to some parts of his letter.

01:04:23.400 --> 01:04:28.460
The great reputation acquired by Moulinus
and Petrucci occasioned a daily increase

01:04:28.460 --> 01:04:29.420
of the quietists.

01:04:30.200 --> 01:04:34.260
All who were thought sincerely devout,
or at least affected the reputation of it,

01:04:34.580 --> 01:04:35.860
were reckoned among the number.

01:04:36.620 --> 01:04:40.240
If these persons were observed to become
more strict in their lives and mental

01:04:40.240 --> 01:04:45.200
devotions, yet there appeared less zeal in
their whole deportment at the exterior

01:04:45.200 --> 01:04:49.080
parts of the church ceremonies,
they were not so assiduous at mass,

01:04:49.400 --> 01:04:53.560
nor so earnest to procure masses to be
said for their friends, nor were they so

01:04:53.560 --> 01:04:56.320
frequently either at confession or in
processions.

01:04:58.180 --> 01:05:02.200
Though the new approbation given to
Moulinus's book by the Inquisition had

01:05:02.200 --> 01:05:06.100
checked the proceedings of his enemies,
yet they were still inveterate against him

01:05:06.100 --> 01:05:09.100
in their hearts, and determined,
if possible, to ruin him.

01:05:09.800 --> 01:05:13.960
They insinuated that he had ill designs,
and was in his heart an enemy to the

01:05:13.960 --> 01:05:18.400
Christian religion, that under pretense of
raising men to a sublime strain of

01:05:18.400 --> 01:05:22.540
devotion, he intended to erase from their
minds a sense of the mysteries of

01:05:22.540 --> 01:05:23.060
Christianity.

01:05:24.140 --> 01:05:27.840
And because he was a Spaniard,
they gave out that he was descended from a

01:05:27.840 --> 01:05:32.180
Jewish or Mohammedan race, and that he
might carry in his blood, or in his first

01:05:32.180 --> 01:05:37.440
education, some seeds of those religions
which he had since cultivated with no less

01:05:37.440 --> 01:05:38.400
art than zeal.

01:05:39.320 --> 01:05:44.040
This last calumny gained but little credit
at Rome, though it was said an order was

01:05:44.040 --> 01:05:47.760
sent to examine the registers of the place
where Moulinus was baptised.

01:05:49.660 --> 01:05:53.300
Moulinus, finding himself attacked with
great vigour and the most unrelenting

01:05:53.300 --> 01:05:58.120
malice, took every necessary precaution to
prevent these imputations being credited.

01:05:58.920 --> 01:06:03.360
He wrote a treatise entitled Frequent and
Daily Communion, which was likewise

01:06:03.360 --> 01:06:06.040
approved by some of the most learned of
the Romish clergy.

01:06:07.080 --> 01:06:13.180
This was printed with his spiritual guide
in the year 1675, and in the preface to it

01:06:13.180 --> 01:06:16.540
he declared that he had not written it
with any design to engage himself in

01:06:16.540 --> 01:06:20.180
matters of controversy, but that it was
drawn from him by the earnest

01:06:20.180 --> 01:06:22.320
solicitations of many pious people.

01:06:24.240 --> 01:06:28.820
The Jesuits, failing in their attempts of
crushing Moulinus's power in Rome,

01:06:28.820 --> 01:06:32.600
applied to the Court of France,
when in a short time they so far

01:06:32.600 --> 01:06:37.260
succeeded, that an order was sent to
Cardinal Destrez, commanding him to

01:06:37.260 --> 01:06:39.420
prosecute Moulinus with all possible
rigour.

01:06:40.460 --> 01:06:45.720
The Cardinal, though so strongly attached
to Moulinus, resolved to sacrifice all

01:06:45.720 --> 01:06:48.280
that is sacred in friendship to the will
of his master.

01:06:49.400 --> 01:06:52.680
Finding, however, that was not sufficient
matter for an accusation against him,

01:06:53.260 --> 01:06:55.480
he determined to supply that defect
himself.

01:06:56.280 --> 01:07:00.660
He therefore went to the inquisitors and
informed them of several particulars not

01:07:00.660 --> 01:07:05.080
only relative to Moulinus, but also
Petrucci, both of whom, together with

01:07:05.080 --> 01:07:07.820
several of their friends, were put into
the inquisition.

01:07:09.080 --> 01:07:12.240
When they were brought before the
inquisitors, which was the beginning of

01:07:12.240 --> 01:07:17.320
the year 1684, Petrucci answered the
respective questions put to him with so

01:07:17.320 --> 01:07:21.720
much judgment and temper that he was soon
dismissed, and though Moulinus's

01:07:21.720 --> 01:07:25.680
examination was much longer, it was
generally expected he would have been

01:07:25.680 --> 01:07:28.760
likewise discharged, but this was not the
case.

01:07:30.340 --> 01:07:34.720
Though the inquisitors had not any just
accusation against him, yet they strained

01:07:34.720 --> 01:07:36.980
every nerve to find him guilty of heresy.

01:07:38.100 --> 01:07:41.420
They first objected to his holding a
correspondence in different parts of

01:07:41.420 --> 01:07:45.680
Europe, but of this he was acquitted,
as the matter of that correspondence could

01:07:45.680 --> 01:07:46.660
not be made criminal.

01:07:47.780 --> 01:07:51.500
They then directed their attention to some
suspicious papers found in his chamber,

01:07:51.500 --> 01:07:55.940
but Moulinus so clearly explained their
meaning that nothing could be made of them

01:07:55.940 --> 01:07:56.700
to his prejudice.

01:07:57.940 --> 01:08:02.920
At length, Cardinal de Tres, after
producing the orders sent him by the King

01:08:02.920 --> 01:08:07.120
of France for prosecuting Moulinus,
said he could prove against him more than

01:08:07.120 --> 01:08:09.740
was necessary to convince them he was
guilty of heresy.

01:08:11.100 --> 01:08:14.920
To do this, he perverted the meaning of
some passages in Moulinus's books and

01:08:14.920 --> 01:08:19.720
papers, and related many false and
aggravating circumstances relative to the

01:08:19.720 --> 01:08:20.000
prisoner.

01:08:21.060 --> 01:08:24.280
He acknowledged he had lived with him
under the appearance of friendship,

01:08:24.800 --> 01:08:28.560
but that it was only to discover his
principles and intentions, that he had

01:08:28.560 --> 01:08:32.500
found them to be of a bad nature,
and that dangerous consequences were

01:08:32.500 --> 01:08:33.420
likely to ensue.

01:08:33.940 --> 01:08:38.040
But in order to make a full discovery,
he had assented to several things which in

01:08:38.040 --> 01:08:42.540
his heart he detested, and that by these
means he saw into the secrets of Moulinus,

01:08:42.980 --> 01:08:47.100
but determined not to take any notice
until a proper opportunity should offer of

01:08:47.100 --> 01:08:48.640
crushing him and his followers.

01:08:50.760 --> 01:08:56.120
In consequence of de Tres's evidence,
Moulinus was closely confined by the

01:08:56.120 --> 01:09:00.680
Inquisition, where he continued for some
time, during which period all was quiet

01:09:00.680 --> 01:09:03.880
and his followers prosecuted their mode
without interruption.

01:09:05.360 --> 01:09:10.100
But on a sudden the Jesuits determined to
extirpate them, and the storm broke out

01:09:10.100 --> 01:09:11.780
with the most inveterate vehemence.

01:09:12.380 --> 01:09:17.180
The Count of Espignani and his lady,
Don Paolo Rocchi, confessor to the

01:09:17.180 --> 01:09:22.220
Principle Gese, and some of his family,
with several others, in all seventy

01:09:22.220 --> 01:09:27.180
persons, were put into the Inquisition,
among whom many were highly esteemed for

01:09:27.180 --> 01:09:28.580
their learning and piety.

01:09:29.760 --> 01:09:34.660
The accusation laid against the clergy was
their neglecting to say the breviary,

01:09:35.180 --> 01:09:38.260
and the rest were accused of going to the
communion without first attending

01:09:38.260 --> 01:09:38.840
confession.

01:09:40.080 --> 01:09:44.440
In a word, it was said they neglected all
the exterior parts of religion and gave

01:09:44.440 --> 01:09:47.240
themselves up wholly to solitude and
inward prayer.

01:09:48.980 --> 01:09:53.340
The Countess of Espignani exerted herself
in a very particular manner on her

01:09:53.340 --> 01:09:55.100
examination before the Inquisitors.

01:09:55.780 --> 01:09:59.220
She said she had never revealed her method
of devotion to any mortal but her

01:09:59.220 --> 01:10:03.550
confessor, and that it was impossible they
should know it without his discovering the

01:10:03.550 --> 01:10:07.730
secret, that therefore it was time to give
over going to confession if priests made

01:10:07.730 --> 01:10:11.350
this use of it, to discover the most
secret thoughts entrusted to them,

01:10:11.810 --> 01:10:14.610
and that for the future she would only
make her confession to God.

01:10:16.250 --> 01:10:20.410
From this spirited speech, and the great
noise made in consequence of the

01:10:20.410 --> 01:10:24.890
Countess's situation, the Inquisitors
thought it most prudent to dismiss both

01:10:24.890 --> 01:10:29.410
her and her husband, lest the people might
be incensed, and what she said might

01:10:29.410 --> 01:10:30.810
lessen the credit of confession.

01:10:31.570 --> 01:10:35.190
They were therefore both discharged,
but bound to appear whenever they should

01:10:35.190 --> 01:10:35.890
be called upon.

01:10:37.650 --> 01:10:41.690
Besides those already mentioned,
such was the inveteracy of the Jesuits

01:10:41.690 --> 01:10:46.210
against the Quietists, that within the
space of a month upwards of two hundred

01:10:46.210 --> 01:10:50.450
persons were put into the Inquisition,
and that method of devotion which had

01:10:50.450 --> 01:10:54.810
passed in Italy as the most elevated to
which mortals could aspire was deemed

01:10:54.810 --> 01:10:58.730
heretical, and the promoters of it
confined in a wretched dungeon.

01:11:00.790 --> 01:11:05.950
In order, if possible, to extirpate
Quietism, the Inquisitors sent a circular

01:11:05.950 --> 01:11:10.790
letter to Cardinal Cibo, as the chief
minister, to disperse it through Italy.

01:11:11.490 --> 01:11:15.590
It was addressed to all prelates,
informed them that whereas many schools

01:11:15.590 --> 01:11:19.570
and fraternities were established in
several parts of Italy, in which some

01:11:19.570 --> 01:11:23.530
persons, under the pretense of leading
people into the ways of the Spirit and to

01:11:23.530 --> 01:11:27.550
the prayer of Quietness, instilled into
them many abominable heresies,

01:11:28.210 --> 01:11:33.210
therefore a strict charge was given to
dissolve all those societies and to oblige

01:11:33.210 --> 01:11:38.630
the Spiritual Guide to tread in the known
paths, and in particular to take care that

01:11:38.630 --> 01:11:41.830
none of that sort should be suffered to
have the direction of the nunneries.

01:11:42.950 --> 01:11:46.850
Orders were likewise given to proceed in
the way of justice against those who

01:11:46.850 --> 01:11:49.490
should be found guilty of these abominable
errors.

01:11:51.670 --> 01:11:56.510
After this, a strict inquiry was made into
all the nunneries of Rome, when most of

01:11:56.510 --> 01:11:59.870
their directors and confessors were
discovered to be engaged in this new

01:11:59.870 --> 01:12:00.210
method.

01:12:00.990 --> 01:12:04.730
It was found that the Carmelites,
the nuns of the Conception and those of

01:12:04.730 --> 01:12:08.510
several other convents, were wholly given
up to prayer and contemplation,

01:12:08.930 --> 01:12:12.730
and that instead of their beads and the
other devotions to saints or images,

01:12:13.250 --> 01:12:17.830
they were much alone and often in the
exercise of mental prayer, that when they

01:12:17.830 --> 01:12:21.710
were asked why they had laid aside the use
of their beads and their ancient forms,

01:12:22.210 --> 01:12:25.350
their answer was that their directors had
advised them to do so.

01:12:27.070 --> 01:12:30.670
Information of this being given to the
Inquisition, they sent orders that all

01:12:30.670 --> 01:12:34.670
books written in the same strain with
those of Molinus and Petrucci should be

01:12:34.670 --> 01:12:38.410
taken from them, and that they should be
compelled to return to their original form

01:12:38.410 --> 01:12:38.950
of devotion.

01:12:41.110 --> 01:12:46.270
The circular letters sent to Cardinal Cibo
produced but little effect, for most of

01:12:46.270 --> 01:12:48.930
the Italian bishops were inclined to
Molinus's method.

01:12:49.630 --> 01:12:53.390
It was intended that this, as well as all
other orders from the Inquisitors,

01:12:53.490 --> 01:12:54.370
should be kept secret.

01:12:55.230 --> 01:12:59.450
But notwithstanding all their care,
copies of it were printed and dispersed in

01:12:59.450 --> 01:13:01.010
most of the principal towns in Italy.

01:13:01.810 --> 01:13:05.570
This gave great uneasiness to the
Inquisitors, who used every method they

01:13:05.570 --> 01:13:08.370
could to conceal their proceedings from
the knowledge of the world.

01:13:08.950 --> 01:13:13.330
They blamed the Cardinal and accused him
of being the cause of it, but he retorted

01:13:13.330 --> 01:13:15.890
on them and his secretary laid the fault
on both.

01:13:18.010 --> 01:13:21.510
During these transactions, Molinus
suffered great indignities from the

01:13:21.510 --> 01:13:25.370
officers of the Inquisition, and the only
comfort he received was from being

01:13:25.370 --> 01:13:27.490
sometimes visited by Father Petrucci.

01:13:28.930 --> 01:13:32.230
Though he had lived in the highest
reputation in Rome for some years,

01:13:32.550 --> 01:13:37.130
he was now as much despised as he had been
admired, being generally considered as one

01:13:37.130 --> 01:13:38.350
of the worst of heretics.

01:13:39.810 --> 01:13:43.710
The greater part of Molinus's followers,
who had been placed in the Inquisition,

01:13:44.130 --> 01:13:45.950
having abjured his mode, were dismissed.

01:13:46.610 --> 01:13:49.110
But a harder fate awaited Molinus,
their leader.

01:13:50.590 --> 01:13:54.930
After lying a considerable time in prison,
he was at length brought again before the

01:13:54.930 --> 01:13:58.570
Inquisitors to answer to a number of
articles exhibited against him from his

01:13:58.570 --> 01:13:58.970
writings.

01:13:59.810 --> 01:14:03.670
As soon as he appeared in court,
a chain was put round his body and a wax

01:14:03.670 --> 01:14:07.890
light in his hand, when two friars read
aloud the articles of accusation.

01:14:09.130 --> 01:14:12.710
Molinus answered each with great
steadiness and resolution, and

01:14:12.710 --> 01:14:16.870
notwithstanding, his arguments totally
defeated the force of all, yet he was

01:14:16.870 --> 01:14:20.750
found guilty of heresy and condemned to
imprisonment for life.

01:14:23.090 --> 01:14:26.930
When he left the court, he was attended by
a priest, who had borne him the greatest

01:14:26.930 --> 01:14:27.530
respect.

01:14:28.510 --> 01:14:32.290
On his arrival at the prison, he entered
the cell allotted for his confinement with

01:14:32.290 --> 01:14:36.370
great tranquillity, and on taking leave of
the priest thus addressed him,

01:14:37.130 --> 01:14:41.470
Adieu, Father, we shall meet again at the
Day of Judgment, and then it will appear

01:14:41.470 --> 01:14:44.930
on which side the truth is, whether on my
side or on yours.

01:14:46.550 --> 01:14:50.430
During his confinement he was several
times tortured in the most cruel manner,

01:14:51.050 --> 01:14:55.250
until at length the severity of the
punishments overpowered his strength and

01:14:55.250 --> 01:14:56.330
finished his existence.

01:14:57.710 --> 01:15:01.730
The death of Molinus struck such an
impression on his followers that the

01:15:01.730 --> 01:15:06.170
greater part of them soon abjured his
mode, and by the assiduity of the Jesuits

01:15:06.170 --> 01:15:09.770
quietism was totally extirpated throughout
the country.

01:15:14.440 --> 01:15:21.840
Chapter 7 An Account of the Life and
Persecutions of John Wycliffe It will not

01:15:21.840 --> 01:15:26.080
be inappropriate to devote a few pages of
this work to a brief detail of the lives

01:15:26.080 --> 01:15:30.840
of some of those men who first stepped
forward, regardless of the bigoted power

01:15:30.840 --> 01:15:35.220
which opposed all reformation,
to stem the tide of papal corruption and

01:15:35.220 --> 01:15:37.920
to seal the pure doctrines of the Gospel
with their blood.

01:15:39.020 --> 01:15:43.240
Among these Great Britain has the honour
of taking the lead, and first maintaining

01:15:43.240 --> 01:15:47.680
that freedom in religious controversy
which astonished Europe, and demonstrated

01:15:47.680 --> 01:15:51.380
that political and religious liberty are
equally the growth of that favoured

01:15:51.380 --> 01:15:51.700
island.

01:15:53.000 --> 01:15:56.380
Among the earliest of these eminent
persons was John Wycliffe.

01:15:58.040 --> 01:16:02.780
This celebrated reformer, denominated the
Morning Star of the Reformation,

01:16:03.500 --> 01:16:06.960
was born about the year 1324 in the reign
of Edward II.

01:16:07.800 --> 01:16:09.960
Of his extraction we have no certain
account.

01:16:10.960 --> 01:16:15.340
His parents, designing him for the Church,
sent him to Queen's College, Oxford,

01:16:15.740 --> 01:16:20.060
about that period founded by Robert
Eaglesfield, Confessor to Queen Philippa.

01:16:20.520 --> 01:16:24.460
But not meeting with the advantages for
study in that newly established house

01:16:24.460 --> 01:16:28.340
which he expected, he removed to Merton
College, which was then esteemed one of

01:16:28.340 --> 01:16:30.380
the most learned societies in Europe.

01:16:31.780 --> 01:16:35.980
The first thing which drew him into public
notice was his defence of the University

01:16:35.980 --> 01:16:40.760
against the begging friars, who about this
time, from their settlement in Oxford in

01:16:40.760 --> 01:16:44.120
1230, had been troublesome neighbours to
the University.

01:16:44.880 --> 01:16:48.540
Feuds were continually fermented,
the friars appealing to the Pope,

01:16:48.780 --> 01:16:53.600
the scholars to the and sometimes one
party and sometimes the other prevailed.

01:16:54.300 --> 01:16:57.900
The friars became very fond of a notion
that Christ was a common beggar,

01:16:58.260 --> 01:17:01.940
that his disciples were beggars also,
and that begging was of gospel

01:17:01.940 --> 01:17:02.660
institution.

01:17:03.220 --> 01:17:07.040
This doctrine they urged from the pulpit
and whenever they had access.

01:17:08.640 --> 01:17:12.680
Wycliffe had long held these religious
friars in contempt for the laziness of

01:17:12.680 --> 01:17:16.200
their lives, and had now a fair
opportunity of exposing them.

01:17:16.700 --> 01:17:21.100
He published a treatise against able
beggary, in which he lashed the friars and

01:17:21.100 --> 01:17:25.040
proved that they were not only a reproach
to religion, but also to human society.

01:17:25.840 --> 01:17:29.980
The University began to consider him one
of their first champions, and he was soon

01:17:29.980 --> 01:17:32.340
promoted to the mastership of Balliol
College.

01:17:33.900 --> 01:17:39.040
About this time, Archbishop Islip founded
Canterbury Hall in Oxford, where he

01:17:39.040 --> 01:17:41.120
established a warden and eleven scholars.