WEBVTT 00:04.200 --> 00:11.740 It was the age of humanism, the Renaissance, conquistadores, reformers. 00:12.640 --> 00:16.100 Europe was undergoing profound political change. 00:16.720 --> 00:22.260 It was the time of Ferdinand and Isabella, Suleiman the Magnificent, Charles V, 00:22.860 --> 00:27.180 John Calvin and Ignatius of Loyola. 00:27.640 --> 00:33.460 A man who walked a different path, but whose legacy may be even greater. 00:40.460 --> 00:42.640 This is Stoneyhurst. 00:43.920 --> 00:46.640 Stoneyhurst College in northwestern England. 00:47.150 --> 00:52.880 And the construction was begun by Sir Richard Shireburn in 1592. 00:54.040 --> 00:58.260 And 200 years later, his heirs gave the estate to the Jesuits. 00:59.640 --> 01:05.460 And this grand property became the new home of Stoneyhurst College. 01:06.180 --> 01:13.240 And for another 200 years, countless young men, or boys as they were affectionately 01:13.240 --> 01:15.660 known, have studied here. 01:15.980 --> 01:22.300 Now Stoneyhurst, at first glance, resembles any of the English boarding 01:22.300 --> 01:25.780 schools, or public schools, as they were known. 01:26.380 --> 01:37.820 Like others of its kind, the buildings are old, austere and isolated, and gristling 01:37.820 --> 01:38.580 with tradition. 01:40.880 --> 01:48.680 But Stoneyhurst College is unique, as it's part of an astonishing legacy that 01:48.680 --> 01:57.240 began 500 years ago, and about 700 miles from here, in the Basque region of 01:57.240 --> 01:57.980 northern Spain. 01:58.480 --> 02:04.580 You see, this school, and hundreds like it around the world, including scores of 02:04.580 --> 02:13.020 universities, owes its very existence to an intriguing Spanish Basque, by the name 02:13.020 --> 02:22.260 of Inigo López, or popularly known as Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the 02:22.260 --> 02:22.720 Jesuits. 02:23.920 --> 02:29.480 Yes, Ignatius was the founder of one of the most powerful, formidable, 02:29.700 --> 02:33.820 and indeed feared religious organisations in the world. 02:34.380 --> 02:42.060 In fact, so much so that in this country, in England, under Queen Elizabeth I, 02:43.320 --> 02:48.740 if you're a Jesuit, you could be hanged, drawn and quartered, if you were found on 02:48.740 --> 02:49.300 English soil. 02:50.640 --> 02:58.060 But Ignatius was first and foremost a spiritual reformer. 02:59.600 --> 03:05.600 But I, goes without saying, he was also a reformer beyond the spiritual. 03:06.820 --> 03:14.720 And on a closer look, so here was a man who was one of the historical figures of 03:14.720 --> 03:21.700 the Reformation, a major player in the shaping of what we know today as the 03:21.700 --> 03:26.380 Western world, and indeed in the shaping, perhaps, of the world. 03:27.200 --> 03:34.200 So, in the next hour, we'll try and find out who this Ignatius of Loyola was. 03:35.060 --> 03:41.060 A man who, as I say, was feared, but he was loved also. 03:41.900 --> 03:50.640 Yes, in his company of Jesus, they were even disbanded by Edict of the Pope in the 03:50.640 --> 03:51.680 18th century. 03:52.460 --> 03:58.340 And then they were saved by, you'll never guess who, the Empress of Russia, 03:59.100 --> 03:59.780 Catherine the Great. 04:01.540 --> 04:10.020 Yes, and we hope to shed just a little light, a little light on the thinking of 04:10.020 --> 04:15.240 Ignatius and to understand the motivations of his followers, and perhaps understand 04:15.240 --> 04:22.780 why, even today, the Jesuits are under constant watch from the Vatican. 04:24.080 --> 04:30.920 So we'll consider the extraordinary impact that Ignatius and his Jesuits have made, 04:31.020 --> 04:35.020 and continue to make, in the world today. 04:37.720 --> 04:43.720 Here, in the shadow of the grey rock of Izaretz, in the foothills of the Ernio 04:43.720 --> 04:50.340 mountains, in the Basque region of northern Spain, in Igolopeth, Ignatius 04:50.340 --> 04:54.080 Loyola was born, the last of 13 children. 04:58.530 --> 05:05.390 The date was 1491, just one year before Columbus set sail for the New World. 05:08.560 --> 05:14.660 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were building Spain into the superpower of the 05:14.660 --> 05:15.660 16th century. 05:16.220 --> 05:17.820 Yes, it was an eventful time. 05:20.520 --> 05:23.440 And this is where the young Inigo grew up. 05:23.980 --> 05:29.280 Terraced hills, haystacks, farmland, and like all the young men of the family, 05:29.420 --> 05:33.000 Inigo was instructed in the ways of the Loyolas. 05:34.640 --> 05:40.340 He was born here, in this house, the Loyola castle, or as it was sometimes 05:40.340 --> 05:42.660 called, the tower house. 05:43.720 --> 05:44.640 Yes, it's still there. 05:46.100 --> 05:48.180 The Loyolas were a very ancient family. 05:48.580 --> 05:53.040 It was at the end of the 14th century that this tower was built. 05:54.120 --> 05:58.680 The history of this tower, I would say, is the history of the whole Basque country 05:58.680 --> 06:00.920 and the whole of Europe, for that matter. 06:02.120 --> 06:06.860 We are pretty sure that the house was as it is now. 06:08.240 --> 06:11.500 The Loyolas were quite well-off, rather wealthy people. 06:11.700 --> 06:16.860 They could afford to keep a house like this, and they needed space for the large 06:16.860 --> 06:17.240 family. 06:18.200 --> 06:22.600 There were reception rooms, dining rooms, guest rooms, servants' quarters, 06:23.080 --> 06:27.420 a huge kitchen, of course, and there was even a private chapel. 06:33.380 --> 06:36.140 The Loyolas, you might say, were quite formidable. 06:37.660 --> 06:40.100 That family house doubled as a fortress too. 06:43.600 --> 06:47.620 Inigo's father and mother, they'd have married in the elaborate style of 06:47.620 --> 06:49.420 traditional custom and costume. 06:49.580 --> 06:53.760 After all, they were a nobility, part of the local ruling class. 06:54.500 --> 06:59.660 So, you see, Inigo was brought up in an atmosphere of wealth and privilege, 07:00.300 --> 07:04.760 a noble lineage in family and in faith. 07:05.660 --> 07:10.840 He was baptized in the Church of San Sebastian, and from that time forward his 07:10.840 --> 07:14.320 religious upbringing was constant and rigorous. 07:14.940 --> 07:19.380 His faith, like all Spaniards of his time, unquestioning. 07:22.140 --> 07:26.820 Ignatius, as a boy, used to listen to his father, the stories of chivalry, 07:27.440 --> 07:29.420 gallant knights and bold warriors. 07:31.000 --> 07:35.320 Indeed, he thought he might become a great soldier himself, in the spirit of Amadeus 07:35.320 --> 07:38.080 de Gaulle, a knight of the round table. 07:42.890 --> 07:47.670 He could see himself risking his life for family and friends, saving his town from 07:47.670 --> 07:53.170 the invading French, or defending the honor of some beautiful maiden. 07:57.580 --> 08:01.920 Inigo was a restless young man, impulsive, always ready for a fight, 08:02.160 --> 08:06.380 carousing and, yes, not unfamiliar with the ladies. 08:07.640 --> 08:13.080 He was arrested quite a few times and even described by one of the judges as cunning, 08:13.480 --> 08:15.380 violent and vindictive. 08:16.180 --> 08:22.300 He was an ordinary man of his time, in the sense that he had a deep faith, 08:22.680 --> 08:23.920 there is no doubt about that. 08:24.400 --> 08:31.280 He had a very religious mind, but his morals weren't precisely very defined, 08:32.340 --> 08:34.980 as most of the noblemen of the time. 08:35.460 --> 08:42.040 You see, so he was involved in certain scandals and all that, and that was quite 08:42.040 --> 08:43.080 normal in those days. 08:43.340 --> 08:48.720 Even his own father had two illegitimate children, so that was part of the morals 08:48.720 --> 08:51.180 of those days, and the way he was educated. 08:52.880 --> 08:54.900 Inigo describes himself in this way. 08:56.860 --> 09:01.200 Up to my 26th year, I was a man giving over to the vanities of the world, 09:01.400 --> 09:06.360 and I took a special delight in the exercise of arms with a great and vain 09:06.360 --> 09:08.420 desire of winning glory. 09:15.740 --> 09:22.380 Then something happened in 1521, something that changed the whole course of 09:22.380 --> 09:22.880 his life. 09:23.060 --> 09:28.380 Inigo was in charge of the citadel garrison in Pamplona, then under attack 09:28.380 --> 09:31.680 from the French, and there he was struck in the leg by cannon fire. 09:31.800 --> 09:34.980 It was a dreadful wound, took months to recover. 09:35.680 --> 09:40.140 Primitive surgery, of course, no anesthetic, and the leg never really 09:40.140 --> 09:44.360 healed, and Inigo walked with the limp for the rest of his life. 09:45.700 --> 09:51.760 Inigo was carried back on a stretcher to Loyola, almost 100 miles, a very painful 09:51.760 --> 09:53.140 journey, as you can well imagine. 09:55.620 --> 09:59.680 I was not able to stand upon that leg and so remain in bed. 10:00.060 --> 10:03.100 I asked for some books to help while away the time. 10:03.720 --> 10:07.520 I was given to read worldly books of fiction and knight errantry. 10:07.900 --> 10:09.580 They could find none of these. 10:10.140 --> 10:13.460 So I was given a life of Christ and the life of the saints. 10:14.040 --> 10:18.700 It was during this reading that these desires of imitating the saints came to 10:18.700 --> 10:18.940 me. 10:21.140 --> 10:27.060 And so Inigo set off from home, the beginning of a pilgrimage that was 10:27.060 --> 10:32.480 going to take him all over Europe and beyond, beyond into political and 10:32.480 --> 10:37.880 religious scrimmages that were going to affect his world, and indeed our own. 10:38.980 --> 10:42.660 A pilgrimage that was to go on for the rest of his life. 10:44.520 --> 10:47.460 The reformation was just about getting underway. 10:47.920 --> 10:50.500 Yeah, things were happening. 10:51.000 --> 10:56.900 Corruption in the papal court and other abuses in the church, new ideas, 10:57.080 --> 11:02.560 ideas of national consciousness brought about under the influence of humanism and 11:02.560 --> 11:09.140 the new learning, and of course the discovery of another world west of the 11:09.140 --> 11:09.880 Atlantic Ocean. 11:10.080 --> 11:17.220 All this was pointing to a new Europe, the new Europe emerging. 11:17.800 --> 11:24.920 The reformers, reformers, John Calvin, Martin Luther and the rest, they found 11:24.920 --> 11:30.940 their listeners, local lords seeking power and influence, and with the church in 11:30.940 --> 11:32.780 turmoil, of course, they found their opportunity. 11:33.180 --> 11:40.280 The so-called religious wars of the 16th and 17th centuries were hardly anything 11:40.280 --> 11:41.420 more than civil wars. 11:42.220 --> 11:47.500 Spain, on the other hand, remained staunchly, strongly Catholic. 11:48.920 --> 11:51.920 Yes, the reformation couldn't find a foothold there. 11:53.440 --> 12:01.180 Inigo was still some years away from his own revolutionizing activity, the founding 12:01.180 --> 12:10.860 of a new religious order, but he was more a mystic than an activist. 12:12.180 --> 12:16.380 Inigo, like Francis of Assisi, threw aside his upper-class cloak, 12:16.460 --> 12:20.340 he gave his clothes to a beggar and put on the pilgrim's outfit. 12:21.580 --> 12:26.260 He began living like a hermit in the woods, sleeping in caves and letting his 12:26.260 --> 12:28.620 hair and his fingernails grow long and dirty. 12:29.680 --> 12:35.460 Yes, and all this time he kept a journal, a journal of his reflections. 12:36.500 --> 12:41.280 He indulged in eccentric penances, prayed seven hours a day, and he began to 12:41.280 --> 12:43.700 have mystical experiences. 12:47.060 --> 12:52.640 Once, along the path that scours the river Cardonaire, I sat down, gazing at the 12:52.640 --> 12:54.100 waters that flowed below me. 12:54.860 --> 12:56.300 My eyes began to open. 12:56.860 --> 13:00.480 It was not a vision, but I was granted to understand many things. 13:01.100 --> 13:04.780 It is impossible to enumerate the details of what I heard then. 13:05.240 --> 13:09.180 It is enough to say that I received a great illumination from God. 13:10.680 --> 13:16.480 This event, more than anything else, was the source of an unremitting faith in 13:16.480 --> 13:18.700 God and of trust in himself. 13:19.900 --> 13:25.100 All his life Inigo kept a journal, Meditations on God, which became the 13:25.100 --> 13:26.920 famous Spiritual Exercises. 13:27.960 --> 13:32.680 What the Spiritual Exercises are, is a way of helping people discover just 13:32.680 --> 13:36.640 how God is speaking within them, and helping them learn to cooperate with 13:36.640 --> 13:37.440 that leading of God. 13:38.160 --> 13:41.180 Well, the idea is that a person is normally left on their own for a 13:41.180 --> 13:46.580 considerable amount of time, either for an hour or so every day, or for a complete 13:46.580 --> 13:48.520 period, perhaps of up to 30 days. 13:49.480 --> 13:54.040 They're left on their own in silence, and then they meet with a retreat giver, 13:54.340 --> 13:58.480 or a director, or a guide, for a period each day in which they talk about what 13:58.480 --> 14:01.980 they're experiencing in their periods of prayer, and the kinds of ways in which 14:01.980 --> 14:06.340 they are feeling attracted or repelled by the Gospel stories they're thinking about. 14:07.580 --> 14:11.220 But I think it's quite important to see that the Spiritual Exercises aren't just 14:11.220 --> 14:12.580 there to make people into Jesuits. 14:13.360 --> 14:17.620 They're for the whole Church, and for the whole people of God, and they're a way of 14:17.620 --> 14:20.460 helping every human person discover who they're meant to be under God. 14:22.000 --> 14:25.920 Following pilgrimages to Rome, Venice, Jerusalem, Inigo went to 14:25.920 --> 14:26.440 Barcelona. 14:27.100 --> 14:31.340 He was 33, and he decided now that what he needed was education. 14:32.100 --> 14:36.680 And he started from scratch, taking Latin, for instance, with a group of schoolboys. 14:38.080 --> 14:42.160 Later then, he went on to the Universities of Alcalá and Salamanca. 14:44.040 --> 14:49.020 Inigo was hauled up before the Inquisition more than once for preaching without 14:49.020 --> 14:49.540 credentials. 14:49.820 --> 14:54.660 So, after he was forbidden to teach without theological training, he went off 14:54.660 --> 14:55.780 to Paris to study. 14:57.340 --> 15:02.600 He managed to keep going, begging and so on, and he carried on with his preaching 15:02.600 --> 15:05.900 and also with good works while at the University of Paris. 15:06.400 --> 15:14.200 If you look at the educational history of the 16th century, there were four men who 15:14.200 --> 15:17.860 attended the College of Montaigu at the University of Paris. 15:17.960 --> 15:22.080 It was one of the most famous of the colleges of the old medieval University of 15:22.080 --> 15:22.400 Paris. 15:22.820 --> 15:28.800 It was known for the very harsh conditions in which the students lived and worked. 15:29.180 --> 15:34.840 In fact, it was, if you'll pardon my language, it was actually described as the 15:34.840 --> 15:38.040 cleft between the buttocks of Mother Church. 15:38.280 --> 15:40.640 That was what it was known to these irreverent students. 15:41.260 --> 15:49.260 And among its four most famous alumni were Erasmus, Calvin, Ignatius Loyola, 15:49.860 --> 15:50.800 and Rabelais. 15:51.260 --> 15:57.620 And it's very interesting that Erasmus and Rabelais hated the place and never forgot 15:57.620 --> 15:59.920 how much they'd hated it the rest of their lives. 16:00.140 --> 16:01.180 These were the two liberals. 16:01.580 --> 16:05.520 The two toughies, Calvin and Ignatius Loyola, loved it. 16:06.320 --> 16:13.140 June 1534, in the chapel of underneath the martyr, Ignatius, he was called Ignatius 16:13.140 --> 16:18.500 now, and his companions vowed to give themselves to a life of poverty and, 16:18.900 --> 16:20.800 if possible, to make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. 16:21.380 --> 16:25.020 If not, then they'd go to Rome and put themselves at the service of the Pope. 16:25.960 --> 16:31.820 The company of Jesus, as they called themselves, were ordained, and finally 16:31.820 --> 16:33.800 they decided they'd go to Rome. 16:35.000 --> 16:38.600 You must remember, religious orders were not all that popular at the time. 16:38.960 --> 16:42.620 They were under severe criticism, even in Rome, for corruption. 16:43.260 --> 16:46.580 And there was talk among the hierarchy of suppressing most of the orders. 16:46.840 --> 16:50.460 So, as you can well believe, when Ignatius and his little flock arrived in Rome, 16:51.100 --> 16:53.460 they found themselves up against stiff opposition. 16:54.980 --> 16:59.540 However, they did make an impression on the papal court, a strong impression, 17:00.440 --> 17:05.100 organizing help for the poor and starving in that heavy winter of 1538-39. 17:05.620 --> 17:08.940 They went out into the streets of Rome, actually seeking out the homeless, 17:09.600 --> 17:11.700 and gathering up the most desperate cases. 17:12.200 --> 17:15.540 They fed and nursed and sheltered countless people. 17:16.840 --> 17:24.140 Finally, in 1540, Pope Paul III approved the plan and, with the document Regimini 17:24.140 --> 17:29.920 militantis ecclesiae, the Society of Jesus, as it was now officially called, 17:30.340 --> 17:31.040 was launched. 17:31.920 --> 17:38.080 Ignatius, now just about 50, lived here in these modest rooms, where he worked and 17:38.080 --> 17:39.500 prayed for the rest of his life. 17:40.240 --> 17:42.660 This is Ignatius's office, restored. 17:43.840 --> 17:48.860 He used this file cabinet, chair and desk, and this is where, from here, he directed 17:48.860 --> 17:52.340 his Jesuits in their unwavering service to the papacy. 17:53.180 --> 17:58.260 The following rules should be observed to foster the true attitude of mind we ought 17:58.260 --> 17:59.900 to have in the militant. 18:00.380 --> 18:05.220 If we wish to proceed securely in all things, we must hold fast to the following 18:05.220 --> 18:05.800 principle. 18:06.400 --> 18:11.820 What seems to me white, I will believe black, if the hierarchical church so 18:11.820 --> 18:12.280 defines. 18:13.540 --> 18:20.120 By the time Inigo died, in 1556, a thousand men had become Jesuits. 18:20.920 --> 18:24.220 The population was increasing, there were more and more young men around, 18:24.220 --> 18:28.820 and the clever ones and the energetic ones, they wanted something exciting and 18:28.820 --> 18:29.840 important to do. 18:30.400 --> 18:32.520 And Saint Ignatius offered them this. 18:33.080 --> 18:37.500 First of all, they tended to be recruited from the upper classes and the upper 18:37.500 --> 18:38.180 middle classes. 18:38.340 --> 18:44.620 They were people who came from assured, confident, and on the whole wealthy 18:44.620 --> 18:45.360 backgrounds. 18:45.860 --> 18:49.780 So they could talk to the great men on terms of equality. 18:49.780 --> 18:53.000 And this has always been a very important thing about the Jesuits. 18:53.100 --> 18:55.900 They are very urbane, they're men of the world. 18:56.120 --> 18:59.200 They're not cloistered in any way, they move out into the world and they 18:59.200 --> 19:02.000 know, they speak the language of the powerful and the great. 19:02.820 --> 19:07.700 Secondly, they were, and this was a very important aspect of Saint Ignatius' 19:07.860 --> 19:11.700 teaching, they were very, very carefully trained. 19:12.180 --> 19:15.640 Their training took a long time, it was very strict, it was very thorough, 19:15.820 --> 19:16.880 and it was very successful. 19:16.880 --> 19:21.540 Perhaps of all their works, the Jesuits are best known as educators. 19:22.160 --> 19:25.740 Everywhere they went, they set up colleges and universities. 19:26.000 --> 19:31.200 This school, the Gregorian University in Rome, stands as the preeminent example of 19:31.200 --> 19:32.860 the Jesuit educational system. 19:33.600 --> 19:39.020 Right from the beginning, Jesuits felt that one should think as well as love and 19:39.020 --> 19:44.380 that study and personal commitment were complementary rather than contradictory. 19:45.800 --> 19:50.980 And why that was so, I think the secret is in that group around Ignatius who founded 19:50.980 --> 19:51.600 the Jesuits. 19:52.420 --> 19:57.260 They were at the best university of their time, Paris, and that gave us an 19:57.260 --> 19:58.840 orientation that's never left us. 19:59.540 --> 20:02.380 It was founded by Ignatius in 1551. 20:03.040 --> 20:08.880 Today, there are over 400 high schools, colleges, universities all over the world, 20:09.540 --> 20:13.320 and about a third of all Jesuits are educators. 20:14.300 --> 20:19.200 Ignatius saw the development of the human mind as essential and natural to the 20:19.200 --> 20:23.200 fostering of the spiritual life, theology, and secular learning as being 20:23.200 --> 20:25.260 complementary, not contradictory. 20:26.060 --> 20:30.860 Since the days of Ignatius, the Gregorian University has grown into a consortium of 20:30.860 --> 20:34.360 schools with students, men and women, from all over the world. 20:36.460 --> 20:41.220 The Biblical Institute is a highly respected school for the study of 20:41.220 --> 20:41.660 scripture. 20:43.400 --> 20:48.680 The Orientalia Institute, set up during the first world war, has preserved the 20:48.680 --> 20:53.440 religious spirit and traditions of eastern Catholics, even during the communist 20:53.440 --> 20:54.080 persecution. 20:54.960 --> 21:01.980 Today, since the demise of Marxism, this school is redefining itself in the 21:01.980 --> 21:03.780 service of the church in eastern Europe. 21:04.900 --> 21:10.360 And Ignatius wanted this university to be literally a university for the world, 21:10.480 --> 21:13.500 and it certainly carried through that dream of his. 21:13.780 --> 21:18.100 It's a university that has students from something like a hundred nations. 21:18.980 --> 21:22.280 Of course, now there are students that come from Latin America, from Asia, 21:22.440 --> 21:22.960 from Africa. 21:23.460 --> 21:27.780 In his day, the students were recruited almost exclusively from Europe itself. 21:28.260 --> 21:33.800 The earliest Jesuits were great intellectual and educational innovators. 21:34.460 --> 21:42.160 They brought to the skills of educating a tremendous sense of discipline and a 21:42.160 --> 21:43.220 uniform pattern. 21:43.500 --> 21:45.980 Ignatius didn't really know what he wanted to do. 21:46.120 --> 21:50.700 He knew he wanted to fight the Protestant attack on the church. 21:51.480 --> 21:56.100 He was a soldier, and he wanted to fight it with a disciplined force, and therefore 21:56.100 --> 21:57.820 he wanted to create such a force. 21:58.100 --> 22:00.960 But he didn't quite know, to begin with, what they ought to do. 22:01.600 --> 22:06.260 His first idea was that they should act as stretcher bearers at the holy places and 22:06.260 --> 22:09.760 other shrines, look after the sick, and so on. 22:10.140 --> 22:14.980 And almost by accident, he got into the business of high-powered education. 22:15.740 --> 22:20.020 And that essentially is what the Society of Jesus was and is about. 22:20.620 --> 22:27.460 In the 16th century, in the 17th century, for any Catholic prince in Europe who was 22:27.460 --> 22:32.380 prepared to fight the Reformation and to fight the Protestants, he would provide, 22:32.840 --> 22:35.880 and the Jesuits who followed him, would provide a religious service. 22:36.040 --> 22:40.040 They'd set up a university, they'd set up a primary school, they'd set up secondary 22:40.040 --> 22:46.240 schools, any kind of school from the earliest age right up to early manhood. 22:46.400 --> 22:48.840 They would set up an educational service. 22:49.140 --> 22:52.640 All the prince or the court or the government had to do was to provide the 22:52.640 --> 22:52.880 money. 22:53.180 --> 22:55.840 The Jesuits would provide the expertise and the teachers. 22:56.360 --> 23:01.740 And then after people had left university, they would provide a lifetime service of 23:01.740 --> 23:02.720 the confessional. 23:02.720 --> 23:08.520 The Jesuits supplied very skilled, able, highly trained people who were the 23:08.520 --> 23:10.840 confessors of the great. 23:11.480 --> 23:15.680 Whether they were kings, emperors, princes, archbishops, cardinals, 23:16.180 --> 23:20.180 anyone who held great power in society could get a Jesuit confessor and the 23:20.180 --> 23:22.040 Jesuit would guide him behind the scenes. 23:23.120 --> 23:28.420 After some diplomatic maneuvering, Emperor Charles V and Pope Paul III 23:28.420 --> 23:33.180 finally agreed to convene a council to deal with problems within the church. 23:34.300 --> 23:39.360 Now this council at Trent in the Italian Alps was trying to reform the church on 23:39.360 --> 23:43.400 the inside, at the same time tried to counter the advances of the Protestant 23:43.400 --> 23:49.020 reformers and set the tone for meeting up with Protestantism over the next 400 23:49.020 --> 23:49.760 years. 23:50.720 --> 23:56.280 The Jesuits were at Trent, the Pope sent them there as advisors, setting up 23:56.280 --> 24:00.860 agendas, influencing decisions, the Jesuits made their presence felt. 24:01.520 --> 24:08.420 Two men who were sent as theological advisors to the bishops by Saint Ignatius 24:08.420 --> 24:17.540 with the Pope's sponsorship, these two men, James Lainez and Alphonse Salmeron, 24:18.160 --> 24:21.020 had considerable influence. 24:21.940 --> 24:28.620 They had influence because they were well educated, graduates of the University of 24:28.620 --> 24:35.520 Paris, they had studied patristic theology, they knew the writings of the 24:35.520 --> 24:42.260 early fathers of the church, and they were strong opponents of the Lutheran version 24:42.260 --> 24:43.140 of Christianity. 24:44.460 --> 24:49.320 The Jesuits were seen as enemies of the Protestants and the Council of Trent, 24:49.480 --> 24:53.420 being so strongly opposed to criticism from the reformers, was thought to be 24:53.420 --> 24:55.560 overprotective of the Catholic Church. 24:55.660 --> 25:01.260 So the Jesuits were seen even as creatures of Satan, demonic spew in the guise of 25:01.260 --> 25:01.640 priests. 25:02.240 --> 25:04.600 Yes, they were very much feared by the reformers. 25:05.600 --> 25:07.520 They feared them because they were so successful. 25:08.380 --> 25:14.780 You see, you have to remember that in the mid-16th century, it was a matter of some 25:14.780 --> 25:18.820 doubt, and certainly in the minds of most Protestants, as to whether the Catholic 25:18.820 --> 25:20.440 Church could survive at all. 25:21.020 --> 25:24.400 The Reformation had been very successful in many parts of the world. 25:24.640 --> 25:26.600 They felt they were the wave of the future. 25:27.520 --> 25:33.560 What the Jesuits did was to not only, as it were, draw a line and say, 25:34.000 --> 25:37.920 below that line, I'm talking geographically in Europe, no Protestants 25:37.920 --> 25:41.420 shall pass, but they actually went on to the counter-offensive. 25:42.100 --> 25:49.300 And as a result of their activities, both during the second half of the 16th 25:49.300 --> 25:54.440 century in the first place, when they were consolidating Catholic power in Italy and 25:54.440 --> 25:58.820 Spain, and to some extent in France, that was the first phase. 25:58.900 --> 26:01.980 But then in the second phase during the Thirty Years' War, when they 26:01.980 --> 26:07.780 re-consolidated Catholic power in Austria and southern Germany, and thirdly in 26:07.780 --> 26:13.360 France itself under Louis XIV, where they effectively swung the and the 26:13.360 --> 26:16.660 monarchy against the Huguenots, against the Protestant element there, 26:16.820 --> 26:20.940 and drove them out through the Edict of Nantes in the 1680s. 26:21.140 --> 26:26.100 So during those three phases, in all of which the Catholics recovered lost ground 26:26.100 --> 26:32.000 and even drove into the Protestant bastions, the Jesuits had been probably 26:32.000 --> 26:35.780 the most active instrument in the hands of the papacy. 26:36.140 --> 26:38.920 So the Protestants feared them because they were highly successful. 26:39.200 --> 26:46.080 They were the elite, the praetorian guard, the spiritual army of a resurgent 26:46.080 --> 26:46.720 Catholicism. 26:46.820 --> 26:49.480 So that's why the Protestants feared and hated them. 26:50.780 --> 26:54.120 As the effect of the inside reform, stemming from the Council of Trent, 26:54.240 --> 26:58.960 spread and spread throughout the world, Ignatius of Loyola was labeled by the 26:58.960 --> 27:03.020 Protestants, Mark you, as the architect of the Counter-Reformation. 27:04.400 --> 27:09.520 To some extent it is true that he was the architect of the Counter-Reformation. 27:10.460 --> 27:14.640 Certainly what he did was to turn the Reformation on its head. 27:15.680 --> 27:21.580 That is to say, he created poles of attraction to fight the undoubted 27:21.580 --> 27:23.580 attraction of the Puritan spirit. 27:24.000 --> 27:27.040 The Puritan spirit attracted through simplicity. 27:27.640 --> 27:30.840 He created an attraction of complexity. 27:48.160 --> 27:51.460 Ignatius and his Jesuits inspired the Baroque. 27:52.420 --> 27:58.580 Their celebration of faith in music, art, architecture was lavish, truly 27:58.580 --> 28:00.760 theatrical and sensual. 28:29.740 --> 28:35.660 So in very large parts of Europe, particularly Italy, Spain, France, 28:36.120 --> 28:43.020 southern Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, this Jesuit aesthetic, 28:43.360 --> 28:47.820 as opposed to the Puritan aesthetic, had a tremendous success. 29:53.990 --> 29:58.110 Stoneyhurst is quite international with students from all parts of the world. 29:58.250 --> 30:03.130 At the same time it's very British and this does make sense. 30:03.290 --> 30:07.070 You see, the Jesuits have always adapted to the local culture. 30:07.770 --> 30:12.790 So Stoneyhurst is just as British as any other English public school, just as a 30:12.790 --> 30:16.250 Jesuit school in Spain would be thoroughly Spanish. 30:17.150 --> 30:22.070 However, one characteristic is the same in any Jesuit school. 30:22.450 --> 30:24.690 They're very serious about education. 30:25.030 --> 30:30.230 Ignatius believed that all children, whether of noble lineage or common stock, 30:30.910 --> 30:33.570 should have first-rate academic training. 30:34.370 --> 30:40.330 His idea, his educational plan, was a blending of the arts and sciences 30:40.330 --> 30:42.990 with strong theological backing. 30:43.690 --> 30:47.270 The ideal student would be keen of intellect and morally sound. 30:49.270 --> 30:53.430 Training at Stoneyhurst is traditional and also individual. 30:53.670 --> 30:56.790 Have a look at Father Channing Pearce and his students' treehouse project. 30:57.370 --> 31:02.050 Well, I first came to Stoneyhurst actually as a boy of eight, which was a long time 31:02.050 --> 31:02.310 ago. 31:03.570 --> 31:09.270 I see anything to do with nature as being civilising. 31:10.510 --> 31:13.750 That is, it tends to bring out what is real in people. 31:15.090 --> 31:20.650 And I think that a very important part of education is getting your hands dirty, 31:21.310 --> 31:29.450 getting to real things instead of just words, and to be able to make something 31:30.010 --> 31:31.890 and to make a difference in your life. 31:32.390 --> 31:37.610 I think that that is all very Jesuit, you know, finding God in all things, 31:37.770 --> 31:41.110 and you've got to be where things are in order to find God. 31:47.810 --> 31:52.850 No one knows if this is true, but it has been said, give a Jesuit a boy that is 31:52.850 --> 31:54.870 seven and you'll have a Jesuit for life. 31:55.910 --> 32:01.430 We often get told about St. Ignatius by the Jesuits here, and they tell us a lot 32:01.430 --> 32:01.870 about him. 32:01.870 --> 32:06.910 Yeah, he was born in 1491 and things like that, and you pick it up as you go along 32:06.910 --> 32:11.030 until your knowledge of him increases when you leave. 32:11.530 --> 32:15.250 When he argued with people he was cunning and sly, it's described as. 32:15.630 --> 32:22.790 So I think it's very different for a holy man to be cunning and sly, so that way it 32:22.790 --> 32:24.770 gives me a different impression of Jesuits altogether. 32:27.030 --> 32:32.270 Well, I don't know much about St. Ignatius yet because we haven't done it, 32:32.890 --> 32:38.650 but all I've heard is the same as them, and also I know about his motto, 32:38.970 --> 32:40.730 Ad Memoriam Dei Gloriam. 32:41.050 --> 32:43.050 We have to write that on the top of our pages. 32:44.130 --> 32:48.250 When I first came to Stoneyhurst, I was struck by the enormity of the 32:48.250 --> 32:48.610 building. 32:48.890 --> 32:52.010 It seemed then to be such a huge place. 32:52.730 --> 32:57.530 Interestingly enough, Arthur Conan Doyle, who was an old boy of the college, 32:58.010 --> 33:02.330 described Stoneyhurst in Hound of the Baskervilles as Baskerville Hall. 33:03.110 --> 33:06.990 So it's some sort of impression of the place that you enter. 33:07.290 --> 33:09.370 It's quite a frightening but exciting feeling. 33:12.110 --> 33:16.310 The results of the Ignatian plan of education are the same the world over. 33:16.710 --> 33:17.030 Pride. 33:18.710 --> 33:23.910 You do feel a great sense of, yeah, I'm a Stoney boy. 33:24.810 --> 33:32.070 And you're known practically, your school is known around the country, probably 33:32.070 --> 33:32.870 around the world. 33:33.770 --> 33:41.950 And I know a lot of old boys from my country, Zambia, and they feel very proud 33:41.950 --> 33:46.390 about the fact that they went to Stoneyhurst, and what they did at 33:46.390 --> 33:48.370 Stoneyhurst, and what Stoneyhurst stands for. 33:48.370 --> 33:54.830 I think you have to really think very hard about it to notice it. 33:55.350 --> 34:01.110 But I think the sense of individualism that has actually evolved because of the 34:01.110 --> 34:05.130 Jesuits, it's a, their way of thinking tends to be, I think it's a totally 34:05.130 --> 34:08.370 different one than your average lay teachers. 34:09.090 --> 34:13.610 I think it's the it's the actual lay teachers themselves that have become 34:13.610 --> 34:19.110 influenced through the sort of Jesuit teaching that changes our lives perhaps 34:19.110 --> 34:24.730 slightly, makes us sort of strive for what we want, which is sort of the great Jesuit 34:24.730 --> 34:25.790 theme, I suppose. 34:27.950 --> 34:31.530 They have a sort of interesting, if you can call it method, it seems to 34:31.530 --> 34:35.210 work out that way, that a great emphasis is put on uniformity. 34:35.490 --> 34:40.530 You're all the same, you're all here together, more so when the school first 34:40.530 --> 34:40.910 began. 34:41.630 --> 34:47.670 And in that way people then tend to charge off more into individuality, try and break 34:47.670 --> 34:51.490 school uniform down for instance, which is like sillier dishes in a pocket 34:51.490 --> 34:52.050 handkerchief. 34:52.570 --> 34:59.190 But there is more of a stress here, I think, on being confident within 34:59.190 --> 35:04.690 yourself because you're almost suppressed into conformity and uniformity. 35:13.310 --> 35:18.830 When Queen Elizabeth II made an official visit to Stonyhurst College, Her Majesty 35:18.830 --> 35:24.610 greeted the Jesuits very warmly indeed, in marked contrast to her predecessor, 35:25.210 --> 35:26.130 Elizabeth I. 35:26.850 --> 35:33.270 The people who created the Elizabethan regime, including Queen Elizabeth herself, 35:33.890 --> 35:39.870 had lived through the very hazardous days of her half-sister Queen Mary, 35:40.490 --> 35:46.390 during which large numbers of Protestant extremists and militants had been tried 35:46.390 --> 35:51.770 and convicted and burnt at the stake, and others had been tortured and others 35:51.770 --> 35:55.370 had been exiled or had gone into exile, had fled. 35:55.750 --> 36:00.910 And those memories were still green, even towards the end of the reign, 36:00.970 --> 36:04.270 in the minds of many old people, including Queen Elizabeth herself. 36:04.990 --> 36:09.950 She was not an extremist, never had been, and she hated the idea of persecuting the 36:09.950 --> 36:10.190 church. 36:10.630 --> 36:14.150 But persecute she did, and priests had a price on their heads. 36:14.490 --> 36:18.790 At a stage like Harvington Hall here, people went to dangerous lengths to 36:18.790 --> 36:19.770 protect their priests. 36:20.930 --> 36:26.310 At that time, it was high treason for any Catholic priest to live and work in 36:26.310 --> 36:30.190 England, and punishment was hanging, drawing and quartering. 36:31.290 --> 36:36.350 So, in houses that were owned by Catholics, secret hiding places were 36:36.350 --> 36:41.250 built, in which the priests could hide in the event of raids by searchers. 36:41.910 --> 36:46.850 Harvington has the finest surviving series of such places anywhere in England. 36:47.350 --> 36:52.570 The most famous builder, Saint Nicholas Owen, was eventually caught only 10 miles 36:52.570 --> 36:53.130 from here. 36:54.490 --> 36:59.890 You need to remember that a house of this period didn't consist only of the state 36:59.890 --> 37:04.170 rooms, like the withdrawing room, or of the hiding places and the chapels. 37:05.310 --> 37:12.430 There was a large community of servants, as well as family, and this could cause 37:13.310 --> 37:15.470 serious difficulties in security. 37:16.690 --> 37:20.290 There are cases of priests who were betrayed by servants. 37:21.550 --> 37:27.770 Saint Edmund Campion, a Jesuit martyr, was betrayed by a cook in the house where 37:27.770 --> 37:28.630 he was staying. 37:29.370 --> 37:35.490 A spy came to the house, who was an old friend of the cook, and the cook said to 37:35.490 --> 37:42.790 him, will you go up, meaning to mass in the chapel, and so he did, and found that 37:42.790 --> 37:48.270 the priest there was the famous and much-wanted Jesuit, Edmund Campion, 37:48.370 --> 37:50.650 and so that was how he was arrested. 37:51.810 --> 37:56.970 One of the tricks of the searchers was to make a great clattering of feet and 37:56.970 --> 38:01.590 banging of doors, and then one of them would come round quietly and say, 38:01.950 --> 38:06.470 it was safe to come out now because the searchers had gone, thanks be to God. 38:07.150 --> 38:14.470 So to avoid that, the priest would not come out unless he recognised the voice of 38:14.470 --> 38:16.450 someone whom he knew. 38:18.070 --> 38:20.970 The house was surrounded by a large mob of men. 38:21.330 --> 38:23.730 The servant rushed up to my room and warned me. 38:24.030 --> 38:27.450 She made me come downstairs at once and showed me a hiding place underground. 38:27.750 --> 38:28.730 I got down into it. 38:28.790 --> 38:34.350 It was dark, dank, and cold, and so narrow I was forced to stand the entire time. 38:34.990 --> 38:37.630 They drew closer and I could hear practically every word they said. 38:38.130 --> 38:41.370 Here, look, they called out, a chalice and a missile. 38:42.210 --> 38:45.830 They demanded tools to break through the wall and panelling, and then one of them 38:45.830 --> 38:47.930 said, why waste time? 38:48.650 --> 38:50.630 There's not enough space here for a man. 38:52.290 --> 38:56.130 They were feared because they had been so successful elsewhere in Europe. 38:56.450 --> 39:01.030 They were highly trained, highly motivated, extremely skilful, and as the 39:01.030 --> 39:03.270 Potterson would say, very unscrupulous too. 39:03.910 --> 39:08.750 So all these were mixed together, hatred, fear, respect in a way, 39:09.070 --> 39:12.750 because they had to respect them as very efficient enemies, so that in a sense, 39:12.830 --> 39:17.450 to use a modern parallel, it was like the CIA or the British Secret Service fighting 39:17.450 --> 39:18.190 the KGB. 39:18.590 --> 39:22.270 These were very skilled opponents, and they fought them with terrific 39:22.270 --> 39:22.790 ruthlessness. 39:24.170 --> 39:28.110 When they were found on English soil, the sentence on these priests illustrates 39:28.110 --> 39:29.410 the savagery of government. 39:30.410 --> 39:35.350 You must go to the place from which you came, there to remain, until you shall be 39:35.350 --> 39:39.950 drawn through the open city of London, upon hurdles to the place of execution, 39:40.670 --> 39:46.490 and there be hanged, and let down alive, and your privy parts cut off, and your 39:46.490 --> 39:49.190 entrails taken out, and burnt in your sight. 39:50.050 --> 39:53.930 Then your heads to be cut off, and your bodies divided into four parts, 39:54.470 --> 39:56.730 to be disposed of at Her Majesty's pleasure. 39:57.730 --> 39:59.270 And God have mercy on your souls. 40:00.830 --> 40:04.510 But the Jesuits received more than just the wrath of the English. 40:05.150 --> 40:09.930 Later, in the 18th century, the rulers of Catholic Europe successfully pressured 40:09.930 --> 40:11.850 Pope Clement to suppress them. 40:12.510 --> 40:17.090 The stories told that the Pope's suppression of the Jesuits was due to 40:17.090 --> 40:21.230 Madame de Pompadour, the mistress of Louis XV of France. 40:22.030 --> 40:26.790 Apparently, Louis' Jesuit confessor wouldn't grant the King absolution, 40:27.290 --> 40:30.410 and as she gave up, well, gave up the affair. 40:31.730 --> 40:35.070 But the King chose to give up the Jesuits rather than the mistress. 40:35.670 --> 40:36.850 So much for folklore. 40:38.790 --> 40:45.750 The fact is that the Jesuits became involved in all the political intrigue of 40:45.750 --> 40:47.210 the courts of Catholic Europe. 40:48.450 --> 40:52.150 They became the professional diplomats of Christendom. 40:53.410 --> 40:59.530 This influence and power began to alarm other politically motivated people, 41:00.530 --> 41:08.230 and Pope Clement, Clement XIV, finally yielded to pressure from the 41:08.230 --> 41:09.250 Catholic crowns of Europe. 41:10.470 --> 41:14.450 And the Jesuits were dissolved in 1773. 41:15.590 --> 41:22.130 This struck at 23,000 Jesuits, almost as many as there are today. 41:23.090 --> 41:31.450 They closed 800 schools and ruined missionary work and scholarly endeavors 41:31.450 --> 41:32.370 just everywhere. 41:33.750 --> 41:38.170 In Russia, Empress Catherine the Great, more out of spite for the Pope than 41:38.170 --> 41:41.830 respect for the Jesuits, well, she wouldn't allow them to leave her 41:41.830 --> 41:42.230 country. 41:43.790 --> 41:49.790 Later, Pope Pius VII restored them in 1807, but by that time, the Jesuits had 41:49.790 --> 41:51.470 lost most of their political influence. 41:52.610 --> 41:56.890 Through all of this, the Jesuits were sustained by the spiritual exercises. 41:58.470 --> 42:05.110 Every Jesuit discovers his vocation through the exercises, and certainly the 42:05.110 --> 42:08.810 majority of Jesuits find that making a retreat every year based on these 42:08.810 --> 42:11.750 exercises is vital to their ongoing well-being. 42:13.010 --> 42:22.650 I was going through, I suppose, a lot of problems about who I am here at 42:22.650 --> 42:28.830 Stonyhurst, what I'm doing, am I anybody, am I a nobody? 42:29.690 --> 42:35.190 But there was an opportunity for a highline retreat, which is a day where you 42:35.190 --> 42:38.530 go off and you do a lot of reflection and meditation. 42:40.990 --> 42:43.190 Saint Ignatius would have done a lot of that. 42:44.270 --> 42:51.530 And we went down to a Jesuit house in the north of Wales, and just the opportunity 42:51.530 --> 43:00.850 to reflect and to think, to stop, and being able to think about who you are 43:00.850 --> 43:04.430 and where you're going helped me a lot. 43:04.990 --> 43:10.610 Perhaps it didn't solve my problems, but it taught me what the options were, 43:10.750 --> 43:11.490 where I could go. 43:12.930 --> 43:20.370 Ignatius basically gives you a set of ideas based on the Gospel, which you're 43:20.370 --> 43:22.410 meant to think about in roughly the same sort of order. 43:22.490 --> 43:28.110 You start off by reflecting on the mysteries of sin and our forgiveness, 43:29.430 --> 43:34.790 and then after about 10 days or so on those, you spend a long time thinking 43:34.790 --> 43:39.850 about the public life of our Lord, and move from that into the story of the 43:39.850 --> 43:41.450 Passion and from there to the Resurrection. 43:42.710 --> 43:44.570 Ignatius was more than a man of prayer. 43:45.290 --> 43:49.530 He embraced and promoted the philosophies and ideas born of humanism and the 43:49.530 --> 43:49.950 Renaissance. 43:50.930 --> 43:52.930 I think his timing was just right. 43:52.930 --> 43:59.670 I mean, he undergoes his conversion in the 1520s, and the new learning had been on 43:59.670 --> 44:03.490 the way since the middle or the latter part of the 15th century. 44:03.990 --> 44:10.230 So there were about 50 or 60 years of experiment behind him, and so he's coming 44:10.230 --> 44:15.390 on the scene when the new learning that had come from the East and from Florence 44:15.390 --> 44:18.710 had really gone through a kind of experimental period. 44:19.830 --> 44:27.350 We still have here outside Rome the Jesuit astronomers, and they, some of them teach 44:27.350 --> 44:31.550 every now and then at this university, and they remind me of people like Clavius 44:31.550 --> 44:33.610 who helped to reform the calendar. 44:33.710 --> 44:35.250 We call it the Gregorian calendar. 44:35.530 --> 44:40.310 And there were others in the 16th century, the great missionaries who tried to adapt 44:40.310 --> 44:45.350 the faith to ancient cultures, Matteo Ricci to China, Francis Xavier to 44:45.350 --> 44:47.770 Japan, de Nobile to India. 44:48.910 --> 44:54.710 Later Jesuits broadened the scope of their mission, the poet Cheryl Manley Hopkins, 44:55.850 --> 45:01.150 Thayer de Chardin, the archaeologist and visionary, former United States 45:01.150 --> 45:06.690 congressman Robert Drinan, the Louisiana union activist Louis Toomey. 45:07.810 --> 45:12.630 Still other Jesuits discovered the medicinal value of quinine, developed the 45:12.630 --> 45:16.950 magic lantern for a run of motion pictures, and they were the first to map 45:16.950 --> 45:20.890 out the moon, and to realize the earth circles the sun. 45:21.790 --> 45:27.550 Today the Jesuits continue to challenge the times, and not without controversy. 45:28.510 --> 45:31.950 I would say that the major thing that has happened is that we have become aware of 45:31.950 --> 45:33.690 the social sciences in this century. 45:34.410 --> 45:37.970 And we have seen that, for example, the call of the gospel isn't just an 45:37.970 --> 45:44.470 individual conversion, but also to a conversion of the structures within our 45:44.470 --> 45:48.530 society, both nationally and internationally, which caused some people 45:48.530 --> 45:49.530 to suffer acutely. 45:51.070 --> 45:55.010 For a long period we thought that, well, we had no insight into sciences such 45:55.010 --> 45:58.690 as economics or psychology or sociology, we just thought the world was built in a 45:58.690 --> 46:00.450 certain way and we couldn't do anything about it. 46:01.730 --> 46:06.370 With the discovery of the human sciences, we're beginning to see that actually we 46:06.370 --> 46:11.150 can affect the way our society is structured, sociologically, economically, 46:11.450 --> 46:16.890 ideologically, and that therefore the fulfillment of Christ's command of love 46:18.790 --> 46:22.070 involves a commitment to work at the structural level as well. 46:22.970 --> 46:27.590 Well, I think the Jesuits have caught the disease that the church is suffering from 46:27.590 --> 46:33.590 at present in a particularly virulent form, and I think they have lost their 46:33.590 --> 46:33.970 way. 46:34.870 --> 46:41.490 I think they have abandoned, or in practice if not in theory, the real 46:41.490 --> 46:47.330 purpose of their existence, which was to defend, to protect, and to advance the 46:47.330 --> 46:48.510 views of the papacy. 46:48.970 --> 46:53.090 That was their raison d'etre, and that is what they had always done with terrific 46:53.090 --> 46:54.930 loyalty and enormous success. 46:55.310 --> 46:59.390 And I think they have, in practice, tended to abandon that mission, 46:59.730 --> 47:01.370 particularly under the present pope. 47:02.030 --> 47:06.570 And instead they have done something which they have always been opposed to in the 47:06.570 --> 47:06.870 past. 47:06.950 --> 47:09.710 They've fallen for popular fads and fancies. 47:10.390 --> 47:15.050 They've gone for the spirit of the age and other transient phantoms. 47:15.650 --> 47:22.370 And in particular, they've adopted what I regard as a very foolish dictum, 47:22.930 --> 47:24.850 the option for the poor. 47:26.010 --> 47:28.810 There's nothing terribly new about the preferential option for the poor. 47:28.950 --> 47:31.790 I mean, Christian disciples have always been interested in the destitute and the 47:31.790 --> 47:32.270 marginalized. 47:33.110 --> 47:38.810 The new element, I think, that came in the 1970s was the sense that we could actually 47:38.810 --> 47:42.610 do something at the structural level as well as at the individual level. 47:42.850 --> 47:45.530 We could talk about works of justice as well as works of charity. 47:46.970 --> 47:49.270 I don't know what the option for the poor is. 47:49.330 --> 47:51.970 In theological terms, it's poppycock, in my view. 47:52.530 --> 47:57.210 I think it is just an excuse for adopting a number of left-wing secular policies. 47:57.670 --> 48:00.570 And that, I think, the Jesuits or some Jesuits have tended to do. 48:00.670 --> 48:01.730 So they've lost their way. 48:02.110 --> 48:08.030 They've ceased to be the great standby and bulwark of the papacy. 48:08.190 --> 48:12.890 And they have adopted a number of foolish left-wing fads and fancies. 48:13.370 --> 48:18.430 There's certainly a difference between the promotion of justice and subscribing to 48:18.430 --> 48:21.070 any vulgar left-wingery that just sort of happens to be around. 48:22.230 --> 48:26.930 But it certainly should be the case that we should be very, very critical of any 48:26.930 --> 48:30.390 kind of ideology, right-wing or left-wing, about how society is organized. 48:31.250 --> 48:35.990 But it remains the case that you cannot be serious about the following of Christ in 48:35.990 --> 48:42.430 our contemporary world unless you're also serious about trying to do serious work to 48:42.430 --> 48:44.110 change the structures which oppress people. 48:52.340 --> 48:55.580 I suppose if they were still alive, I might still be one of their critics in 48:55.580 --> 48:56.020 some ways. 48:57.100 --> 49:02.880 But there you could see people who had given their lives in the service of the 49:02.880 --> 49:04.700 gospel, in the service of what they saw was right. 49:04.880 --> 49:07.560 And I just felt immensely proud to be a member of that organization. 49:16.740 --> 49:18.700 I think his timing was just right. 49:23.060 --> 49:28.200 And also, I know about his motto, Ad Memoriam Dei Gloriam. 49:28.560 --> 49:30.520 We have to write that on the top of our pages. 49:32.780 --> 49:35.280 So they've lost their way, but they will find it again. 49:38.900 --> 49:42.100 And when he argued with people, he was cunning and sly. 49:45.340 --> 49:48.100 And I just felt immensely proud to be a member of that organization. 49:58.330 --> 50:01.650 Ignatius was born into a world not unlike our own. 50:02.170 --> 50:06.350 A world full of doubts and change. 50:07.790 --> 50:09.710 Global change, I think they call it. 50:10.010 --> 50:15.110 A world in which people needed leadership and continuity and strength. 50:16.130 --> 50:20.970 It was a world of political and religious extremists claiming to have all the 50:20.970 --> 50:22.610 answers to all the questions. 50:23.430 --> 50:25.170 A world of upheaval. 50:26.030 --> 50:29.270 A place where many lived in fear of violence. 50:30.410 --> 50:37.490 It was a time rather like our own of strange new diseases, spiritual as well as 50:37.490 --> 50:41.650 physical, and relentless old prejudices. 50:42.750 --> 50:49.410 And still places like Stonyhurst College here have a tradition of turning back, 50:50.570 --> 50:52.390 of looking back. 50:53.230 --> 50:59.250 Yes, back to the man where we look for him for answers even today. 51:00.590 --> 51:05.810 Perhaps the legacy of Ignatius is not in some simple maxim we can easily quote and 51:05.810 --> 51:09.110 say, that's why we still listen to him. 51:09.550 --> 51:14.310 No, perhaps his legacy is that he trusted to the individual. 51:15.290 --> 51:21.250 And he led others to believe that our hope lay in, or shall we say, developing the 51:21.250 --> 51:24.470 mind and our hearts, our spirits. 51:25.590 --> 51:27.290 Yes, our spirits. 51:27.350 --> 51:33.170 And he was confident that if we did so, this world, sometimes so dark and 51:33.170 --> 51:37.570 confusing, might one of these days be full of full of hope and life. 51:38.870 --> 51:46.270 And I think it can be said that there is always a Jesuit for every circumstance and 51:46.270 --> 51:47.070 every occasion. 51:48.990 --> 51:56.050 And looking back is sometimes a way of looking forward.