WEBVTT 00:01.050 --> 00:04.530 Book Four, Part One, of Eusebius' Church History, 00:12.850 --> 00:25.330 by Arthur Cushman MacGuifford. 00:26.110 --> 00:29.250 Book Four, Part One, Chapters One through Thirteen. 00:30.670 --> 00:37.570 Book Four, Chapter One, The Bishops of Rome and of Alexandria during the reign of 00:37.570 --> 00:38.030 Trajan. 00:39.330 --> 00:43.570 About the twelfth year of the reign of Trajan, the above-mentioned bishop of the 00:43.570 --> 00:48.490 parish of Alexandria died, and Primus, the fourth in succession from the 00:48.490 --> 00:50.750 Apostles, was chosen to the office. 00:52.090 --> 00:56.990 At that time also Alexander, the fifth in the line of succession from Peter and 00:56.990 --> 01:02.090 Paul, received the episcopate at Rome, after Everestus had held the office eight 01:02.090 --> 01:02.570 years. 01:03.990 --> 01:08.290 Chapter Two, The Calamities of the Jews during Trajan's reign. 01:09.190 --> 01:14.030 The teaching and the church of our Saviour flourished greatly and made progress from 01:14.030 --> 01:19.090 day to day, but the calamities of the Jews increased, and they underwent a constant 01:19.090 --> 01:20.290 succession of evils. 01:20.990 --> 01:24.990 In the eighteenth year of Trajan's reign there was another disturbance of the Jews, 01:24.990 --> 01:27.630 through which a great multitude of them perished. 01:28.930 --> 01:33.990 For in Alexandria and in the rest of Egypt, and also in Cyrene, as if incited 01:33.990 --> 01:38.390 by some terrible and factious spirit, they rushed into seditious measures 01:38.390 --> 01:40.630 against their fellow inhabitants, the Greeks. 01:41.790 --> 01:46.310 The insurrection increased greatly, and in the following year, while Lupus was 01:46.310 --> 01:50.530 governor of all Egypt, it developed into a war of no mean magnitude. 01:52.370 --> 01:56.390 In the first attack, it happened that they were victorious over the Greeks, 01:56.710 --> 02:00.590 who fled to Alexandria and imprisoned and slew the Jews that were in the city. 02:01.350 --> 02:05.930 But the Jews of Cyrene, although deprived of their aid, continued to plunder the 02:05.930 --> 02:10.210 land of Egypt and to devastate its districts, under the leadership of Lucius. 02:10.970 --> 02:15.710 Against them the emperor sent Marcius Turbo, with a foot and naval force and 02:15.710 --> 02:17.190 also with a force of cavalry. 02:19.110 --> 02:23.330 He carried on the war against them for a long time and fought many battles, 02:23.790 --> 02:28.290 and slew many thousands of Jews, not only those of Cyrene, but also of 02:28.290 --> 02:32.130 those who dwelt in Egypt and had come to the assistance of their king Lucius. 02:33.630 --> 02:38.390 But the emperor, fearing that the Jews in Mesopotamia would also make an attack upon 02:38.390 --> 02:42.450 the inhabitants of that country, commanded Lucius Quintus to clear the 02:42.450 --> 02:46.890 province of them, and he having marched against them slew a great multitude of 02:46.890 --> 02:51.470 those that dwelt there, and in consequence of his success he was made governor of 02:51.470 --> 02:52.710 Judea by the emperor. 02:53.730 --> 02:58.230 These events are recorded also in these very words by the Greek historians that 02:58.230 --> 03:00.010 have written accounts of those times. 03:01.670 --> 03:02.770 Chapter 3. 03:03.250 --> 03:07.090 The Apologists That Wrote in Defense of the Faith During the Reign of Adrian. 03:08.570 --> 03:13.630 After Trajan had reigned for nineteen and a half years, Aelius Adrian became his 03:13.630 --> 03:14.990 successor in the empire. 03:15.910 --> 03:20.170 To him Quadratus addressed a discourse containing an apology for our religion, 03:20.710 --> 03:23.670 because certain wicked men had attempted to trouble the Christians. 03:24.230 --> 03:28.690 The work is still in the hands of a great many of the brethren, as also in our own, 03:28.690 --> 03:33.090 and furnishes clear proofs of the man's understanding and of his apostolic 03:33.090 --> 03:33.950 orthodoxy. 03:35.070 --> 03:39.370 He himself reveals the early date at which he lived in the following words, 03:39.370 --> 03:43.290 but the works of our Savior were always present, for they were genuine. 03:43.850 --> 03:47.390 Those that were healed, and those that were raised from the dead, who were seen 03:47.390 --> 03:51.630 not only when they were healed and when they were raised, but were also always 03:51.630 --> 03:56.530 present, and not merely while the Savior was on earth, but also after his death, 03:56.950 --> 04:00.910 they were alive for quite a while, so that some of them lived even to our 04:00.910 --> 04:01.290 day. 04:02.010 --> 04:03.730 Such then was Quadratus. 04:05.710 --> 04:10.090 Aristides also, a believer earnestly devoted to our religion, left, 04:10.330 --> 04:13.970 like Quadratus, an apology for the faith addressed to Adrian. 04:14.570 --> 04:18.970 His work, too, has been preserved even to the present day by a great many persons. 04:26.350 --> 04:31.470 In the third year of the same reign, Alexander, Bishop of Rome, died after 04:31.470 --> 04:32.930 holding office ten years. 04:32.930 --> 04:35.450 His successor was Sistus. 04:36.150 --> 04:40.530 About the same time, Primus, Bishop of Alexandria, died in the twelfth year of 04:40.530 --> 04:43.130 his episcopate, and was succeeded by justice. 04:52.610 --> 04:57.290 The chronology of the bishops of Jerusalem I have nowhere found preserved in writing, 04:57.730 --> 05:00.410 for tradition says that they were all short-lived. 05:01.790 --> 05:05.750 But I have learned this much from writings, that until the siege of the 05:05.750 --> 05:10.170 Jews, which took place under Adrian, there were fifteen bishops in succession 05:10.170 --> 05:14.710 there, all of whom are said to have been of Hebrew descent, and to have received 05:14.710 --> 05:18.710 the knowledge of Christ in purity, so that they were approved by those who 05:18.710 --> 05:22.890 were able to judge of such matters, and were deemed worthy of the episcopate. 05:23.550 --> 05:27.790 For their whole church consisted then of believing Hebrews who continued from the 05:27.790 --> 05:32.470 days of the apostles until the siege which took place at this time, in which siege 05:32.470 --> 05:37.270 the Jews, having again rebelled against the Romans, were conquered after severe 05:37.270 --> 05:37.770 battles. 05:39.450 --> 05:44.350 But since the bishops of the circumcision ceased at this time, it is proper to give 05:44.350 --> 05:46.450 here a list of their names from the beginning. 05:47.070 --> 05:51.610 The first then was James, the so-called brother of the Lord, the second Simeon, 05:51.810 --> 05:57.670 the third Justice, the fourth Zacchaeus, the fifth Tobias, the sixth Benjamin, 05:58.150 --> 06:03.430 the seventh John, the eighth Matthias, the ninth Philip, the tenth Seneca, 06:03.970 --> 06:09.870 the eleventh Justice, the twelfth Levi, the thirteenth Ephras, the fourteenth 06:09.870 --> 06:12.790 Joseph, and finally the fifteenth Judas. 06:14.490 --> 06:18.970 These are the bishops of Jerusalem that lived between the age of the apostles and 06:18.970 --> 06:22.590 the time referred to, all of them belonging to the circumcision. 06:24.350 --> 06:28.990 In the twelfth year of the reign of Adrian, Zistus, having completed the tenth 06:28.990 --> 06:33.870 year of his episcopate, was succeeded by Telesphorus, the seventh in succession 06:33.870 --> 06:34.870 from the apostles. 06:35.510 --> 06:40.490 In the meantime, after the lapse of a year and some months, Eumenes, the sixth in 06:40.490 --> 06:45.350 order, succeeded to the leadership of the Alexandrian church, his predecessor having 06:45.350 --> 06:46.950 held office eleven years. 06:49.090 --> 06:50.190 Chapter 6. 06:50.550 --> 06:52.790 The Last Siege of the Jews under Adrian. 06:54.190 --> 06:58.350 As the rebellion of the Jews at this time grew much more serious, Rufus, 06:58.630 --> 07:02.870 governor of Judea, after an auxiliary force had been sent him by the emperor, 07:03.430 --> 07:08.210 using their madness as a pretext, proceeded against them without mercy and 07:08.210 --> 07:12.570 destroyed indiscriminately thousands of men and women and children and in 07:12.570 --> 07:16.270 accordance with the laws of war reduced their country to a state of complete 07:16.270 --> 07:17.090 subjection. 07:18.570 --> 07:23.530 The leader of the Jews at this time was a man by the name of Barqotiba, which 07:23.530 --> 07:27.530 signifies a star, who possessed the character of a robber and a murderer, 07:28.030 --> 07:33.150 but nevertheless, relying upon his name, boasted to them as if they were slaves 07:33.150 --> 07:37.670 that he possessed wonderful powers, and he pretended that he was a star that 07:37.670 --> 07:41.390 had come down to them out of heaven to bring them light in the midst of their 07:41.390 --> 07:42.230 misfortunes. 07:43.390 --> 07:48.230 The war raged most fiercely in the eighteenth year of Adrian at the city of 07:48.230 --> 07:53.050 Bithara, which was a very secure fortress situated not far from Jerusalem. 07:53.550 --> 07:57.810 When the siege had lasted a long time, and the rebels had been driven to the last 07:57.810 --> 08:01.930 extremity by hunger and thirst, and the instigator of the rebellion had 08:01.930 --> 08:06.970 suffered his just punishment, the whole nation was prohibited from this time on by 08:06.970 --> 08:11.930 a decree and by the commands of Adrian from ever going up to the country about 08:11.930 --> 08:12.490 Jerusalem. 08:13.230 --> 08:16.930 For the emperor gave orders that they should not even see from a distance the 08:16.930 --> 08:17.910 land of their fathers. 08:18.710 --> 08:20.990 Such is the account of Aristo of Pella. 08:22.630 --> 08:26.750 And thus, when the city had been emptied of the Jewish nation and had suffered the 08:26.750 --> 08:30.770 total destruction of its ancient inhabitants, it was colonized by a 08:30.770 --> 08:35.570 different race, and the Roman city which subsequently arose changed its name and 08:35.570 --> 08:38.970 was called Elea in honor of the emperor Eleus Adrian. 08:40.030 --> 08:44.510 And as the church there was now composed of Gentiles, the first one to assume the 08:44.510 --> 08:47.990 government of it after the bishops of the circumcision was Marcus. 08:56.950 --> 09:01.670 As the churches throughout the world were now shining like the most brilliant stars, 09:01.670 --> 09:05.870 and faith in our Savior and Lord Jesus Christ was flourishing among the whole 09:05.870 --> 09:10.930 human race, the demon who hates everything that is good and is always hostile to the 09:10.930 --> 09:15.730 truth and most bitterly opposed to the salvation of man turned all his arts 09:15.730 --> 09:16.690 against the church. 09:17.390 --> 09:21.410 In the beginning, he armed himself against it with external persecutions. 09:22.890 --> 09:28.170 But now, being shut off from the use of such means, he devised all sorts of plans 09:28.170 --> 09:33.170 and employed other methods in his conflict with the church, using base and deceitful 09:33.170 --> 09:37.050 men as instruments for the ruin of souls and as ministers of destruction. 09:37.670 --> 09:42.050 Instigated by him, impostors and deceivers, assuming the name of our 09:42.050 --> 09:46.170 religion, brought to the depth of ruin such of the believers as they could win 09:46.170 --> 09:50.530 over, and at the same time, by means of the deeds which they practiced, 09:50.990 --> 09:54.750 turned away from the path which leads to the word of salvation those who were 09:54.750 --> 09:55.830 ignorant of the faith. 09:57.670 --> 10:01.710 Accordingly, there proceeded from that Menander, whom we have already mentioned 10:01.710 --> 10:06.730 as the successor of Simon, a certain serpent-like power, double-tongued and 10:06.730 --> 10:11.870 two-headed, which produced the leaders of two different heresies, Saturninus, 10:12.030 --> 10:15.870 an Antiochian by birth, and Bacillides, an Alexandrian. 10:16.290 --> 10:21.570 The former of these established schools of godless heresy in Syria, the latter in 10:21.570 --> 10:22.230 Alexandria. 10:24.310 --> 10:28.950 Irenaeus states that the false teaching of Saturninus agreed in most respects with 10:28.950 --> 10:33.430 that of Menander, but that Bacillides, under the pretext of unspeakable 10:33.430 --> 10:39.070 mysteries, invented monstrous fables and carried the fictions of his impious heresy 10:39.070 --> 10:40.510 quite beyond bounds. 10:42.070 --> 10:46.330 But as there were at that time a great many members of the Church who were 10:46.330 --> 10:50.570 fighting for the truth and defending apostolic and ecclesiastical doctrine with 10:50.570 --> 10:55.230 uncommon eloquence, so there were some also that furnished posterity through 10:55.230 --> 10:59.030 their writings with means of defense against the heresies to which we have 10:59.030 --> 10:59.470 referred. 11:00.910 --> 11:05.570 Of these, there has come down to us a most powerful refutation of Bacillides by 11:05.570 --> 11:10.530 Agrippa Castor, one of the most renowned writers of that day, which shows the 11:10.530 --> 11:12.290 terrible imposture of the man. 11:13.570 --> 11:18.950 While exposing his mysteries, he says that Bacillides wrote 24 books upon the Gospel, 11:18.950 --> 11:24.270 and that he invented prophets for himself named Barqabas and Barqoph, and others 11:24.270 --> 11:28.770 that had no existence, and that he gave them barbarous names in order to amaze 11:28.770 --> 11:32.770 those who marvel at such things, that he taught also that the eating of 11:32.770 --> 11:36.810 meat offered to idols and the unguarded renunciation of the faith in times of 11:36.810 --> 11:41.590 persecution were matters of indifference, and that he enjoined upon his followers, 11:41.950 --> 11:44.690 like Pythagoras, a silence of five years. 11:46.230 --> 11:51.130 Other similar things the above-mentioned writer has recorded concerning Bacillides, 11:51.390 --> 11:54.410 and has ably exposed the error of his heresy. 11:56.010 --> 12:00.970 Irenaeus also writes that Carpocrates was a contemporary of these men, and that he 12:00.970 --> 12:04.750 was the father of another heresy, called the heresy of the Gnostics, 12:05.130 --> 12:09.790 who did not wish to transmit any longer the magic arts of Simon, as that one had 12:09.790 --> 12:14.770 done in secret, but openly, for they boasted, as of something great, 12:15.230 --> 12:19.350 of love potions that were carefully prepared by them, and of certain demons 12:19.350 --> 12:24.050 that sent them dreams and lent them their protection, and of other similar agencies. 12:24.590 --> 12:28.470 And in accordance with these things they taught that it was necessary for those who 12:28.470 --> 12:32.090 wished to enter fully into their mysteries, or rather into their 12:32.090 --> 12:37.150 abominations, to practice all the worst kinds of wickedness, on the ground that 12:37.150 --> 12:41.270 they could escape the cosmic powers, as they called them, in no other way than 12:41.270 --> 12:44.950 by discharging their obligations to them all by infamous conduct. 12:46.530 --> 12:50.790 Thus it came to pass that the malignant demon, making use of these ministers, 12:51.310 --> 12:55.430 on the one hand enslaved those that were so pitiably led astray by them to their 12:55.430 --> 12:59.550 own destruction, while on the other hand he furnished to the unbelieving heathen 12:59.550 --> 13:04.750 abundant opportunities for slandering the divine word, inasmuch as the reputation of 13:04.750 --> 13:07.550 these men brought infamy upon the whole race of Christians. 13:09.850 --> 13:14.370 In this way, therefore, it came to pass that there was spread abroad in regard to 13:14.370 --> 13:19.330 us among the unbelievers of that age the infamous and most absurd suspicion that we 13:19.330 --> 13:24.430 practiced unlawful commerce with mothers and sisters and enjoyed impious feasts. 13:26.030 --> 13:31.610 He did not, however, long succeed in these artifices, as the truth established itself 13:31.610 --> 13:34.150 and in time shone with great brilliancy. 13:35.530 --> 13:40.190 For the machinations of its enemies were refuted by its power and speedily 13:40.190 --> 13:40.670 vanished. 13:41.390 --> 13:45.730 One new heresy arose after another, and the former ones always passed away, 13:46.170 --> 13:50.270 and now at one time, now at another, now in one way, now in other ways, 13:50.650 --> 13:54.150 were lost in ideas of various kinds and various forms. 13:54.550 --> 13:58.830 But the splendor of the Catholic and only true Church, which is always the same, 13:59.150 --> 14:03.930 grew in magnitude and power, and reflected its piety and simplicity and freedom, 14:04.430 --> 14:09.450 and the modesty and purity of its inspired life and philosophy, to every nation both 14:09.450 --> 14:11.290 of Greeks and of barbarians. 14:12.710 --> 14:16.690 At the same time, the slanderous accusations which had been brought against 14:16.690 --> 14:20.870 the whole Church also vanished, and there remained our teaching alone, 14:21.170 --> 14:25.910 which has prevailed over all, and which is acknowledged to be superior to all in 14:25.910 --> 14:29.910 dignity and temperance, and in divine and philosophical doctrines. 14:29.910 --> 14:34.650 So that none of them now ventures to affix a base calumny upon our faith, 14:35.090 --> 14:38.850 or any such slander as our ancient enemies formerly delighted to utter. 14:40.930 --> 14:45.530 Nevertheless, in those times the truth again called forth many champions who 14:45.530 --> 14:49.850 fought in its defense against the godless heresies, refuting them not only with 14:49.850 --> 14:52.330 oral, but also with written arguments. 14:54.010 --> 15:00.670 Chapter 8 Ecclesiastical Writers Among these, Hegesippus was well known. 15:01.170 --> 15:05.530 We have already quoted his words a number of times, relating events which happened 15:05.530 --> 15:08.230 in the time of the apostles according to his account. 15:09.590 --> 15:14.090 He records in five books the true tradition of apostolic doctrine in a most 15:14.090 --> 15:18.430 simple style, and he indicates the time in which he flourished when he writes as 15:18.430 --> 15:20.890 follows concerning those that first set up idols. 15:21.850 --> 15:26.830 To whom they erected cenotaphs and temples, as is done to the present day. 15:27.370 --> 15:32.750 Among whom is also Antinous, a slave of the emperor Adrian, in whose honor are 15:32.750 --> 15:37.310 celebrated also the Antinoian games, which are instituted in our day. 15:37.890 --> 15:39.090 For he, i.e. 15:39.110 --> 15:44.410 Adrian, also founded a city named after Antinous and appointed prophets. 15:46.090 --> 15:50.570 At the same time also, Justin, a genuine lover of the true philosophy, 15:50.970 --> 15:53.830 was still continuing to busy himself with Greek literature. 15:54.610 --> 15:58.430 He indicates this time in the Apology which he addressed to Antonine, 15:58.710 --> 16:00.170 where he writes as follows. 16:00.690 --> 16:05.930 We do not think it out of place to mention here Antinous also, who lived in our day, 16:06.290 --> 16:10.630 and whom all were driven by fear to worship as a god, although they knew who 16:10.630 --> 16:12.230 he was and whence he came. 16:14.790 --> 16:19.090 The same writer, speaking of the Jewish war which took place at that time, 16:19.350 --> 16:20.170 adds the following. 16:20.770 --> 16:24.990 For in the late Jewish war, Bar Kochiba, the leader of the Jewish rebellion, 16:25.530 --> 16:29.570 commanded that Christians alone should be visited with terrible punishments unless 16:29.570 --> 16:32.150 they would deny and blaspheme Jesus Christ. 16:33.830 --> 16:38.010 And in the same work, he shows that his conversion from Greek philosophy to 16:38.010 --> 16:42.710 Christianity was not without reason, but that it was the result of deliberation 16:42.710 --> 16:43.530 on his part. 16:43.890 --> 16:45.370 His words are as follows. 16:46.390 --> 16:50.730 For I myself, while I was delighted with the doctrines of Plato, and heard the 16:50.730 --> 16:54.830 Christians slandered, and saw that they were afraid neither of death nor of 16:54.830 --> 16:59.270 anything else ordinarily looked upon as terrible, concluded that it was impossible 16:59.270 --> 17:01.750 that they could be living in wickedness and pleasure. 17:02.510 --> 17:07.350 For what pleasure-loving or intemperate man, or what man that counts it good to 17:07.350 --> 17:11.410 feast on human flesh, could welcome death that he might be deprived of his 17:11.410 --> 17:15.890 enjoyments, and would not rather strive to continue permanently his present life, 17:16.010 --> 17:20.650 and to escape the notice of the rulers, instead of giving himself up to be put to 17:20.650 --> 17:20.950 death? 17:22.550 --> 17:27.370 The same writer, moreover, relates that Adrian, having received from Serenius 17:27.370 --> 17:31.950 Granianus, a most distinguished governor, a letter in behalf of the Christians, 17:32.430 --> 17:36.050 in which he stated that it was not just to slay the Christians without a regular 17:36.050 --> 17:40.430 accusation and trial, merely for the sake of gratifying the outcries of the 17:40.430 --> 17:46.750 populace, sent a rescript to Minucius Fundanus, proconsul of Asia, commanding 17:46.750 --> 17:50.910 him to condemn no one without an indictment and a well-grounded accusation. 17:52.870 --> 17:57.550 And he gives a copy of the epistle, preserving the original Latin in which it 17:57.550 --> 18:00.450 was written, and prefacing it with the following words. 18:01.630 --> 18:05.770 Although from the epistle of the greatest and most illustrious emperor Adrian, 18:06.150 --> 18:10.690 your father, we have good ground to demand that you order judgment to be given as we 18:10.690 --> 18:15.010 have desired, yet we have asked this not because it was ordered by Adrian, 18:15.410 --> 18:20.010 but rather because we know that what we ask is just, and we have subjoined the 18:20.010 --> 18:23.770 copy of Adrian's epistle that you may know that we are speaking the truth in this 18:23.770 --> 18:26.270 matter also, and this is the copy. 18:27.790 --> 18:32.910 After these words, the author referred to gives the rescript in Latin, which we have 18:32.910 --> 18:35.550 translated into Greek as accurately as we could. 18:35.870 --> 18:37.470 It reads as follows. 18:46.670 --> 18:51.950 To Minucius Fundanus, I have received an epistle written to me by Serenius 18:51.950 --> 18:55.510 Granianus, a most illustrious man, whom you have succeeded. 18:55.510 --> 18:59.310 It does not seem right to me that the matter should be passed by without 18:59.310 --> 19:04.530 examination, lest the men be harassed and opportunity be given to the informers for 19:04.530 --> 19:05.650 practicing villainy. 19:06.930 --> 19:11.310 If, therefore, the inhabitants of the province can clearly sustain this petition 19:11.310 --> 19:16.050 against the Christians so as to give answer in a court of law, let them pursue 19:16.050 --> 19:21.270 this course alone, but let them not have resort to men's petitions and outcries. 19:21.270 --> 19:26.310 For it is far more proper, if anyone wishes to make an accusation, that you 19:26.310 --> 19:27.670 should examine into it. 19:29.490 --> 19:33.630 If anyone, therefore, accuses them and shows that they are doing anything 19:33.630 --> 19:38.730 contrary to the laws, do you pass judgment according to the heinousness of the crime. 19:39.170 --> 19:43.530 But by Hercules, if anyone bring an accusation through mere calumny, 19:43.990 --> 19:48.410 decide in regard to his criminality, and see to it that you inflict punishment. 19:49.170 --> 19:52.110 Such are the contents of Adrian's Rescript. 20:00.470 --> 20:05.390 Adrian, having died after a reign of twenty-one years, was succeeded in the 20:05.390 --> 20:08.790 government of the Romans by Antoninus, called the Pius. 20:09.610 --> 20:13.270 In the first year of his reign, Telesphorus died in the eleventh year of 20:13.270 --> 20:16.750 his episcopate, and Hyginus became bishop of Rome. 20:17.430 --> 20:21.690 Irenaeus records that Telesphorus' death was made glorious by martyrdom, 20:22.150 --> 20:25.750 and in the same connection he states that in the time of the above-mentioned Roman 20:25.750 --> 20:30.470 bishop, Hyginus, Valentinus, the founder of a sect of his own, and Sardan, 20:30.790 --> 20:34.210 the author of Marcian's Error, were both well-known at Rome. 20:34.430 --> 20:35.990 He writes as follows. 20:37.370 --> 20:38.470 Chapter 11. 20:38.870 --> 20:40.690 The Heresiarchs of that Age. 20:41.930 --> 20:47.470 For Valentinus came to Rome under Hyginus, flourished under Pius, and remained until 20:47.470 --> 20:48.230 Anicetus. 20:48.930 --> 20:53.610 Sardan also, Marcian's predecessor, entered the church in the time of Hyginus, 20:53.750 --> 20:58.690 the ninth bishop, and made confession, and continued in this way, now teaching in 20:58.690 --> 21:03.270 secret, now making confession again, and now denounced for corrupt doctrine and 21:03.270 --> 21:05.330 withdrawing from the assembly of the brethren. 21:06.730 --> 21:10.610 These words are found in the third book of the work Against Heresies. 21:11.190 --> 21:14.650 And again, in the first book, he speaks as follows concerning Sardan. 21:15.090 --> 21:20.130 A certain Sardan, who had taken his system from the followers of Simon, and had come 21:20.130 --> 21:24.610 to Rome under Hyginus, the ninth in the episcopal succession from the apostles, 21:25.230 --> 21:29.250 taught that the god proclaimed by the law and prophets was not the father of our 21:29.250 --> 21:30.330 Lord Jesus Christ. 21:30.330 --> 21:35.390 For the former was known, but the latter unknown, and the former was just, 21:35.630 --> 21:36.630 but the latter good. 21:37.310 --> 21:42.210 Marcian of Pontus succeeded Sardan and developed his doctrine, uttering shameless 21:42.210 --> 21:43.110 blasphemies. 21:44.570 --> 21:50.050 The same Irenaeus unfolds with the greatest vigor the unfathomable abyss of 21:50.050 --> 21:55.150 Valentinus' errors in regard to matter, and reveals his wickedness secret and 21:55.150 --> 21:57.430 hidden like a serpent lurking in its nest. 21:59.010 --> 22:03.750 And in addition to these men, he says that there was also another that lived in that 22:03.750 --> 22:08.370 age, Marcus by name, who was remarkably skilled in magic arts. 22:08.810 --> 22:13.630 And he describes also their unholy initiations and their abominable mysteries 22:13.630 --> 22:15.010 in the following words. 22:16.250 --> 22:21.070 For some of them prepare a nuptial couch and perform a mystic rite with certain 22:21.070 --> 22:26.110 forms of expression addressed to those who are being initiated, and they say that it 22:26.110 --> 22:30.530 is a spiritual marriage which is celebrated by them after the likenesses of 22:30.530 --> 22:31.610 the marriages above. 22:32.450 --> 22:36.090 But others lead them to water, and while they baptize them they repeat 22:36.090 --> 22:37.190 the following words. 22:37.810 --> 22:42.470 Into the name of the unknown Father of the universe, into truth, the mother of all 22:42.470 --> 22:45.270 things, into the one that descended upon Jesus. 22:45.970 --> 22:50.090 Others repeat Hebrew names in order the better to confound those who are being 22:50.090 --> 22:50.730 initiated. 22:52.490 --> 22:56.570 But Hyginus, having died at the close of the fourth year of his episcopate, 22:57.130 --> 23:00.190 Pius succeeded him in the government of the Church of Rome. 23:00.950 --> 23:05.610 In Alexandria, Marcus was appointed pastor, after Eumenes had filled the 23:05.610 --> 23:07.270 office thirteen years in all. 23:07.810 --> 23:12.670 And Marcus, having died and holding office ten years, was succeeded by Saladion in 23:12.670 --> 23:14.590 the government of the Church of Alexandria. 23:15.830 --> 23:21.130 And in Rome, Pius died in the fifteenth year of his episcopate, and Anicetus 23:21.130 --> 23:23.370 assumed the leadership of the Christians there. 23:24.010 --> 23:28.450 Hegesippus records that he himself was in Rome at this time, and that he remained 23:28.450 --> 23:30.790 there until the episcopate of Eleutherus. 23:32.090 --> 23:35.470 But Justin was especially prominent in those days. 23:36.070 --> 23:40.090 In the guise of a philosopher, he preached the divine word, and contended 23:40.090 --> 23:41.550 for the faith in his writings. 23:41.930 --> 23:46.490 He wrote also a work against Marcion, in which he states that the latter was 23:46.490 --> 23:47.990 alive at the time he wrote. 23:49.390 --> 23:51.230 He speaks as follows. 23:51.710 --> 23:56.350 And there is a certain Marcion of Pontus, who is even now still teaching his 23:56.350 --> 23:59.770 followers to think that there is some other god greater than the Creator. 24:00.210 --> 24:04.710 And by the aid of the demons, he has persuaded many of every race of men to 24:04.710 --> 24:09.010 utter blasphemy, and to deny that the maker of this universe is the Father of 24:09.010 --> 24:13.170 Christ, and to confess that some other greater than he was the Creator. 24:13.170 --> 24:17.790 And all who followed them are, as we have said, called Christians, 24:18.370 --> 24:22.930 just as the name of philosophy is given to philosophers, although they may have no 24:22.930 --> 24:24.010 doctrines in common. 24:25.690 --> 24:30.890 To this he adds, and we have also written a work against all the heresies that have 24:30.890 --> 24:33.970 existed, which we will give you if you wish to read it. 24:35.370 --> 24:39.270 But this same Justin contended most successfully against the Greeks, 24:39.270 --> 24:43.870 and addressed discourses containing an apology for our faith to the Emperor 24:43.870 --> 24:49.190 Antoninus, called Pius, and to the Roman Senate, for he lived at Rome. 24:49.670 --> 24:54.070 But who and whence he was he shows in his apology in the following words. 24:55.650 --> 24:56.570 Chapter 12. 24:57.090 --> 24:59.990 The Apology of Justin Addressed to Antoninus. 25:00.890 --> 25:06.190 To the Emperor Titus Aelius Adrian Antoninus Pius Caesar Augustus, 25:06.590 --> 25:10.490 and to Verisimus, his son, the philosopher, and to Lucius, the 25:10.490 --> 25:15.450 philosopher, own son of Caesar and adopted son of Pius, a lover of learning, 25:15.850 --> 25:20.930 and to the Sacred Senate and to the whole Roman people, I, Justin, son of Priscus 25:20.930 --> 25:26.710 and grandson of Bacchus, of Flavia Neapolis in Palestine, Syria, present this 25:26.710 --> 25:31.490 address and petition in behalf of those men of every nation who are unjustly hated 25:31.490 --> 25:34.530 and persecuted, I myself being one of them. 25:35.930 --> 25:40.070 And the same Emperor, having learned also from other brethren in Asia of the 25:40.070 --> 25:43.690 injuries of all kinds which they were suffering from the inhabitants of the 25:43.690 --> 25:47.990 province, thought it proper to address the following ordinance to the Common Assembly 25:47.990 --> 25:48.610 of Asia. 25:49.970 --> 25:51.390 Chapter 13. 25:52.090 --> 25:56.470 The Epistle of Antoninus to the Common Assembly of Asia in regard to our 25:56.470 --> 25:56.890 doctrine. 25:58.490 --> 26:04.610 The Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, Arminicus Pontifex 26:04.610 --> 26:09.910 Maximus for the Fifteenth Time Tribune for the Third Time Consul, to the Common 26:09.910 --> 26:11.570 Assembly of Asia, greeting. 26:12.750 --> 26:17.550 I know that the gods also take care that such persons do not escape detection, 26:17.550 --> 26:21.930 for they would much rather punish those who will not worship them than you would. 26:23.410 --> 26:27.450 But you throw them into confusion, and while you accuse them of atheism, 26:27.570 --> 26:30.410 you only confirm them in the opinion which they hold. 26:30.910 --> 26:35.730 It would indeed be more desirable for them, when accused, to appear to die for 26:35.730 --> 26:37.190 their god than to live. 26:37.830 --> 26:42.130 Wherefore also they come off victorious when they give up their lives rather than 26:42.130 --> 26:43.830 yield obedience to your commands. 26:45.090 --> 26:49.410 And in regard to the earthquakes which have been and are still taking place, 26:49.870 --> 26:53.630 it is not improper to admonish you who lose heart whenever they occur, 26:54.090 --> 26:57.630 and nevertheless are accustomed to compare your conduct with theirs. 26:58.970 --> 27:04.050 They indeed become the more confident in God, while you, during the whole time, 27:04.430 --> 27:08.990 neglect in apparent ignorance the other gods and the worship of the immortal, 27:08.990 --> 27:13.430 and oppress and persecute even unto death the Christians who worship him. 27:14.870 --> 27:18.950 But in regard to these persons, many of the governors of the provinces 27:18.950 --> 27:23.750 wrote also to our most divine father, to whom he wrote in reply that they should 27:23.750 --> 27:27.690 not trouble these people unless it should appear that they were attempting something 27:27.690 --> 27:29.130 affecting the Roman government. 27:29.790 --> 27:33.610 And to me, also, many have sent communications concerning these men, 27:33.970 --> 27:37.090 but I have replied to them in the same way that my father did. 27:38.930 --> 27:43.910 But if anyone still persists in bringing accusations against any of these people as 27:43.910 --> 27:49.030 such, the person who is accused shall be acquitted of the charge, even if it appear 27:49.030 --> 27:52.230 that he is one of them, but the accuser shall be punished. 27:52.810 --> 27:55.930 Published in Ephesus, in the Common Assembly of Asia. 27:57.730 --> 28:02.530 To these things Melito, bishop of the church of Sardis, and a man well known at 28:02.530 --> 28:07.290 that time, is a witness, as is clear from his words in the apology which he 28:07.290 --> 28:10.370 addressed to the emperor Verus in behalf of our doctrine.