WEBVTT 00:08.000 --> 00:12.140 Alrighty, so I'm gonna try to tackle a challenging subject this evening, 00:12.260 --> 00:13.540 and that's of the age of the earth. 00:13.960 --> 00:17.980 I touch on this in many other programs that I do, and particularly on those in 00:17.980 --> 00:21.280 the fossil record and things, but I never put one together that specifically looked 00:21.280 --> 00:23.720 at this, and I thought it was time to do so. 00:24.820 --> 00:28.920 So... but this is a lot of material I'm gonna try to cover this evening, 00:29.120 --> 00:33.400 and so hopefully we get to the end without having to skip a little bit here or there. 00:33.400 --> 00:35.180 But this is what I'm gonna look at. 00:35.240 --> 00:38.340 We're gonna first look at the age issue, just kind of a little outline. 00:38.860 --> 00:43.100 The age issue and why we should care about the age of the earth at all. 00:43.400 --> 00:47.540 We want to examine what the biblical age of the earth, or what does the Bible say 00:47.540 --> 00:49.400 about the age of the earth, if anything. 00:50.120 --> 00:55.860 And then, because this church and both of the senior pastors hold to a young earth 00:55.860 --> 01:00.620 position, what I'm gonna do is look at some evidence that supports a young earth, 01:00.620 --> 01:04.940 rather than the age of the earth as is claimed by the scientific community. 01:05.380 --> 01:10.020 Today's scientists argue that the earth itself is close to 4.6 billion years old, 01:10.080 --> 01:14.780 with the universe itself being 13.8, 13.9 billion years old. 01:15.020 --> 01:21.920 So I want to kind of try to examine some age indicators that argue that the earth, 01:22.400 --> 01:27.100 and the solar system as well, are much younger than scientific community claims, 01:27.100 --> 01:31.960 and as a way of upholding what I believe is the more accurate reading of the Bible, 01:32.120 --> 01:34.200 the biblical and the biblical age of the earth. 01:35.140 --> 01:36.500 So why this is important? 01:37.340 --> 01:42.940 It's important because atheism has begun to dominate academia, has begun to 01:42.940 --> 01:44.300 dominate our public schools. 01:44.840 --> 01:47.640 The science that's being taught in our public schools is a science that's based 01:47.640 --> 01:48.400 on atheism. 01:48.840 --> 01:53.380 And today many Christians have begun to accept evolution, which is ultimately a 01:53.380 --> 01:57.100 theory that's designed to explain how everything came about through purely 01:57.100 --> 01:58.260 natural processes. 01:58.780 --> 02:01.320 It's important to keep this in mind, that what the scientific community has 02:01.320 --> 02:03.980 adopted is a position of naturalism. 02:04.180 --> 02:07.920 That only natural processes have been involved with the origin of everything we 02:07.920 --> 02:12.660 see, and that all physical phenomena must be explained as well as through purely 02:12.660 --> 02:13.740 natural processes. 02:13.900 --> 02:16.880 This is the position that the scientific community has adopted. 02:16.880 --> 02:24.520 And by accepting this, the effect of this has been that it can lead to a loss of 02:24.520 --> 02:24.940 faith. 02:25.480 --> 02:28.200 It can lead to a loss of faith, and particularly amongst young people, 02:28.540 --> 02:31.740 and it can be an impediment that can keep others from coming to the faith. 02:32.280 --> 02:35.640 It's just not... one of the reasons why we do these kind of programs is to help 02:35.640 --> 02:39.460 people understand how scientific findings can be interpreted from within the 02:39.460 --> 02:44.180 biblical worldview, because today, to be an effective witness, you have to 02:44.180 --> 02:48.540 answer some of the challenges, some of the scientific claims that are 02:48.540 --> 02:49.740 conflicting with the Bible. 02:49.880 --> 02:52.960 It's important that we be able to answer some of these. 02:53.340 --> 02:58.340 It's just not enough to say that you believe in Jesus, the Son, Yeshua, 02:59.300 --> 03:03.140 because the belief in Him is ultimately tied up with the belief in the Bible, 03:03.320 --> 03:04.040 God's Word. 03:04.480 --> 03:07.100 And the Old Testament and the New Testament are inseparable. 03:07.340 --> 03:08.680 They're part of the same book. 03:09.200 --> 03:13.960 And so, it's important that we be able to defend not just our belief in the New 03:13.960 --> 03:15.740 Testament, but the Old Testament as well. 03:16.540 --> 03:17.320 And it is important. 03:17.780 --> 03:20.360 It can lead to a loss of faith. 03:20.480 --> 03:23.860 And this has been shown, and I want to give a little support for this. 03:24.320 --> 03:28.460 In 2009, the American Research Group conducted a survey in which they 03:28.460 --> 03:33.720 interviewed 1,000 20-year-olds who used to attend church regularly, but no longer do. 03:34.220 --> 03:39.480 And they asked these 20-year-olds who used to attend church regularly a series of 78 03:39.480 --> 03:44.980 questions that attempts to characterize the factors that led to their loss of 03:44.980 --> 03:48.340 faith, or led to them at least walking away from regular church attendance. 03:49.320 --> 03:53.520 These participants, of the participants who no longer believed the biblical 03:53.520 --> 03:57.200 accounts, specifically, were asked, when did you first have doubts? 03:57.820 --> 03:59.280 And it wasn't in college. 03:59.900 --> 04:04.420 Me, I've kind of viewed my role in teaching at a Christian school to be 04:04.420 --> 04:08.480 preparing students for eventually getting off into college where they would find 04:08.480 --> 04:12.660 their faith challenged and might cause them to start slipping away from the 04:12.660 --> 04:12.920 faith. 04:13.260 --> 04:15.480 But this survey pointed out that it was much earlier. 04:15.840 --> 04:17.140 It was in middle school and high school. 04:17.280 --> 04:21.600 83% of this group said that it was during middle school and high school that they 04:21.600 --> 04:27.020 first began to have doubts about the biblical accounts, about the stories, 04:27.160 --> 04:28.260 if you will, that are in the Bible. 04:28.980 --> 04:33.400 When this same group were asked, which of these things make you question 04:33.400 --> 04:38.620 the Bible most, the biblical young age of the earth was the number one answer. 04:39.140 --> 04:42.920 It was the young age of the earth, that our earth that's 10,000 years or 04:42.920 --> 04:47.780 younger, was the number one thing that caused them to question the Bible in 04:47.780 --> 04:48.180 general. 04:48.880 --> 04:55.900 Number two were the combined creation or supernatural acts, the creation itself and 04:55.900 --> 05:00.340 miracles combined were kind of the number two answer, with the number three being 05:00.340 --> 05:01.680 there were too many rules. 05:02.100 --> 05:06.980 Too many rules, so we doubt the Bible because it's got too many rules. 05:08.160 --> 05:10.520 But these teachings can lead to a loss of faith. 05:11.260 --> 05:15.600 In John, Jesus said, If you believed Moses, you would believe me, for he wrote 05:15.600 --> 05:16.160 about me. 05:17.140 --> 05:20.180 But since you do not believe what he wrote, how are you going to believe what I 05:20.180 --> 05:20.480 say? 05:21.100 --> 05:24.640 Moses, of course, wrote the Pentateuch, which includes the creation account, 05:24.760 --> 05:25.500 the account of the flood. 05:25.800 --> 05:29.180 And if you don't believe these parts of the Bible, the historical accounts that 05:29.180 --> 05:33.760 are in the Bible, how are you going to believe the spiritual claims of the Bible 05:33.760 --> 05:35.160 regarding salvation? 05:35.720 --> 05:39.120 He reiterates something similar, again, the words of Jesus, I've spoken of 05:39.120 --> 05:41.360 earthly things, he says, and you do not believe. 05:41.460 --> 05:43.680 How then will you believe if I speak of heavenly things? 05:44.240 --> 05:47.800 Again, if we can't believe what the Bible says on earthly matters, on historical 05:47.800 --> 05:52.320 matters like the creation and the flood and some of the other events that took 05:52.320 --> 05:55.400 place in the Old Testament, how can we believe what it says in the New Testament 05:55.400 --> 05:57.960 about salvation through Jesus Christ? 05:59.060 --> 06:03.880 And there's some important facts to note about this age issue. 06:04.680 --> 06:08.360 Number one, the ancient earth is a theoretical necessity for the theory of 06:08.360 --> 06:08.800 evolution. 06:09.500 --> 06:14.500 Evolution through random mutations and natural selection requires long time 06:14.500 --> 06:14.940 periods. 06:15.160 --> 06:16.380 It's a theoretical necessity. 06:16.380 --> 06:20.560 Mutation at a faster rate simply is, it cannot happen. 06:20.640 --> 06:21.880 It would destroy the DNA. 06:22.520 --> 06:25.140 It has to occur slowly and gradually over long periods of time. 06:25.480 --> 06:27.920 An old age of the earth is a theoretical necessity for evolution. 06:28.540 --> 06:31.980 Second, there are two main pieces of evidence to support evolution. 06:32.120 --> 06:35.080 The fossil record stands as the main support. 06:36.100 --> 06:38.680 Homology is another support that they use. 06:38.740 --> 06:42.920 The fact that there are similarities found amongst the various organisms on earth. 06:43.260 --> 06:45.960 You look at the mammals, you see five fingers and five toes. 06:45.960 --> 06:48.500 They argue that this is evidence of common ancestry. 06:48.740 --> 06:52.460 Or if you look at the cells of the various organisms on earth, you see similar 06:52.460 --> 06:56.900 cellular architectures, similar organic macromolecules are found in all these. 06:56.960 --> 06:59.760 The same DNA and proteins and RNA. 07:00.060 --> 07:02.840 There are similarities and these similarities are argued to be due to 07:02.840 --> 07:04.000 common ancestry. 07:04.360 --> 07:07.480 But the fossil record stands as the main evidence for evolution. 07:07.840 --> 07:11.580 They interpret the fossil record as a history of life on earth over hundreds of 07:11.580 --> 07:14.880 millions of years and they say it illustrates how organisms have changed 07:14.880 --> 07:15.480 through time. 07:16.820 --> 07:19.740 However, when the fossil record is interpreted from within the biblical 07:19.740 --> 07:23.420 worldview, it is clear proof of the flood of Noah. 07:24.000 --> 07:28.720 And merely represents the destruction of successive life zones during this terrible 07:28.720 --> 07:34.480 event and is a reminder to us of God's devastating judgment. 07:35.020 --> 07:38.620 A judgment that happened in the past and a judgment that is coming again. 07:38.620 --> 07:42.440 We should never forget that that terrible event took place. 07:42.620 --> 07:43.120 And why? 07:43.520 --> 07:46.120 Because of the sinfulness of the human race. 07:46.160 --> 07:49.240 It happened in the past and a terrible judgment is coming again. 07:49.600 --> 07:51.580 And this is an important reminder of that. 07:52.480 --> 07:54.880 And this event was clearly global in scope. 07:55.180 --> 07:58.360 The Bible says all the high mountains of the whole heavens were covered and 07:58.360 --> 08:01.540 everything on dry land and whose nostrils the breath of life died. 08:01.960 --> 08:03.560 This was a global scale event. 08:04.100 --> 08:08.680 But all of your Christians that have accepted evolution, that accept an ancient 08:08.680 --> 08:13.400 earth, have rejected this event as being a global scale event. 08:13.900 --> 08:18.020 Either they believe it was just a local event or they deny it outright as ever 08:18.020 --> 08:18.820 taking place. 08:19.180 --> 08:23.240 A fairly high percentage of your theology professors in our Christian universities 08:23.920 --> 08:25.860 deny the flood even occurred. 08:27.380 --> 08:31.140 Of course, it has been rejected by modern geologists. 08:31.360 --> 08:35.500 But if this event has occurred as described in the Bible, then one thing is 08:35.500 --> 08:38.960 clear, the geology of that event has been misinterpreted. 08:39.720 --> 08:41.700 It has been misinterpreted, that is clear. 08:42.000 --> 08:46.600 And it's important to remember that science is based on naturalism and this 08:46.600 --> 08:50.860 event in particular is one that could never be correctly interpreted within the 08:50.860 --> 08:52.960 boundaries of philosophical naturalism. 08:53.320 --> 08:57.880 This event cannot be correctly interpreted because the only reason life exists today 08:57.880 --> 09:01.600 is because they were saved from this event through an act of supernatural 09:01.600 --> 09:02.260 intervention. 09:03.240 --> 09:08.380 This supernatural intervention during this event prevents a geologist from correctly 09:08.380 --> 09:12.260 interpreting the geology of this event within the bounds of naturalism. 09:12.700 --> 09:15.700 Because they're not just trying to interpret the layers of rocks that they 09:15.700 --> 09:19.560 see, but they're trying to interpret the world and on top of those vast layers of 09:19.560 --> 09:20.560 rocks, life exists. 09:21.280 --> 09:25.480 To a naturalist, they must believe the life that's alive today survived the 09:25.480 --> 09:29.800 formation of these vast layers of rocks on their own through purely natural 09:29.800 --> 09:30.440 processes. 09:30.440 --> 09:36.120 That means they form slowly and gradually over long periods of time in a rate and 09:36.120 --> 09:40.320 manner that these animals could have survived it on their own without 09:40.320 --> 09:41.500 supernatural intervention. 09:41.880 --> 09:45.840 It's important to keep in mind this event can never be correctly interpreted within 09:45.840 --> 09:47.000 the boundaries of naturalism. 09:47.080 --> 09:48.120 It's simply not possible. 09:48.820 --> 09:54.460 And again, Jesus himself described this event as a real historical event and with 09:54.460 --> 09:57.740 a warning that we are advised to heed. 09:57.740 --> 09:58.440 He says, 10:10.980 --> 10:14.240 Jesus himself regards the flood as a real and historical event. 10:14.520 --> 10:17.440 Who are we to deny that such an event took place? 10:18.580 --> 10:20.340 So what is the biblical age of the earth? 10:20.460 --> 10:22.840 Does the Bible describe how old the earth is? 10:22.900 --> 10:25.240 And if it does, where do we get these numbers? 10:26.160 --> 10:29.980 The biblical age of the earth is derived primarily from what is called a 10:29.980 --> 10:31.060 genealogical record. 10:31.880 --> 10:38.060 The Bible in Genesis and in Chronicles lists the ages of the patriarchs at the 10:38.060 --> 10:39.800 time they had their firstborn son. 10:40.380 --> 10:43.100 So Adam, when he had Seth, Cain killed Abel. 10:43.240 --> 10:46.880 So in the patriarchal line, Seth is regarded as the son. 10:47.180 --> 10:49.500 How old Seth was when he had his firstborn son. 10:49.720 --> 10:53.340 The Bible is very specific about these dates and timelines. 10:53.340 --> 10:59.200 And by simple addition of these dates, you can add them together and determine 10:59.200 --> 11:00.600 the date of the global flood. 11:00.960 --> 11:06.620 As occurring in the year 1656 after the creation. 11:06.740 --> 11:09.100 The flood occurred in the year 1656 after the creation. 11:09.480 --> 11:14.340 Or by subtraction, it would have been around 2350-2348 B.C. 11:15.000 --> 11:16.780 Based on the genealogical record. 11:17.300 --> 11:21.340 And by subtraction, you can calculate the date of the creation as being very near 11:21.340 --> 11:23.080 4004 B.C. 11:23.080 --> 11:24.300 By some calculations. 11:24.780 --> 11:30.820 Plus 2018 would render a date of the earth of about 6022 years. 11:31.020 --> 11:35.020 That is if the days of creation were literal days. 11:35.720 --> 11:40.940 But there are many Christians that want to reconcile the scientific age of the earth, 11:41.020 --> 11:45.240 this 4.6 billion years, with the biblical account. 11:45.800 --> 11:48.060 And they do this in one of several ways. 11:48.160 --> 11:49.080 Two primary ways. 11:49.820 --> 11:51.600 One is known as the gap theory. 11:51.600 --> 11:56.980 They just assert that there is a huge gap of time between Genesis 1-1 and Genesis 11:56.980 --> 11:57.540 1-2. 11:58.140 --> 12:00.300 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 12:01.000 --> 12:05.300 They would insert an entire 4.6 billion year period right there. 12:05.520 --> 12:08.540 And they would argue that Genesis 1-2 should be rendered. 12:08.840 --> 12:13.440 The earth became without form and void instead of the earth was without form and 12:13.440 --> 12:13.680 void. 12:13.900 --> 12:17.280 They argue that the fossil record is a record of this pre-earth. 12:17.700 --> 12:23.320 And then after this gap between Genesis 1-1 and 1-2 then God recreated the earth 12:23.320 --> 12:28.580 with the six days of creation on top of this fossil record of this previous 4.6 12:28.580 --> 12:32.040 billion years that's missing between Genesis 1-1 and 1-2. 12:32.140 --> 12:34.820 That's a very popular view held by many churches today. 12:35.300 --> 12:40.060 The other is to assert that the days of creation were actually vast spans of time. 12:40.480 --> 12:42.220 Known as day-age creationism. 12:42.360 --> 12:44.840 That each day was a billion years each. 12:45.340 --> 12:50.100 And it looks superficially like this might work until you examine what was happening 12:50.100 --> 12:53.440 on those days a little more carefully and compare that with the scientific 12:53.440 --> 12:56.660 community's timeline and you see some glaring problems. 12:56.920 --> 13:00.280 Most notable is the fact that the sun and the moon and stars weren't created until 13:00.280 --> 13:00.880 day 4. 13:01.960 --> 13:06.000 Which would cause a lot of problems for the plants that were created on day 3 to 13:06.000 --> 13:10.560 survive without a sun for potentially a billion years if those were vast ages. 13:11.120 --> 13:13.760 And it conflicts with Big Bang cosmology as well. 13:14.440 --> 13:18.320 Big Bang cosmology argues that the first things that formed after this main 13:18.320 --> 13:20.960 inflation event were stars. 13:21.440 --> 13:23.220 The first thing that formed would have been stars. 13:23.660 --> 13:28.940 Dust particles sizable enough to form things like grains and that eventually 13:28.940 --> 13:33.840 would have crept into ever larger bodies, eventually planetesimals and planets would 13:33.840 --> 13:36.940 have formed after eons of star births and star deaths. 13:37.840 --> 13:42.580 Day-age creationism conflicts with both Big Bang cosmology and the sequence of 13:42.580 --> 13:43.960 biological evolution as well. 13:47.140 --> 13:52.680 But these day-age creationists argue that the word day should be interpreted as a 13:52.680 --> 13:53.720 vast age of time. 13:53.980 --> 13:58.760 But it is interesting that the word day is really only contested in Genesis. 13:59.340 --> 14:04.200 Nowhere else in the Bible, other than in Genesis 1, is the meaning of the word day, 14:04.340 --> 14:06.280 the Hebrew word yom, contested. 14:06.520 --> 14:08.740 It's just in Genesis 1. 14:09.020 --> 14:13.140 But the reason why it's contested, again, is a desire to reconcile the 14:13.140 --> 14:16.920 scientific age of the earth with the biblical age of the earth and the fact 14:16.920 --> 14:18.980 that the word day can mean many things. 14:19.500 --> 14:20.720 It can mean many things. 14:21.380 --> 14:24.120 We tend to refer to a broad span of time. 14:24.220 --> 14:29.640 Back in the days of the Old West or during the days of the Romans, you refer to a 14:29.640 --> 14:30.940 broad span of time as a day. 14:31.260 --> 14:36.160 The daylight portion of a day can be referred to as the day or a 24-hour period 14:36.160 --> 14:36.520 of time. 14:36.700 --> 14:38.200 The word day can mean many things. 14:38.200 --> 14:41.060 So the question is, how do you know what an author means? 14:41.520 --> 14:45.060 How do we know what the author of Genesis 1 means by the word day? 14:46.120 --> 14:49.680 Well, there's several ways that you can determine what an author means by a word, 14:49.680 --> 14:51.240 and one of them is context. 14:52.220 --> 14:56.840 And for many uses of the word day in Scripture, we can clearly determine what 14:56.840 --> 14:59.120 the author means by the word day just from context. 14:59.400 --> 15:03.040 Like we know Jonah wasn't in the belly of a whale for 3 billion years. 15:03.140 --> 15:06.600 That was probably closer to an ordinary day because he probably wouldn't have 15:06.600 --> 15:08.980 survived much longer in the belly of a whale if it wasn't an ordinary day. 15:09.140 --> 15:15.960 So context helps us in many of the uses of the word day in the Bible, but in a 15:15.960 --> 15:17.940 Genesis account, it's not much help there. 15:18.760 --> 15:22.900 One of the other ways that an author can help the reader understand what he means 15:22.900 --> 15:25.740 by a word day is if the author defines the word. 15:26.380 --> 15:29.200 And in Genesis 1, this is clearly the case. 15:29.600 --> 15:34.780 There's a repetition of these phrases, evening or morning, that are used in the 15:34.780 --> 15:40.260 Genesis 1 creation account that are there for no other reason but to define what 15:40.260 --> 15:41.280 that word means. 15:41.660 --> 15:45.820 The author is going out of his way to make sure everyone understands that the word 15:45.820 --> 15:49.600 day in this account is a solar day. 15:49.960 --> 15:53.700 The type of day we equate with an evening and morning cycle. 15:53.960 --> 15:56.880 There's no other reason to put those phrases in there other than to make it 15:56.880 --> 15:59.400 very clear to the reader what is meant by the word day. 15:59.400 --> 16:06.180 And it was understood that the word day would be contested maybe in our day, 16:06.360 --> 16:09.540 and the author wanted to be very clear that what was meant. 16:10.480 --> 16:12.280 They're in the Genesis account. 16:13.340 --> 16:17.600 Another method of determining what an author means by a word is what's referred 16:17.600 --> 16:20.640 to as an exegetical approach to textual interpretation. 16:21.320 --> 16:22.680 What's called exegesis. 16:23.220 --> 16:27.460 Exegesis is also referred to as the historical grammatical interpretation of a 16:27.460 --> 16:27.820 text. 16:27.820 --> 16:32.640 Where you carefully examine a text to determine the author's meaning. 16:33.160 --> 16:37.700 And one of the exegetical methods involves looking to see how an author uses that 16:37.700 --> 16:42.900 same word elsewhere in the text to inform you what it means in this specific case. 16:42.940 --> 16:46.960 In the case of Genesis 1, we would look to see how the author uses the author of the 16:46.960 --> 16:51.560 Bible uses the word day elsewhere to inform us what the author meant by that 16:51.560 --> 16:53.100 word in Genesis 1. 16:53.100 --> 16:57.760 And if we do this, we overwhelmingly, and theologians throughout history have 16:57.760 --> 17:03.860 always regarded Genesis 1 as the author meaning to convey that the day in Genesis 17:03.860 --> 17:07.680 1 was an ordinary day because elsewhere in Scripture when that word is used in that 17:07.680 --> 17:09.280 way, it always means an ordinary day. 17:09.400 --> 17:10.800 If we use an exegetical approach. 17:11.260 --> 17:16.060 For example, uses of the day outside of Genesis 1, when the day is used with a 17:16.060 --> 17:20.040 number 410 times, when day is used with a number, it means an ordinary day. 17:20.040 --> 17:24.600 When evening and morning are used together without the word day, 38 times that 17:24.600 --> 17:27.080 happens outside of Genesis 1, it means an ordinary day. 17:27.280 --> 17:30.500 When evening or morning are used together with the word day, it means an ordinary 17:30.500 --> 17:31.720 day in all of those cases. 17:31.880 --> 17:36.020 And when night is used with the word day, 52 times it means an ordinary day. 17:36.420 --> 17:41.680 If we use the exegetical approach to help us understand what the word day means in 17:41.680 --> 17:44.600 Genesis 1, it leads to that conclusion. 17:44.900 --> 17:47.900 And everyone understands this to be the case. 17:47.900 --> 17:53.200 Most that hold to an old earth even will acknowledge that the exegetical approach 17:54.020 --> 17:58.880 makes the young earth creation position the most appropriate. 18:00.400 --> 18:06.140 Bill Dimsky is a professor at Southern Evangelical Seminary and is a senior 18:06.140 --> 18:08.580 fellow at the Discovery Institute in downtown Seattle. 18:09.060 --> 18:13.780 He admits that the young earth view is the most universally accepted by theologians 18:13.780 --> 18:17.200 up through history and is consistent with the exegetical approach. 18:17.200 --> 18:22.120 He says in his book, The End of Christianity, he says, the young earth 18:22.120 --> 18:26.040 solution to reconcile in the order of creation with natural history makes good 18:26.040 --> 18:28.540 exegetical and theological sense. 18:30.860 --> 18:34.260 Indeed, he says, the overwhelming consensus of theologians up through the 18:34.260 --> 18:36.380 Reformation held to this view. 18:36.900 --> 18:41.320 I myself would adopt it in a heartbeat except that nature seems to present such 18:41.320 --> 18:42.860 strong evidence against it. 18:43.740 --> 18:47.000 I'm hardly alone in my reluctance to accept young earth creationism. 18:47.420 --> 18:51.520 In our current mental environment, informed as it is by modern astrophysics 18:51.520 --> 18:56.060 and geology, the scientific community as a whole regards young earth creationism as 18:56.060 --> 18:57.460 scientifically untenable. 18:58.740 --> 19:03.280 It makes the most exegetical sense, and theologians up through the Reformation 19:03.280 --> 19:09.920 have held to that view, but informed as we are by modern naturalism, a naturalistic 19:09.920 --> 19:14.800 view of geology and astronomy, that argues that these things must be 19:14.800 --> 19:16.500 interpreted as being very ancient. 19:16.820 --> 19:22.720 It now is not very theologically satisfying to academics like Bill Dembski. 19:22.940 --> 19:23.560 A brilliant guy. 19:23.640 --> 19:24.820 I've read several of his books. 19:25.840 --> 19:29.640 Gets a little math, a little too heavy on the math for me on a couple, so I skip 19:29.640 --> 19:31.100 over those parts, but a brilliant guy. 19:32.280 --> 19:37.340 James Barr, a former Hebrew scholar and oral professor of interpretation of the 19:37.340 --> 19:41.820 Holy Scripture at Oxford University says, As far as I know, there is no professor of 19:41.820 --> 19:46.560 Hebrew or Old Testament at any world-class university who does not believe that the 19:46.560 --> 19:51.660 writer of Genesis 1-11 intended to convey to the readers the idea that A. 19:52.220 --> 19:55.980 Creation took place in a series of six days, which were the same as the days of 19:55.980 --> 19:57.540 24 hours we now experience. 19:58.540 --> 19:59.060 B. 19:59.220 --> 20:04.260 The figures contained in the Genesis genealogies provided by simple addition a 20:04.260 --> 20:08.800 chronology from the beginning of the world up to later stages in the biblical story. 20:08.980 --> 20:09.620 And then C. 20:10.020 --> 20:14.880 That Noah's flood was understood to be a worldwide and distinguished all human and 20:14.880 --> 20:16.440 animal life except for those in the ark. 20:18.580 --> 20:25.360 These are well-known historical contents of the Bible that most theologians 20:25.360 --> 20:29.080 throughout history have regarded as true. 20:31.280 --> 20:36.840 So, I wanted to look at, just try to examine a few evidences for the biblical 20:36.840 --> 20:37.540 young earth. 20:38.020 --> 20:42.520 By no mean an exhausted list, there's many, many examples, but I just want to 20:42.520 --> 20:47.620 kind of paint, try to paint an argument for you here in support of what the Bible 20:47.620 --> 20:51.920 seems to declare as a young earth in contrast to what the scientific community 20:51.920 --> 20:52.420 holds to. 20:55.200 --> 20:59.980 Now, when secular scientists talk about the age of the earth, the primary evidence 20:59.980 --> 21:03.680 for this mostly comes from what is referred to as radiometric dating. 21:04.260 --> 21:10.140 A dating technique that involves the use of radioactive elements and the decay 21:10.140 --> 21:11.360 rates of those elements. 21:11.360 --> 21:16.680 However, this specific technique uses a lot of assumptions and there's a lot of 21:16.680 --> 21:18.000 problems with the technique. 21:18.180 --> 21:23.360 Assumptions such as how much parent material or daughter material was there in 21:23.360 --> 21:26.660 the beginning or whether the decay rates have been constant through time. 21:26.740 --> 21:27.920 We don't know these things. 21:28.720 --> 21:37.560 And also, this dating technique only dates lava rocks or volcanic rocks. 21:37.560 --> 21:39.640 This dating technique only dates volcanic rocks. 21:39.980 --> 21:46.280 You cannot date fossils or the sedimentary rocks that fossils are found in directly 21:46.280 --> 21:48.080 with this dating technique. 21:48.420 --> 21:51.020 You can only date volcanic rocks. 21:51.440 --> 21:56.620 And by association, you can determine maybe the minimum age of the fossils if 21:56.620 --> 21:58.820 they're above those volcanic rocks. 21:58.920 --> 22:01.940 But it's important to understand what this technique involves. 22:02.340 --> 22:06.520 But we can also find a number of problems, many examples of problems with this 22:06.520 --> 22:10.720 technique If you look at the dates there that I show, these are from two different 22:10.720 --> 22:15.580 volcanic rock formations there at the Grand Canyon. 22:16.140 --> 22:19.840 And they're dated with several different techniques each. 22:19.960 --> 22:26.120 You can see that the rocks on the top of the plateau have generated several dates 22:26.120 --> 22:27.520 using several different techniques. 22:28.020 --> 22:32.140 The volcanic rocks that are on the very bottom there in what is called 22:32.140 --> 22:37.900 pre-Cambrian rocks also generated many different dates. 22:38.500 --> 22:42.880 And the Rubidium strontium dating technique, which at the time this was 22:42.880 --> 22:48.400 done, was regarded as the most accurate of these dating techniques, found a 22:48.400 --> 22:49.440 significant difference. 22:49.580 --> 22:55.440 Look here, the volcanic rocks that are on the very bottom that were regarded as 22:55.440 --> 23:02.500 pre-Cambrian were dated several hundred million years younger than the flow that 23:02.500 --> 23:05.120 had cascaded off the top and into the Grand Canyon. 23:05.860 --> 23:11.300 And there's many, many examples of this technique producing flawed results, 23:11.380 --> 23:12.860 very inconsistent results. 23:13.440 --> 23:17.020 And so it's important to remember, although they tend to teach these dates as 23:17.020 --> 23:21.140 absolute facts, their dates for these come almost exclusively from radiometric 23:21.140 --> 23:27.020 dating, which they seem to accept only if the dates match their expectations. 23:27.540 --> 23:31.100 They'll measure it using several different techniques, and the technique that matches 23:31.100 --> 23:36.400 their desired dates for those rocks seems to be the one that they tend to accept. 23:36.900 --> 23:41.840 But there are many, many dating techniques other than radiometric dating that can be 23:41.840 --> 23:47.600 used to date things, hundreds of physical processes that can be used to set an upper 23:47.600 --> 23:52.400 limit on the age of the earth, and more than 90% of these other dating 23:52.400 --> 23:55.980 techniques render an age that is less than a billion years. 23:56.840 --> 24:00.180 So let me summarize a few of kind of the top evidences. 24:00.420 --> 24:04.400 I think I have 10 or 11 of these to show you with time permitting. 24:04.520 --> 24:06.140 I've got a few evidences for you. 24:06.460 --> 24:07.700 Start with this one, number one. 24:08.920 --> 24:12.020 There is very little sediment on the seafloor. 24:12.340 --> 24:13.880 Very little sediment on the seafloor. 24:13.880 --> 24:19.900 Every year water and wind erode about 20 billion tons of dirt and rock debris from 24:19.900 --> 24:21.880 the continents and deposits them on the seafloor. 24:22.560 --> 24:27.480 Most of the material accumulates as loose sediments, little particulates that are 24:27.480 --> 24:30.460 transported by the actions of fluids or what we refer to as sediments. 24:30.760 --> 24:34.340 These accumulate near the continents or what we call the continental shelf. 24:34.920 --> 24:39.140 Yet the average thickness of these sediments globally over the whole seafloor 24:39.140 --> 24:42.920 is not even 1,300 feet or about 400 meters. 24:42.920 --> 24:49.280 Now some sediments appear to be removed as tectonic plates, as the actions of these 24:49.280 --> 24:53.440 plates that make up the earth slide one under another. 24:53.580 --> 24:55.800 Some sediments are removed from this technique. 24:56.440 --> 25:01.560 But an estimated 1 billion tons of sediment are removed this way each year. 25:02.040 --> 25:07.060 So the net gain of this is 13 billion tons per year. 25:07.380 --> 25:08.820 20 billion tons are added. 25:08.820 --> 25:14.300 1 billion tons per year is removed through tectonic activity, rendering 19 billion 25:14.300 --> 25:19.420 tons per year should be added by the sedimentary flows down into the ocean. 25:19.780 --> 25:24.300 At this rate, 1,300 feet of sediments would accumulate in less than 12 million 25:24.300 --> 25:26.880 years, not billions of years. 25:27.580 --> 25:32.980 And this evidence makes a good sense in the context of the global flood cataclysm, 25:33.660 --> 25:37.460 not the idea of slow and gradual geologic evolution. 25:37.460 --> 25:42.220 It is believed that in the latter stages of the year-long global flood, 25:42.380 --> 25:49.160 water swiftly drained off the continents and dumped sediments into offshore. 25:49.980 --> 25:55.920 Thus, most seafloor sediments probably accumulated rapidly about 4,300 years ago 25:55.920 --> 25:56.960 during the global flood. 25:58.020 --> 26:02.680 We also find bent rock layers around the globe. 26:03.100 --> 26:06.500 Bent rock layers can be seen in mountainous areas. 26:06.500 --> 26:10.760 Rock layers thousands of feet thick have been bent and folded without fracturing. 26:11.520 --> 26:16.080 These strata folds are exposed in this photo at the Zagros Mountains along the 26:16.080 --> 26:18.980 southwest coast of Iran by the Persian Gulf. 26:19.820 --> 26:23.960 You have to ask, how can that happen if they were laid down separately over 26:23.960 --> 26:26.340 hundreds of millions of years and already hardened? 26:27.120 --> 26:28.980 Or take a look at these folds. 26:29.080 --> 26:32.160 These are near the Solomon River in British Columbia, Canada. 26:32.820 --> 26:37.320 The hardened rock layers like these become very brittle after they harden. 26:37.820 --> 26:42.040 Just try thinking about a slab of concrete and try bending it to see what happens. 26:42.420 --> 26:47.140 But if concrete is still soft and wet, it can be bent and shaped and molded 26:47.140 --> 26:48.440 before the concrete sets. 26:48.920 --> 26:52.780 The same principle applies to sedimentary rock layers, in particular those referred 26:52.780 --> 26:56.720 to as limestone, that are cemented together with the same materials we use to 26:56.720 --> 26:57.760 make concrete. 26:57.760 --> 27:03.040 They can be bent and folded soon after the sediment is deposited, before the natural 27:03.040 --> 27:08.320 cementation process has taken effect and binds the particles together to form hard, 27:08.600 --> 27:09.220 brittle rocks. 27:10.040 --> 27:15.660 The Grand Canyon, you can see here on the far right of the diagram, cuts through 27:15.660 --> 27:17.080 many rock layers. 27:17.840 --> 27:21.080 Previously, all of these layers were raised to their current position, 27:21.620 --> 27:26.160 a raised flat region known as the Kaibab Plateau, which is part of the much larger 27:26.160 --> 27:27.020 Colorado Plateau. 27:27.020 --> 27:32.020 You can see here, somehow this whole sequence was bent and folded without 27:32.020 --> 27:32.680 fracturing. 27:33.480 --> 27:37.660 But that's impossible at the first layer, the one shown there, the Tapeat Sandstone, 27:37.940 --> 27:42.260 was deposited over North America 450 million years ago, as is claimed, 27:42.640 --> 27:43.840 before being folded. 27:44.540 --> 27:48.340 But all the layers would still be relatively impliable if this all happened 27:48.340 --> 27:50.220 during a recent global flood. 27:51.060 --> 27:56.780 Just consider this, the time between the first deposit of the Grand Canyon is 27:56.780 --> 28:01.080 believed to have occurred 520 million years ago, and the conventionally accepted 28:01.080 --> 28:06.040 date for this uplift event was 60 million years ago. 28:06.320 --> 28:12.080 So 460 million years are thought to separate the deposition of this material 28:12.080 --> 28:13.220 from it being folded. 28:14.000 --> 28:19.140 460 million years, those layers were there 460 million years before that was uplifted 28:19.140 --> 28:20.720 and folded in that way. 28:20.940 --> 28:24.020 And this phenomena was not just a local event. 28:24.860 --> 28:30.380 The Tapeat Sandstone that you see there spans the continent, and other layers span 28:30.380 --> 28:33.940 much of the globe, as you would expect during a global scale flood. 28:35.900 --> 28:40.460 We also find soft tissue in fossils, soft tissue in fossils. 28:40.460 --> 28:45.980 In 2005, a Tyrannosaurus rex was discovered in the Hell Creek Formation in 28:45.980 --> 28:51.460 Montana by North Carolina State University paleontologist Dr. Mary Schweitzer. 28:52.360 --> 28:57.360 But due to its weight, weighing about 3,000 pounds when protected by plaster, 28:58.160 --> 29:01.420 they coat these things in plaster to preserve them when moving it. 29:01.720 --> 29:05.560 Because of its weight, they could not transport it by helicopter, and so they 29:05.560 --> 29:08.380 broke the thing in half so they could transport it. 29:08.380 --> 29:14.120 Upon unpacking the boxes back at the lab, she realized that there was material 29:14.120 --> 29:20.440 inside the bone which prompted further microscopic analysis. 29:21.100 --> 29:26.220 From the marrow cavity, Schweitzer found soft, flexible tissue that upon treatment 29:26.220 --> 29:29.720 could be stretched and would return back to its original shape. 29:30.680 --> 29:31.440 Since the T. 29:31.560 --> 29:35.680 rex that was believed to have gone extinct 65 million years ago, soft tissue was 29:35.680 --> 29:36.860 completely unexpected. 29:36.860 --> 29:42.040 In her amazement, she found also what appeared to be blood vessels, shown in 29:42.040 --> 29:45.420 this picture from Mary Schweitzer, along with structures that she believed 29:45.420 --> 29:51.440 were blood cells with nuclei, which are the typical of reptile and bird red blood 29:51.440 --> 29:52.620 cells, but not in mammals. 29:52.760 --> 29:54.480 Mammal red blood cells don't have a nucleus. 29:55.000 --> 29:59.420 The vessels were even revealed to be lined with specialized bone epithelial cells. 30:00.140 --> 30:05.980 Initially, some skeptics suggested that bacterial biofilms had formed what only 30:05.980 --> 30:08.540 appeared to be blood vessels and bone cells. 30:09.040 --> 30:14.000 However, recently, Schweitzer and her co-workers found biochemical evidence that 30:14.000 --> 30:19.460 intact fragments of protein collagen existed in these samples, which is a 30:19.460 --> 30:20.980 component of connective tissue. 30:21.760 --> 30:26.120 This is important because collagen is a highly distinctive protein that is not 30:26.120 --> 30:28.640 found or not made by bacteria. 30:28.640 --> 30:31.200 So this is clearly not of bacterial origin. 30:32.700 --> 30:37.500 Over the last few decades, many soft tissue discoveries have been made that 30:37.500 --> 30:40.340 have given dates more than double that of the T. 30:40.460 --> 30:40.740 rex. 30:40.840 --> 30:42.540 More than double that of the T. 30:42.600 --> 30:42.800 rex. 30:42.920 --> 30:47.340 Numerous soft tissue discoveries, the preservation of skin, blood vessels, 30:48.700 --> 30:54.380 have been found that date far back into hundreds of millions of years at this 30:54.380 --> 30:54.680 point. 30:56.060 --> 30:59.040 Unfossilized dinosaur bones have also been discovered. 30:59.500 --> 31:05.180 This display at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks contains a hadrosaur toe bone 31:05.180 --> 31:08.540 that allows visitors to touch real dinosaur bone. 31:09.000 --> 31:14.240 The caption that you can see there circled in red reads, This is real dinosaur bone 31:14.240 --> 31:17.840 from the hind foot of a genus of hadrosaur. 31:18.300 --> 31:23.680 Although it is 69 million years old, it is still original bone and not rock. 31:24.620 --> 31:30.540 In May 2017, the Alberta Museum unveiled a nodosaur for exhibition. 31:31.120 --> 31:35.540 Nodosaurs were plant eating dinosaurs that were packing some serious armor. 31:36.680 --> 31:41.160 Dated at about 110 million years old, it is described as the best preserved 31:41.160 --> 31:43.180 fossil of its kind ever found. 31:44.020 --> 31:47.720 So well preserved that it seems to be staring back at you. 31:47.760 --> 31:50.180 There's the head of the nodosaur. 31:50.800 --> 31:54.760 I'll give you a zoom in so you can get a little better look at its eye. 31:55.660 --> 31:58.700 And if you look right behind the eye, you can see a little bit of preserved 31:58.700 --> 31:59.380 skin. 31:59.860 --> 32:04.560 A little more skin preserved here with some exquisite detail. 32:05.000 --> 32:07.500 Look at some of those protective spikes, would you? 32:08.060 --> 32:09.680 Ribs were preserved. 32:11.240 --> 32:15.320 Even the stomach contents of the nodosaur were preserved. 32:19.700 --> 32:24.340 There are also a number of indicators that argue that the solar system itself cannot 32:24.340 --> 32:26.620 be 4.6 billion years old. 32:26.720 --> 32:29.980 The entire solar system is believed to be of the same age as the earth. 32:30.880 --> 32:36.160 One of these evidences is referred to as the faint sun paradox that I'll try to 32:36.160 --> 32:36.920 describe to you. 32:38.100 --> 32:45.200 Evidence now supports that the sun power comes from thermal nuclear fusion 32:45.200 --> 32:45.780 reactions. 32:45.780 --> 32:50.980 Specifically, the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium are believed to be responsible 32:50.980 --> 32:52.440 for the sun's emissions. 32:53.340 --> 32:57.020 But as the hydrogen fuses in this way through thermal nuclear fusion, 32:57.340 --> 33:00.340 the sun's composition should change through time. 33:00.940 --> 33:05.160 So if this is true, it means that the earth was colder in the past. 33:05.780 --> 33:12.240 If the sun is 4.6 billion years old, it should have brightened nearly 40% over 33:12.240 --> 33:13.240 this period of time. 33:13.240 --> 33:16.960 This is a paradox referred to as the faint sun paradox. 33:17.680 --> 33:23.020 In fact, the earth would have been below freezing temperature 3.8 billion years 33:23.020 --> 33:28.420 ago, if this theory holds true, when life supposedly first evolved on the 33:28.420 --> 33:31.740 planet, which is thought to have occurred about 3.8 billion years ago. 33:32.000 --> 33:35.660 The rate of thermal nuclear fusion depends on the temperature. 33:36.160 --> 33:40.640 As the sun's core temperature increases, the sun's energy output should also 33:40.640 --> 33:43.480 increase, causing the sun to become brighter over time. 33:44.200 --> 33:50.060 And calculations show that the sun would have brightened by 25% after 3.8 billion 33:50.060 --> 33:50.580 years. 33:50.800 --> 33:56.480 This means that an early earth would have been 31 degrees Fahrenheit fainter than it 33:56.480 --> 34:01.460 is today, warming the earth much less than it does, and that's below freezing 34:01.460 --> 34:01.920 temperature. 34:04.060 --> 34:09.080 There's also a problem with earth's decaying magnetic field that argues that 34:09.080 --> 34:10.860 it can't be billions of years old. 34:11.420 --> 34:15.540 The rapidly decaying magnetic field is a serious problem. 34:15.880 --> 34:19.300 The earth is surrounded in a magnetic field, you can see in this diagram, 34:19.700 --> 34:21.220 that is called the magnetosphere. 34:21.940 --> 34:25.900 And the purpose of the magnetosphere is to protect living things from solar 34:25.900 --> 34:26.420 radiation. 34:26.940 --> 34:30.680 Without the magnetic field in this magnetosphere, life on earth would simply 34:30.680 --> 34:31.600 not be possible. 34:31.600 --> 34:37.500 But scientists were surprised to discover that the field is quickly wearing down. 34:38.320 --> 34:43.040 At the current rate, the field, and thus the earth, could not be older 34:43.040 --> 34:46.380 than 20,000 years old at its present rate of decay. 34:46.900 --> 34:48.940 Several measurements have confirmed this. 34:49.560 --> 34:54.360 Since measurements began in 1845, the total energy stored in the earth's 34:54.360 --> 34:59.580 magnetic field has been decaying at a rate of about 5% per century. 35:00.400 --> 35:05.280 Archaeological measurements show that the field was 40% stronger in 1000 AD. 35:06.360 --> 35:11.060 Recent records from the International Geomagnetic Reference Field, the most 35:11.060 --> 35:17.960 accurate ever taken, show a net energy loss of 1.4% in just three decades between 35:17.960 --> 35:19.480 1970 and 2000. 35:20.120 --> 35:27.260 This means that the field's energy has halved every 1,465 years or so. 35:28.140 --> 35:33.920 A Croatian physicist by the name of Thomas Barnes, who was a professor of physics at 35:33.920 --> 35:38.780 the University of Texas for 43 years, proposed that the earth's magnetic field 35:38.780 --> 35:42.740 is caused by a freely decaying electric current in the earth's core. 35:43.820 --> 35:48.520 This means that the electric current naturally loses energy or decays as it 35:48.520 --> 35:50.460 flows through the metallic core. 35:51.160 --> 35:55.260 Though this differs from the most conventionally accepted conventional 35:55.260 --> 35:58.960 model, it is consistent with our knowledge of what makes up the earth's core. 35:59.880 --> 36:05.580 But since the earth is believed to be 4.6 billion years old, a rescue device has 36:05.580 --> 36:11.300 been proposed by secular scientists known as the dynamo theory, which they assert to 36:11.300 --> 36:15.100 provide a self-sustaining mechanism for the magnetic field. 36:15.660 --> 36:20.140 However, this complex process is purely theoretical, contradicts some basic laws 36:20.140 --> 36:25.620 of physics, and furthermore, their model fails to explain some important things 36:25.620 --> 36:31.140 like the measured electric current in the seafloor, nor can it explain the past 36:31.140 --> 36:34.200 field reversals we see on the seafloor. 36:34.340 --> 36:37.980 In a book published in 1993 by the U.S. 36:38.140 --> 36:43.040 Geodynamic Committee of the National Research Council, titled the National 36:43.040 --> 36:47.780 Geomagnetic Initiative, it is stated that the mechanism for generating the 36:47.780 --> 36:52.040 geomagnetic field remains one of the central unsolved problems in geoscience. 36:53.480 --> 36:57.220 Taylor states in Design and Destiny, Our Solar System and Its Place in the 36:57.220 --> 37:03.760 Cosmos, that the magnetism is almost as much a puzzle now as it was when William 37:03.760 --> 37:09.900 Gilbert wrote his classic text concerning geomagnetism, magnetic bodies, 37:10.060 --> 37:13.200 and the great magnetic earth in the 1600s. 37:14.520 --> 37:19.900 At this point, reliable published geological field data has emphatically 37:19.900 --> 37:24.920 confirmed the young earth model of a freely decaying electric current in the 37:24.920 --> 37:27.080 outer core is generating the magnetic field. 37:27.600 --> 37:33.500 In addition, according to the creationist dynamic decay model, the earth's magnetic 37:33.500 --> 37:39.920 field lost more energy during the flood, which when the outer core was stirred 37:39.920 --> 37:44.140 during this event, and the field reversed direction several times, it is believed, 37:44.240 --> 37:48.160 during the flood, the data all points to an earth in a magnetic field that is only 37:48.160 --> 37:49.520 6,000 years old. 37:51.780 --> 37:55.980 We also find helium in radioactive rocks. 37:57.220 --> 37:59.520 Helium as discovered in radioactive rocks. 38:01.780 --> 38:05.380 And this is again another indicator of a young earth. 38:07.240 --> 38:12.320 Radioactivity, or radiation as it is called, is a spontaneous emission from 38:12.320 --> 38:14.000 unstable atoms. 38:14.540 --> 38:18.400 Basically, they are the atoms that we refer to as radioactive atoms that are 38:18.400 --> 38:19.380 disintegrating. 38:19.760 --> 38:21.760 Pieces are just flying off of them. 38:22.060 --> 38:24.260 And some of these can be very dangerous. 38:24.520 --> 38:29.360 If they strike you, they strike your DNA, can cause harm to your genetic code. 38:29.920 --> 38:31.820 There are several different types of decay. 38:32.020 --> 38:34.100 There's alpha decay, there's beta decay. 38:34.100 --> 38:38.960 Gamma, there's one called gamma, for any sci-fi fans. 38:39.400 --> 38:43.200 The gamma rays were what created the Incredible Hulk. 38:43.860 --> 38:44.020 Anyone? 38:44.240 --> 38:44.720 Incredible Hulk? 38:44.860 --> 38:48.980 Yeah, it was gamma rays that turned into the Incredible Hulk. 38:50.160 --> 38:52.880 But these radioactive elements will continue to decay. 38:53.060 --> 38:55.540 And most of the really big elements are radioactive. 38:56.000 --> 39:00.180 In the periodic table, the really big atoms in the periodic table are all 39:00.180 --> 39:00.700 radioactive. 39:00.700 --> 39:05.580 And they continue to disintegrate, losing particles, until they get smaller 39:05.580 --> 39:08.820 and smaller and smaller and reach a stable element like lead. 39:09.860 --> 39:16.340 Here's an animation of a uranium atom, a radioactive uranium atom, emitting what 39:16.340 --> 39:17.720 is called an alpha particle. 39:18.940 --> 39:21.360 One of the types of decay called alpha decay. 39:21.740 --> 39:25.160 The alpha particle is a particle the size of a helium nucleus. 39:25.300 --> 39:26.900 It is a helium nucleus. 39:26.900 --> 39:30.560 It contains two protons and two neutrons. 39:31.000 --> 39:34.320 And this particle comes flying off of these radioactive elements. 39:35.720 --> 39:41.400 And during the decay, for example, of uranium and thorium found in rocks, 39:41.560 --> 39:44.940 lots of helium is lost or produced by this process. 39:45.320 --> 39:50.760 For example, during the decay of uranium-238 down to lead, eight helium 39:50.760 --> 39:52.580 atoms are lost in this process. 39:53.920 --> 39:57.700 These radioactive elements can be found in crystals. 39:58.440 --> 40:03.260 But because helium is a tiny, tiny element, the second lightest element in 40:03.260 --> 40:07.220 the periodic table, and a noble gas, which means it doesn't combine with other 40:07.220 --> 40:13.980 elements, as it's produced by nuclear decay, it readily diffuses or leaks out of 40:13.980 --> 40:16.520 crystals and eventually escapes into the atmosphere. 40:18.100 --> 40:23.100 You probably have seen this happen, helium escaping in helium balloons. 40:23.660 --> 40:26.540 When you have a helium balloon, they don't last forever. 40:27.280 --> 40:31.040 After a couple of days, they usually lose their ability to float the way they did 40:31.040 --> 40:34.500 originally because helium is able to escape through the rubber of the balloon 40:34.500 --> 40:35.340 in the same way. 40:35.560 --> 40:38.520 It's a really small element and it can just leak right out of these things. 40:38.520 --> 40:44.520 Well, a creation science research team called the RATE group decided that helium 40:44.520 --> 40:49.980 measurements might be an alternative method to determine the date of rocks. 40:50.840 --> 40:54.720 Using a prediction from a young earth model, they assumed that helium might 40:54.720 --> 40:55.840 still be in these rocks. 40:56.260 --> 40:58.920 But it wouldn't be if they were in fact billions of years old. 40:59.240 --> 41:04.280 So the RATE group shown here, just so you know, was formed by scientists from the 41:04.280 --> 41:07.180 Institute for Creation Research and the Creation Research Society. 41:07.180 --> 41:12.420 And they collaborated on an extensive three-year project specifically to study 41:12.420 --> 41:15.000 radiometric dating. 41:15.280 --> 41:21.260 The acronym RATE stands for Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth. 41:21.580 --> 41:25.960 So they were studying radiometric dating to try to understand what was actually 41:25.960 --> 41:26.600 happening there. 41:26.780 --> 41:31.440 And they were made up of specialists in geology, geophysics, astrophysics, 41:31.560 --> 41:32.140 and physics. 41:33.140 --> 41:41.480 What they decided to do was obtain samples of granite to see if they could find 41:41.480 --> 41:44.640 helium still present in some of these very ancient rocks. 41:44.880 --> 41:48.880 Samples of granite were obtained and analyzed by the RATE group researchers 41:48.880 --> 41:54.280 from deep pre-Cambrian, meaning pre-flood granite rocks in New Mexico. 41:54.280 --> 41:59.180 From these rocks they extracted zircon crystals from different depths. 42:00.240 --> 42:04.720 Just so you know, the melting temperature of zirconium silicate, which makes up 42:04.720 --> 42:09.600 zircon crystals, is so high that these zircon crystals can actually go through a 42:09.600 --> 42:13.460 volcano and come out the volcano undamaged. 42:13.900 --> 42:18.600 Now you might recognize zircons as being crystals used to make less expensive 42:18.600 --> 42:21.100 gemstones for things like rings. 42:21.100 --> 42:26.200 Here's a look at some tiny zircon crystals that the RATE group isolated, shown under 42:26.200 --> 42:28.420 a standard optical microscope. 42:28.980 --> 42:35.920 Another view of one at a higher magnification using a scanning electron 42:35.920 --> 42:36.420 microscope. 42:37.540 --> 42:43.600 So what the RATE group did was analyze the helium content of zircon crystals taken 42:43.600 --> 42:48.420 from granite obtained through core samples drilled by the Los Alamos National 42:48.420 --> 42:51.460 Laboratory at a geothermal site in New Mexico. 42:52.140 --> 42:56.300 The drilling was done by the Los Alamos National Laboratory as part of an 42:56.300 --> 43:01.640 experiment where they were trying to tap hot rocks and steam to produce power for 43:01.640 --> 43:04.020 generators using geothermal heat. 43:04.620 --> 43:09.420 The RATE researchers obtained these samples and were actually surprised to 43:09.420 --> 43:12.060 find far more helium in them than they expected. 43:12.860 --> 43:15.760 Again, if these rocks are very old, though, they shouldn't have helium because 43:15.760 --> 43:17.300 helium leaks out very rapidly. 43:17.880 --> 43:21.880 They, assuming that the earth was very young, expected to find helium in the 43:21.880 --> 43:25.880 rocks, but were surprised to find much more helium in them than they expected 43:25.880 --> 43:27.160 from the young earth position. 43:27.160 --> 43:34.100 In rocks dated at 1.5 billion years old by radiometric dating, up to 58% of the 43:34.100 --> 43:39.280 helium that the uranium could ever have generated in 1.5 billion years was still 43:39.280 --> 43:40.280 present in the crystals. 43:41.100 --> 43:42.780 This is completely surprising. 43:43.340 --> 43:46.980 When these diffusion rates at various temperatures were plotted out, 43:47.080 --> 43:52.000 shown here, the diffusivity of the helium provided excellent confirmation of the 43:52.000 --> 43:54.080 predictions made by the young earth model. 43:54.080 --> 43:58.420 The diffusion rates were consistent with the young earth predictions, but varied 43:58.420 --> 44:03.820 considerably from those based on the old earth uniformitarian assumptions you see 44:03.820 --> 44:05.880 plotted on the lower portion of that graph. 44:07.100 --> 44:13.360 In addition, the helium leakage rates from zircons has been determined by several 44:13.360 --> 44:15.860 experiments that are all in agreement. 44:16.140 --> 44:20.520 Helium diffuses so rapidly that all the helium in the zircon crystals should have 44:20.520 --> 44:23.280 leaked out in less than 100,000 years. 44:23.280 --> 44:29.480 The fact that so much helium is still there means that rocks cannot be 1.5 44:29.480 --> 44:33.500 billion years old, as the uranium-led radiometric dating of those rocks 44:33.500 --> 44:34.100 suggested. 44:34.440 --> 44:39.600 In fact, using the measured rate of helium diffusion, these pre-flood rocks have an 44:39.600 --> 44:45.300 average diffusion age of only about 6,000 years, plus or minus 2,000. 44:45.640 --> 44:48.300 Very consistent with the biblical age of the earth. 44:48.300 --> 44:53.320 These results were interpreted by the rate group as indicating that accelerated 44:53.320 --> 44:55.700 nuclear decay had taken place. 44:56.920 --> 45:01.940 They produced this animation to illustrate the process they believed to have taken 45:01.940 --> 45:04.580 place probably during the global flood. 45:05.100 --> 45:09.960 The hourglass on the left illustrates the uranium on the top decaying into lead on 45:09.960 --> 45:11.780 the bottom of that hourglass. 45:12.780 --> 45:19.680 The hourglass on the right shows the helium that was being produced into the 45:19.680 --> 45:23.960 upper chamber and then is diffusing into the lower chamber. 45:24.440 --> 45:30.520 The results that they obtained suggested that at some point God accelerated the 45:30.520 --> 45:35.940 nuclear decay process, causing uranium to decay into lead at a much faster rate, 45:36.300 --> 45:38.060 producing helium in the process. 45:38.060 --> 45:42.280 But because the diffusion of helium out of the zircon crystals is a mechanical 45:42.280 --> 45:46.520 process, not a nuclear process, the rate was not affected. 45:47.140 --> 45:51.820 The decay of uranium occurred at a much faster rate, while the diffusion of helium 45:51.820 --> 45:53.420 occurred at the normal rate. 45:54.280 --> 45:58.380 And at some point the accelerated rate of nuclear decay returned to what we have 45:58.380 --> 45:58.720 today. 45:58.900 --> 46:01.000 That is their interpretation of these results. 46:01.840 --> 46:05.340 But then again, we don't really know how much helium there was there in the 46:05.340 --> 46:06.200 beginning either. 46:07.560 --> 46:10.600 It's hard to say, but it is interesting findings to be sure. 46:11.440 --> 46:14.120 There was another thing that was kind of argued here. 46:14.420 --> 46:18.420 Another piece of evidence suggested by this that supported young earth is the low 46:18.420 --> 46:19.920 amount of helium in the atmosphere. 46:20.620 --> 46:24.080 The leakage rate of helium gas into the atmosphere has been measured. 46:24.640 --> 46:29.680 Even though some helium escapes into outer space, the amount still present is not 46:29.680 --> 46:33.040 nearly enough if the earth is 4.6 billion years old. 46:33.040 --> 46:38.520 In fact, if we assume no helium was in the original atmosphere, all the helium would 46:38.520 --> 46:44.660 have accumulated that is there in only 1.8 million years, even from an evolutionary 46:44.660 --> 46:45.260 standpoint. 46:45.640 --> 46:50.460 But when the catastrophic flood upheaval is factored in, which rapidly released 46:50.460 --> 46:54.220 huge amounts of helium into the atmosphere, it could have accumulated in 46:54.220 --> 46:55.680 only 6,000 years. 46:57.340 --> 47:04.000 We've also found carbon-14 where it should not be, particularly in fossils, 47:04.420 --> 47:05.800 coal, and diamonds. 47:06.820 --> 47:10.160 Now, carbon-14 is a radioactive form of carbon. 47:10.300 --> 47:14.660 So it's a form of carbon that is subject to the same kinds of decay, not exactly 47:14.660 --> 47:19.300 the same, but it's a radioactive form, an unstable radioactive form of carbon. 47:21.300 --> 47:26.760 That scientists use to date organic materials, such as very recent fossils, 47:27.040 --> 47:32.720 bones, trees, coals, and even human artifacts are dated using what they call 47:32.720 --> 47:33.880 carbon-14 dating. 47:34.440 --> 47:38.280 But first, let me explain a little bit about carbon-14 dating, what this is 47:38.280 --> 47:39.720 about, and how it works. 47:39.720 --> 47:46.660 Now, so carbon is an element, a type of atom, right, that usually has a mass of 12 47:46.660 --> 47:48.300 atomic mass units. 47:48.440 --> 47:49.940 It has an atomic mass of 12. 47:50.340 --> 47:55.240 However, if atmospheric nitrogen, shown in this animation, is struck by 47:55.240 --> 48:01.040 particles of solar radiation, these nitrogen atoms can be converted into an 48:01.040 --> 48:04.980 unstable form of carbon that has a mass also of 14. 48:04.980 --> 48:09.060 But, again, this is an unstable form of carbon that will decay. 48:09.440 --> 48:14.340 Because of this process, both forms of carbon exist in the atmosphere. 48:14.500 --> 48:18.060 Both carbon-12 and carbon-14 are going to exist in the atmosphere where they were 48:18.060 --> 48:19.400 combined with carbon dioxide. 48:20.020 --> 48:25.580 Carbon dioxide is taken up by plants during photosynthesis and ultimately used 48:25.580 --> 48:26.160 to make glucose. 48:26.900 --> 48:32.000 In photosynthesis, glucose molecules are then used for energy. 48:32.520 --> 48:36.560 Carbon compounds are going to find their way into all the other macromolecules, 48:36.800 --> 48:39.140 into oils, into DNA. 48:39.880 --> 48:47.140 So, in general, the plants and animals alive at any one time will have the exact 48:47.140 --> 48:51.320 same amount of carbon-14 in their tissues that are in the atmosphere. 48:51.320 --> 48:56.500 So, the exact same amount of carbon-14 should be found in plants and the animals 48:56.500 --> 48:59.120 that ate those, all the way down to the food chain. 48:59.240 --> 49:02.480 All organisms on earth should have the same amount of carbon-14 that's in the 49:02.480 --> 49:04.060 atmosphere at any one point in time. 49:04.600 --> 49:09.540 But, because carbon-14 is an unstable radioactive form of carbon, it decays back 49:09.540 --> 49:10.920 into nitrogen over time. 49:11.560 --> 49:16.480 So, after the death of an organism, the amount of carbon-14 in the bones or 49:16.480 --> 49:21.760 fossils can be used as a measure of how long it's been dead based on the decay 49:21.760 --> 49:23.220 rate of carbon-14. 49:24.860 --> 49:30.600 But, these measurements of the amount of carbon-14 in the sample are determined 49:30.600 --> 49:34.500 using a device shown here called an atomic mass spectrometer. 49:35.460 --> 49:40.200 And the rate group had a number of samples of coal measured for C-14 content using 49:40.200 --> 49:40.840 this device. 49:41.920 --> 49:47.400 But, unlike the other isotopes used in radiometric dating, carbon-14 decays very, 49:47.480 --> 49:48.020 very quickly. 49:48.020 --> 49:54.380 Having a half-life of only 5,730 years, which means that half of the carbon-14 49:54.380 --> 49:56.540 will have decayed in that period of time. 49:57.500 --> 50:02.400 So, none is expected to remain in fossils after even 100,000 years. 50:02.800 --> 50:08.800 The oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process are closer to 50:08.800 --> 50:09.880 50,000 years. 50:09.880 --> 50:15.160 Yet, carbon-14 has been detected in ancient fossils supposedly up to hundreds 50:15.160 --> 50:20.620 of millions of years old ever since the earliest days of carbon-14 dating. 50:21.660 --> 50:27.360 In fact, between 1984 and 1998 alone, the secular scientific literature reported 50:27.360 --> 50:33.620 carbon-14 in 70 different samples that came from fossils, coal, oil, natural gas, 50:33.680 --> 50:37.800 and even marble representing the fossil-bearing portion of the geological 50:37.800 --> 50:40.720 record, supposedly spanning more than 500 million years. 50:41.700 --> 50:49.080 Further analysis of fossilized wood and coal samples, supposedly spanning 32 to 50:49.080 --> 50:55.100 350 million years in age, yielded dates between 20,000 and 50,000 years using 50:55.100 --> 50:56.180 carbon-14 dating. 50:56.180 --> 51:02.500 But, the problem with this is that carbon-14 in organic samples like coal is 51:02.500 --> 51:03.280 completely expected. 51:04.280 --> 51:10.520 Well, we expect it from a Young Earth model, but the plants, especially because 51:10.520 --> 51:13.800 the plants that were alive at the time of the global flood, are believed to have 51:13.800 --> 51:19.540 formed vast coal deposits we find in the strata and are not millions of years old, 51:19.600 --> 51:21.680 but rather less than 5,000 years old. 51:21.680 --> 51:26.680 So, the original carbon-14 content, representing what was present in the 51:26.680 --> 51:31.420 atmosphere before the flood, then began to decay back into nitrogen after the flood. 51:31.580 --> 51:35.180 So, we expect to find carbon-14 in all these samples from the Young Earth, 51:35.240 --> 51:36.320 the global flood model. 51:36.960 --> 51:41.640 However, again, one of the problems with measuring samples like coal is 51:41.640 --> 51:42.240 contamination. 51:43.680 --> 51:48.360 Organic samples are prone to contamination, and you could get carbon-14 51:48.360 --> 51:51.240 in coal samples from the surrounding materials. 51:51.700 --> 51:56.700 So, what the rate group decided to do was to see if they could find carbon-14 in 51:56.700 --> 52:00.740 diamonds, which are not subject to such contamination. 52:01.060 --> 52:06.040 They can be washed aggressively to remove any contaminations before carbon-14 52:06.040 --> 52:08.500 contents are analyzed using a mass spectrometer. 52:09.500 --> 52:14.200 And sure enough, as they expected from a Young Earth model, they found that 52:14.200 --> 52:23.140 diamonds, supposedly 1 to 3 billion years old, yielded carbon-14 ages of only 55,000 52:23.140 --> 52:23.480 years. 52:24.200 --> 52:29.900 This date is excessively old according to the Bible, but the high carbon-14 52:29.900 --> 52:37.740 quantities make sense if we remember that the magnetic field has decayed and was 52:37.740 --> 52:41.560 stronger in the past, protecting the atmosphere from solar radiation and 52:41.560 --> 52:45.100 reducing the radiocarbon production before the flood. 52:47.000 --> 52:55.260 I've got another example that argues for a fairly recent or young solar system, 52:55.620 --> 53:01.240 and that is the existence of short-lived comets that are still found in the solar 53:01.240 --> 53:04.180 system, indicating that they could not be billions of years old. 53:05.080 --> 53:11.260 Now, a comet is basically a dirty snowball that are swirling around in the solar 53:11.260 --> 53:11.740 system. 53:12.380 --> 53:17.140 It spends most of its time far from the sun in the deep freeze of space, 53:17.280 --> 53:22.840 but once every orbit, the comet comes very close to the sun, allowing the sun's heat 53:22.840 --> 53:28.160 to evaporate much of the comet's ice and dislodge dust particles to form what we 53:28.160 --> 53:29.680 know of as the comet's trail. 53:30.680 --> 53:36.940 Now, comets have little mass, so each close pass to the sun greatly reduces a 53:36.940 --> 53:40.220 comet's size, and eventually comets fade away. 53:40.880 --> 53:45.540 They can't survive billions of years in the solar system, making repeated rounds 53:45.540 --> 53:46.260 around the sun. 53:46.700 --> 53:51.980 If the solar system is 4.6 billion years old, comets should have burned up long 53:51.980 --> 53:52.380 ago. 53:53.200 --> 53:58.500 But the frequency at which a comet passes by the sun determines how long it will 53:58.500 --> 54:03.600 survive, and thus comets are classified in two different ways. 54:03.760 --> 54:06.220 There are short- and long-period comets. 54:06.640 --> 54:10.280 A short-period comet circles the sun about every 200 years. 54:10.860 --> 54:14.820 Halley's comet, for those old enough to remember the last time Halley's comet came 54:14.820 --> 54:17.360 around, is a short-period comet. 54:18.420 --> 54:23.980 Halley's comet comes by about every 75 to 76 years. 54:25.400 --> 54:30.880 The comet that was in this graphic is the Hale-Bopp comet, which came around in 54:30.880 --> 54:31.840 1997. 54:32.800 --> 54:38.080 Long-period comets, by contrast, circle around the sun every 200 years or 54:38.080 --> 54:38.440 more. 54:38.720 --> 54:41.160 So 200 years or less, you refer to it as a short-period comet. 54:41.420 --> 54:43.800 200 years or more, you refer to it as a long-period comet. 54:43.800 --> 54:48.360 But there are mechanisms that destroy comets, so they shouldn't persist for long 54:48.360 --> 54:49.040 periods of time. 54:49.480 --> 54:53.740 They can be ejected from the solar system and collide with planets. 54:54.300 --> 54:58.620 Ejections happen as comets pass too close to large planets, particularly things like 54:58.620 --> 54:59.020 Jupiter. 54:59.820 --> 55:02.880 And the planet's gravity kicks them out of the solar system. 55:03.800 --> 55:09.600 Ejections have been observed many times, but the first collision of a comet with a 55:09.600 --> 55:12.600 planet was observed in 1994, shown in this picture. 55:12.600 --> 55:18.460 When the comet Shoemaker, Levy 9, slammed into Jupiter. 55:19.460 --> 55:23.900 But given the loss rates, it's easy to compute a maximum age of comets. 55:24.400 --> 55:28.100 That maximum age is only a few million years. 55:28.900 --> 55:32.980 Obviously, their prevalence makes sense if the entire solar system is just a few 55:32.980 --> 55:33.960 thousand years old. 55:34.200 --> 55:39.760 But it does not make sense if you assume a solar system that ranges in 4.6 billion 55:39.760 --> 55:40.180 years. 55:42.500 --> 55:47.400 Evolutionary astronauts have answered this problem by claiming that comets must come 55:47.400 --> 55:48.660 from one of two sources. 55:49.120 --> 55:53.400 They propose that there's a Kuiper Belt, what's referred to as a Kuiper Belt, 55:53.700 --> 55:57.820 out in the distant regions of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune. 55:58.460 --> 56:00.640 And another that's referred to as the Oort Cloud. 56:01.260 --> 56:06.280 They believe that Kuiper Belt could produce comets that are under 200 years 56:06.280 --> 56:06.620 old. 56:06.620 --> 56:10.500 And potentially, the Oort Cloud could produce comets that are over 200 years 56:10.500 --> 56:11.820 old, or the long-period comets. 56:12.200 --> 56:14.240 Let me show you where these are believed to exist. 56:14.560 --> 56:18.400 The yellow orbits that you see there are the rocky planets. 56:18.760 --> 56:21.680 The green orbits that you're seeing there are the big gas giants. 56:22.560 --> 56:28.220 And all of the dots you see there around the green orbits are what we refer to as 56:28.220 --> 56:29.660 trans-Neptunian objects. 56:29.920 --> 56:34.240 Every object outside the orbit of Neptune are referred to as trans-Neptunian 56:34.240 --> 56:34.680 objects. 56:34.680 --> 56:37.180 And or what we refer to as Kuiper Belt objects. 56:37.760 --> 56:40.940 And even Pluto has been argued to be a Kuiper Belt object. 56:41.060 --> 56:45.000 Not a real planet, but that debate has kind of gone back and forth. 56:45.160 --> 56:50.000 The red object you see there is the orbit of Sedna, which is well a trans-Neptunian 56:50.000 --> 56:50.340 object. 56:50.460 --> 56:55.100 The most distant object we've detected in the solar system so far. 56:55.700 --> 57:00.280 Drop back a little further, because some believe that there is even more stuff out 57:00.280 --> 57:00.640 there. 57:00.640 --> 57:05.520 And that these long-period comets may come from what they refer to as the Oort Cloud. 57:06.320 --> 57:08.640 That is even further away from the solar system. 57:09.600 --> 57:11.380 Okay, referred to as the Oort Cloud. 57:12.640 --> 57:16.440 Yet there is, at this point, no evidence for the supposed Oort Cloud. 57:16.840 --> 57:18.680 And there likely never will be. 57:19.060 --> 57:23.040 In the past 20 years, astronomers have found thousands of asteroids orbiting 57:23.040 --> 57:23.740 beyond Neptune. 57:24.180 --> 57:26.960 And they are assumed to be coming from the Kuiper Belt. 57:26.960 --> 57:31.480 However, the large size of these asteroids and the difference in composition between 57:31.480 --> 57:37.200 these asteroids and comets argues against the conclusion that the Kuiper Belt is the 57:37.200 --> 57:38.480 source of any comets. 57:39.420 --> 57:43.960 And one of the most famous astronomers of our day said this... 57:44.620 --> 57:47.560 Many scientific papers are written each year about the Oort Cloud. 57:48.020 --> 57:49.740 Its properties, its origin, its evolution. 57:49.880 --> 57:53.940 Yet there is not yet a shred of direct observational evidence for its existence. 57:54.800 --> 57:57.400 And this is coming from Carl Sagan. 57:59.340 --> 58:04.180 In the Journal of Creation article titled, More Problems for the Oort Cloud, 58:04.280 --> 58:08.080 the astronomer Danny Faulkner says, Since it cannot be detected, the Oort 58:08.080 --> 58:09.760 Cloud is not a scientific concept. 58:10.320 --> 58:14.400 This is not bad science, but non-science, masquerading as science. 58:14.760 --> 58:19.140 The existence of comets is good evidence that the solar system is only a few 58:19.140 --> 58:20.140 thousand years old. 58:22.040 --> 58:28.260 I have another indicator of a young Earth, and that's the minimal amount of salt that 58:28.260 --> 58:29.200 we find in the oceans. 58:30.620 --> 58:35.860 Every year, rivers, glaciers, underground seepages, and atmospheric and volcanic 58:35.860 --> 58:38.520 dust dump large amounts of salt into the ocean. 58:39.240 --> 58:47.440 Some 458 million tons of sodium mixes into ocean water each year, but only 122 58:47.440 --> 58:51.800 million tons, that's 27%, is removed by natural processes. 58:52.620 --> 58:59.000 So if seawater originally contained no sodium at all, and sodium accumulated at 58:59.000 --> 59:04.380 today's rates, then today's ocean's saltiness would be reached in only 42 59:04.380 --> 59:05.420 million years. 59:05.720 --> 59:10.060 That's 170th the 3 billion years evolution has proposed. 59:11.140 --> 59:16.320 But those assumptions fail to take into account the likelihood that God created a 59:16.320 --> 59:19.740 saltwater ocean in the beginning for all sea creatures. 59:20.100 --> 59:21.220 He made it on day five. 59:21.760 --> 59:25.460 Also, the year-long global flood would have dumped an unprecedented amount of 59:25.460 --> 59:30.060 salt into the ocean at that time through erosion, sedimentation, volcanism. 59:30.580 --> 59:35.160 So today's ocean saltiness makes much better sense when we consider the biblical 59:35.160 --> 59:38.980 account of just a few thousand years in the global flood. 59:40.760 --> 59:45.760 Another evidence for a young solar system comes from the recession of the moon. 59:46.280 --> 59:49.140 The moon is constantly receding from us. 59:49.780 --> 59:53.880 This indicates that the solar system could not be 4.6 billion years of age. 59:54.760 --> 59:59.580 Now one of the main goals of the Apollo missions was to solve the mystery of the 59:59.580 --> 01:00:00.460 moon's origin. 01:00:01.240 --> 01:00:04.720 The Apollo astronauts brought back hundreds of pounds of rocks to try to 01:00:04.720 --> 01:00:07.820 solve this dilemma of where the moon came from. 01:00:07.820 --> 01:00:14.440 842 pounds of rocks and soil total were brought back between 1969 and 1972. 01:00:15.020 --> 01:00:19.300 Harrison Schmidt, a trained geologist, is taking some rock samples in that 01:00:19.300 --> 01:00:19.620 picture. 01:00:20.340 --> 01:00:24.700 But the Apollo missions also installed reflectors that were part of a laser 01:00:24.700 --> 01:00:26.700 ranging system. 01:00:27.680 --> 01:00:33.440 The first reflector was placed on the moon in 1969 by the Apollo 11 astronauts. 01:00:33.440 --> 01:00:38.960 Several additional reflectors were placed by other later Apollo missions. 01:00:39.520 --> 01:00:44.300 The A-11 you see on this was placed by the Apollo 11 crew in the Sea of Tranquility. 01:00:44.760 --> 01:00:48.380 The A-14 and A-15 were additional Apollo placements. 01:00:48.860 --> 01:00:55.740 Those designated with the L letter are from the Russia-France Luna robotic probe 01:00:55.740 --> 01:00:57.320 that also placed some reflectors. 01:00:57.320 --> 01:01:01.800 But the purpose of these was to detect movements of the moon. 01:01:02.300 --> 01:01:11.000 And they would do this by shining a beam of laser pulses on these reflectors from 01:01:11.000 --> 01:01:15.040 the earth, such as from here, from the Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical 01:01:15.040 --> 01:01:15.620 Observatory. 01:01:16.100 --> 01:01:20.100 And by doing this, scientists were able to determine the distance between the earth 01:01:20.100 --> 01:01:23.100 and the moon to an accuracy of just 3 centimeters. 01:01:24.180 --> 01:01:29.740 But what they discovered by doing this was that the moon is moving away from the 01:01:29.740 --> 01:01:33.020 earth at a rate of about 4 centimeters per year. 01:01:34.920 --> 01:01:38.260 However, and I need to explain this in a little detail, otherwise you won't 01:01:38.260 --> 01:01:43.720 understand why the rate of the moon has changed through time, why the rate of 01:01:43.720 --> 01:01:45.920 recession would have been faster back in time. 01:01:46.140 --> 01:01:47.360 So let me explain this a little further. 01:01:47.360 --> 01:01:51.600 Looking back in time, the recession would be faster, but this is because the lunar 01:01:51.600 --> 01:01:54.300 recession is caused by tidal forces. 01:01:54.760 --> 01:01:59.360 The moon is pulling the oceans, creating tides, high tides, right? 01:01:59.640 --> 01:02:05.340 But the tidal bulge is actually pulling back on the moon, which causes it to 01:02:05.340 --> 01:02:05.800 accelerate. 01:02:06.960 --> 01:02:12.060 And because the moon's gravitational force is stronger, the closer you are to it, 01:02:12.060 --> 01:02:17.580 the moon would have caused larger tidal bulges in the distant past, creating 01:02:17.580 --> 01:02:21.060 greater pulling forces, increasing the angular momentum. 01:02:21.660 --> 01:02:26.540 Thus, the moon would have receded at a much greater rate in the distant past, 01:02:26.580 --> 01:02:28.540 shown by the red arrows you see there. 01:02:29.300 --> 01:02:35.500 Here are the calculated distances looking back in time. 01:02:35.500 --> 01:02:39.580 The moon is currently about 240,000 miles away from the Earth, but would have been 01:02:39.580 --> 01:02:43.240 28.4 miles closer a million years ago. 01:02:43.960 --> 01:02:47.760 And although the solar system is believed, again, to be 4.6 billion years old, 01:02:47.760 --> 01:02:51.480 based on the current rate of recession, it would have been in contact with the 01:02:51.480 --> 01:02:55.560 Earth 1.4 billion years ago, based on these calculations. 01:02:55.960 --> 01:02:59.960 Or, if you prefer a graphic illustration... 01:03:00.880 --> 01:03:02.380 There you go. 01:03:02.580 --> 01:03:03.500 There's your graphic. 01:03:03.960 --> 01:03:09.780 Alright, I'm going to give you one other good example here for a young Earth, 01:03:09.900 --> 01:03:15.160 and that's that recently DNA has been found in ancient bacteria. 01:03:16.780 --> 01:03:22.040 In 2000, scientists claimed to have resurrected bacteria they named Lazarus 01:03:22.040 --> 01:03:27.440 bacteria that were discovered in salt crystals conventionally dated to 250 01:03:27.440 --> 01:03:28.580 million years old. 01:03:28.580 --> 01:03:32.960 They found bacteria with DNA that dated 250 million years old. 01:03:33.600 --> 01:03:39.660 They were shocked that the bacteria's DNA were also very similar to modern bacterial 01:03:39.660 --> 01:03:40.100 DNA. 01:03:40.760 --> 01:03:44.720 If the modern bacteria were the result of 250 million years of evolution, 01:03:44.940 --> 01:03:48.780 its DNA should have been very different from this Lazarus bacteria found in these 01:03:48.780 --> 01:03:52.540 salt crystals, based on the known mutation rates of bacteria. 01:03:53.040 --> 01:03:59.340 In addition, scientists were surprised to find that the DNA was still intact after a 01:03:59.340 --> 01:04:02.000 supposed 250 million year time span. 01:04:02.640 --> 01:04:08.060 DNA normally breaks down fairly quickly, even in ideal conditions. 01:04:08.280 --> 01:04:12.980 Even evolutionists agree that DNA in bacterial spores, which is a dormant state 01:04:12.980 --> 01:04:16.420 for bacteria, should last no more than a million years. 01:04:18.280 --> 01:04:22.900 However, the discovery of the Lazarus bacteria is not shocking or surprising at 01:04:22.900 --> 01:04:28.480 all if we are within the expectations of the biblical accounts of a recent creation 01:04:28.480 --> 01:04:29.380 and a global flood. 01:04:32.140 --> 01:04:36.040 Now, I include a lot of evidence for a young earth and a young solar system, 01:04:36.560 --> 01:04:41.160 and I intentionally don't go into the age of the universe, because I believe there's 01:04:41.160 --> 01:04:42.360 questions about this. 01:04:42.680 --> 01:04:46.240 There are a lot of creationist astrophysicists that have done a lot of 01:04:46.240 --> 01:04:49.760 work, and there are age-dating indicators arguing that the universe itself, 01:04:49.760 --> 01:04:53.820 there are certain factors that indicate that it must be very young. 01:04:54.240 --> 01:04:59.760 The absence of supernova remnants in some of these have been used, but I tend to be 01:04:59.760 --> 01:05:06.580 kind of cautious about this, considering especially that much of what God created 01:05:06.580 --> 01:05:07.660 was created fully mature. 01:05:08.780 --> 01:05:14.140 Now, the age of the universe, the vast distance of some of these astronomical 01:05:14.140 --> 01:05:19.980 bodies, the vast distance to some of these other galaxies, is to some people a great 01:05:19.980 --> 01:05:20.860 stumbling point. 01:05:21.400 --> 01:05:25.440 There are a lot of people that assume because these galaxies are reportedly 50 01:05:25.440 --> 01:05:29.320 million light years away, or 100 million light years away, that the earth must also 01:05:29.320 --> 01:05:30.080 be that old. 01:05:31.840 --> 01:05:35.000 Now, I believe that the earth and the universe itself, these other astronomical 01:05:35.000 --> 01:05:41.040 bodies, was created during the creation week, and that these creations occurred 01:05:41.040 --> 01:05:43.440 just 6,000 years ago, as described in the Bible. 01:05:43.440 --> 01:05:47.620 But we have to remember that much of what God created was created fully mature. 01:05:48.760 --> 01:05:53.420 And there are a lot of really intelligent, much more intelligent people than me, 01:05:54.040 --> 01:05:57.440 astrophysicists who are young earth creationists, that have done a lot of work 01:05:57.440 --> 01:06:04.280 in this area to try to understand how God created an ancient universe, but most of 01:06:04.280 --> 01:06:07.640 this work works within the known laws of physics. 01:06:08.480 --> 01:06:11.320 But God does not create within the laws of physics. 01:06:11.800 --> 01:06:16.680 God created the laws of physics to uphold His creation, the power of His Word. 01:06:16.940 --> 01:06:20.700 But God Himself and His acts of creation are not bound by the laws of physics that 01:06:20.700 --> 01:06:23.180 He uses to sustain the creation. 01:06:24.420 --> 01:06:29.800 A really good example of this is when Jesus turned the water into wine. 01:06:31.140 --> 01:06:34.580 I mean, you can't turn water into wine within the known laws of physics. 01:06:35.340 --> 01:06:41.080 And that very act not only defied the laws of physics, but defies time as well. 01:06:41.080 --> 01:06:44.320 And the events that needed to take place for that wine to be there. 01:06:45.220 --> 01:06:49.180 Because none of the events, none of the time that is required for that wine to be 01:06:49.180 --> 01:06:50.100 there ever existed. 01:06:50.860 --> 01:06:53.840 No one planted the grape vines to make those grapes. 01:06:53.960 --> 01:07:00.560 No one cultivated the grapes or harvested them and mashed it into wine. 01:07:00.920 --> 01:07:03.700 None of the time for the fermentation process ever took place. 01:07:03.800 --> 01:07:07.180 None of the events, none of the time ever happened for that wine to be there. 01:07:07.180 --> 01:07:12.620 And the elements, and more importantly, the elements that are needed, that are in 01:07:12.620 --> 01:07:14.380 wine are not present in water. 01:07:15.060 --> 01:07:20.360 You are talking about thermonuclear fusion processes to convert hydrogen and oxygen, 01:07:20.460 --> 01:07:23.880 the elements that are in water, into the vast number of carbon and 01:07:23.880 --> 01:07:26.120 nitrogen and other elements that are there in wine. 01:07:27.140 --> 01:07:30.760 Thermonuclear fusion reactions would have been involved there, defying the laws of 01:07:30.760 --> 01:07:33.960 physics, the heat and energy that are generated by such processes. 01:07:33.960 --> 01:07:37.620 Jesus was not bound by the laws of physics, turning water into wine. 01:07:38.020 --> 01:07:42.120 I don't believe we should be assuming that God was bound by the laws of physics when 01:07:42.120 --> 01:07:42.800 He created the universe. 01:07:43.280 --> 01:07:45.320 He spoke the universe into existence. 01:07:45.560 --> 01:07:50.380 And I think we are kind of foolish to assume we could figure out how He did 01:07:50.380 --> 01:07:51.280 something like that. 01:07:51.640 --> 01:07:55.980 I don't care how smart an astrophysicist is, smart as these guys are, I don't think 01:07:55.980 --> 01:08:00.540 they will ever be able to wrap their minds around how God spoke the universe into 01:08:00.540 --> 01:08:05.520 existence any more than a creationist, organic chemist or winemaker will figure 01:08:05.520 --> 01:08:07.080 out how Jesus turned water into wine. 01:08:07.700 --> 01:08:08.360 It is not possible. 01:08:08.980 --> 01:08:10.740 They will never know how Jesus turned water into wine. 01:08:10.820 --> 01:08:14.400 I don't think we will ever know how God spoke the universe into existence either. 01:08:15.300 --> 01:08:19.080 And it appears that He made it very old, very ancient. 01:08:19.340 --> 01:08:22.640 But remember, much of what God created was created fully mature. 01:08:23.180 --> 01:08:24.680 He created Adam fully mature. 01:08:24.920 --> 01:08:27.660 He created the plants and animals of the Garden of Eden all fully mature. 01:08:27.660 --> 01:08:32.600 And you have to ask yourself, how old was Adam the day He created Adam? 01:08:34.220 --> 01:08:37.760 Was he a 30 year old man the day He created him or was he one day old? 01:08:38.940 --> 01:08:40.640 The argument is He was both. 01:08:42.880 --> 01:08:45.560 Adam, He created him on the first day He created him. 01:08:45.560 --> 01:08:48.380 He is a one day old man but He created him to be 30 years old. 01:08:48.740 --> 01:08:53.480 And if He tried to calculate how old He was, chances are some of those age dating 01:08:53.480 --> 01:08:56.220 indicators would show that He was 30 years old. 01:08:56.220 --> 01:08:58.460 Others might show that He was one year old. 01:08:59.120 --> 01:09:04.980 And so I think with regard to the cosmos itself, that there may very well be age 01:09:04.980 --> 01:09:10.280 dating indicators arguing that just based on the speed of light alone, 186,000 miles 01:09:10.280 --> 01:09:14.160 per second, if the distances to these things are even close to correct, 01:09:14.300 --> 01:09:17.040 then that indicator indicates it is very, very old. 01:09:17.580 --> 01:09:21.960 But also 17 times in the Bible it says that God stretched out the heavens. 01:09:22.860 --> 01:09:29.520 We'll never really know how He spoke something into existence so vast as it is 01:09:29.520 --> 01:09:31.420 and apparently ancient as it is. 01:09:31.540 --> 01:09:34.340 But I don't think we should get all hung up on that either. 01:09:35.100 --> 01:09:39.000 On the age of the universe itself, much of what God created was created fully 01:09:39.000 --> 01:09:39.380 mature. 01:09:39.720 --> 01:09:41.280 Plants and animals in the Garden of Eden. 01:09:41.940 --> 01:09:43.800 And He didn't do that to fool anyone. 01:09:44.460 --> 01:09:47.840 That's one of the criticisms that you often hear by people that hold to an 01:09:47.840 --> 01:09:48.920 ancient earth. 01:09:48.920 --> 01:09:51.180 That God would not lie. 01:09:51.780 --> 01:09:56.660 That the universe must be that old because God would not lie. 01:09:56.820 --> 01:09:58.200 And He wouldn't deceive us. 01:09:59.320 --> 01:10:04.260 But I would argue, was Jesus trying to lie to anyone by turning water into wine? 01:10:04.660 --> 01:10:07.920 Was He trying to deceive anyone by turning that water into wine? 01:10:07.960 --> 01:10:09.460 Was He lying in any way? 01:10:10.220 --> 01:10:14.680 I don't think God was trying to lie to us or deceive us in creating the cosmos. 01:10:14.680 --> 01:10:18.400 A cosmos that may very well be 13.7 billion years old. 01:10:18.900 --> 01:10:22.880 But created 6,000 years ago, the same time He created everything else. 01:10:23.180 --> 01:10:27.100 I don't think He was lying or trying to deceive us by making the universe the way 01:10:27.100 --> 01:10:27.580 He did. 01:10:28.880 --> 01:10:30.980 You ask, why did He do it? 01:10:31.660 --> 01:10:37.980 Why did God make the universe that appears to be that vast and that large and that 01:10:37.980 --> 01:10:40.980 light would take that long to reach us and why did He do it? 01:10:40.980 --> 01:10:46.360 If He wasn't trying to fool us or deceive us, I would ask the same question about 01:10:46.360 --> 01:10:48.000 why Jesus turned the water into wine. 01:10:49.180 --> 01:10:50.040 Why did He do that? 01:10:50.780 --> 01:10:53.460 Was He trying to fool or deceive people at the wedding? 01:10:53.960 --> 01:10:54.800 Why did He do it? 01:10:56.040 --> 01:10:58.020 Why did Jesus turn water into wine? 01:10:58.120 --> 01:11:01.000 I think the answer is to demonstrate His creative power. 01:11:02.220 --> 01:11:03.980 Demonstrate Himself as the Creator. 01:11:04.400 --> 01:11:05.500 And you could argue the same thing. 01:11:05.580 --> 01:11:07.580 That's why God created the cosmos. 01:11:07.580 --> 01:11:11.800 Not because He was trying to fool us or deceive us or make us think that it's 01:11:11.800 --> 01:11:13.100 older than it really is. 01:11:13.280 --> 01:11:15.480 But to declare His creative power. 01:11:15.980 --> 01:11:20.260 The universe itself, the heavens are the only aspect of God's creation that is said 01:11:20.260 --> 01:11:22.300 to declare His glory and His righteousness. 01:11:23.960 --> 01:11:25.840 The heavens declare the glory of God. 01:11:25.920 --> 01:11:27.680 The skies proclaim the work of His hands. 01:11:27.860 --> 01:11:29.700 Day after day they pour forth speech. 01:11:29.820 --> 01:11:31.300 Night after night they reveal knowledge. 01:11:31.920 --> 01:11:32.900 They have no words. 01:11:33.220 --> 01:11:35.440 They have no speech. 01:11:35.520 --> 01:11:36.280 They use no words. 01:11:36.280 --> 01:11:37.440 No sound is heard from them. 01:11:37.500 --> 01:11:39.200 Yet their voice goes out into all the earth. 01:11:39.500 --> 01:11:40.980 Their words to the end of the world. 01:11:41.700 --> 01:11:47.480 There are an estimated 100 billion galaxies with 100 billion stars each. 01:11:48.380 --> 01:11:51.080 And as the psalmist says, He knows them all by name. 01:11:51.960 --> 01:11:52.840 Why did He create it? 01:11:53.120 --> 01:11:56.540 To declare His glory and His righteousness. 01:11:57.340 --> 01:12:00.280 To show us just how awesome and mighty He is. 01:12:00.580 --> 01:12:03.840 Don't get all hung up on the age of the universe itself. 01:12:03.840 --> 01:12:06.960 But with regard to the age of the earth, I think it is important. 01:12:07.100 --> 01:12:12.980 And I think it's important because of what the fossil record means. 01:12:13.220 --> 01:12:14.680 What it represents. 01:12:15.380 --> 01:12:17.460 And what it was always meant to represent. 01:12:17.960 --> 01:12:21.720 And that's a reminder to us about just how much God hates sin. 01:12:22.840 --> 01:12:26.020 It was to be an everlasting memorial to the end of time. 01:12:26.940 --> 01:12:30.560 When we saw those vast layers of rocks, when we saw those fossils, it was to be a 01:12:30.560 --> 01:12:32.980 reminder to us about just how much God hates sin. 01:12:32.980 --> 01:12:35.820 We've kind of lost the fear of God. 01:12:36.480 --> 01:12:38.880 We've forgotten how much He hates sin. 01:12:39.000 --> 01:12:41.700 The modern church has kind of changed the nature of God. 01:12:42.340 --> 01:12:46.180 They avoid all the verses that talk about His hatred of sin and His hatred of 01:12:46.180 --> 01:12:46.580 sinners. 01:12:47.200 --> 01:12:49.720 And we focus on the ones that talk about His love. 01:12:50.620 --> 01:12:57.180 But it should be a terrifying thing to find yourself in the hands of the Almighty 01:12:57.180 --> 01:12:57.660 God. 01:12:58.100 --> 01:13:01.420 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of righteousness. 01:13:02.940 --> 01:13:08.480 It's a healthy thing to remember that God's judgment came in the past, 01:13:08.620 --> 01:13:10.460 and it was a terrible, terrible judgment. 01:13:10.820 --> 01:13:12.740 It destroyed the entire world by flood. 01:13:13.440 --> 01:13:17.840 That's how deep His hatred of sin is, and His hatred of sinners is. 01:13:18.760 --> 01:13:23.380 His judgment came in the past, and there's even a more terrible judgment 01:13:23.380 --> 01:13:24.180 coming in the future. 01:13:24.260 --> 01:13:25.260 We should never forget that. 01:13:25.640 --> 01:13:30.700 And by reinterpreting the fossil record, by arguing that it forms slowly and 01:13:30.700 --> 01:13:33.400 gradually over long periods of time, it's not just proof of evolution, 01:13:33.680 --> 01:13:38.460 that life came about without His creative hand, but it takes away that important 01:13:38.460 --> 01:13:43.980 reminder of His judgment and a reminder of just how much He hates sin, something we 01:13:43.980 --> 01:13:45.420 should never forget. 01:13:47.000 --> 01:13:50.260 Remember, the prophet said himself, As it was in the days of Noah, 01:13:50.400 --> 01:13:52.140 so it will be in the days of the Son of Man. 01:13:53.000 --> 01:13:56.320 They ate, they drank, they married, they were given in marriage until the day 01:13:56.320 --> 01:13:58.980 when Noah entered the ark and the flood came and destroyed them all. 01:14:00.100 --> 01:14:04.260 A judgment happened in the past, it's happening again, but there's only one 01:14:04.260 --> 01:14:05.200 way out. 01:14:05.940 --> 01:14:11.200 Just like God provided a way out for Noah and his family to survive that judgment, 01:14:11.340 --> 01:14:14.160 there's a way out for us to survive the judgment that comes too. 01:14:14.900 --> 01:14:17.380 And that's by repenting of those sins. 01:14:18.060 --> 01:14:20.340 Ask for forgiveness by the blood of Jesus. 01:14:20.460 --> 01:14:22.040 He paid that sacrifice for us. 01:14:22.520 --> 01:14:24.820 But repentance is still a requirement. 01:14:24.820 --> 01:14:28.120 He's very forgiving and will forgive us of those sins. 01:14:29.980 --> 01:14:35.500 And what a terrible thing to know that sacrifice that Jesus made for us and then 01:14:35.500 --> 01:14:36.460 continue to sin. 01:14:37.660 --> 01:14:42.960 God's hatred of sin, I would think His hatred of sin is probably greater now. 01:14:44.220 --> 01:14:49.260 Knowing that He sent His Son to die for us, and that we continue to sin knowing 01:14:49.260 --> 01:14:53.440 that, I would think His hatred of sin is even greater today than it was back then. 01:14:53.440 --> 01:14:56.980 We should never forget how much God hates sin. 01:14:58.140 --> 01:14:59.600 Let me close out in a word of prayer. 01:15:00.980 --> 01:15:02.040 Father, thank You so much. 01:15:02.540 --> 01:15:07.120 We consider the wonderful world that You have made for us, the outstretched cosmos, 01:15:07.280 --> 01:15:10.180 100 billion galaxies and 100 billion stars each. 01:15:10.360 --> 01:15:12.840 Father, what a great and mighty God we serve. 01:15:13.780 --> 01:15:20.060 We bow before You, humbled before You, knowing that we don't know. 01:15:20.060 --> 01:15:27.540 Father, so much information is out there, and we are trying to know the truth, 01:15:27.660 --> 01:15:27.900 Father. 01:15:28.480 --> 01:15:32.720 And we rely upon Your Word for the great insight it can provide us. 01:15:33.200 --> 01:15:39.580 Father, give us wisdom, Father, and help us to be discerning of the truth. 01:15:40.060 --> 01:15:44.000 Help us to be able to read Your Word for the truth that it contains and to inform 01:15:44.000 --> 01:15:48.140 us about the world that we live in and about how we should live, Father. 01:15:48.680 --> 01:15:50.020 Give us wisdom, Father. 01:15:50.100 --> 01:15:54.300 We need it today more than any other time, perhaps, because of all the teachings that 01:15:54.300 --> 01:15:55.120 are out there, Father. 01:15:55.220 --> 01:15:59.880 Help us to find the kernels of truth that are there and wade through all that 01:15:59.880 --> 01:16:01.040 misinformation, Father. 01:16:01.120 --> 01:16:01.840 We need the wisdom. 01:16:02.100 --> 01:16:03.200 We need Your wisdom, Father. 01:16:03.280 --> 01:16:03.740 Help us. 01:16:04.980 --> 01:16:09.140 Father, we bow ourselves before You in humility, knowing that all wisdom comes 01:16:09.140 --> 01:16:11.280 from You, all knowledge comes from You, Father. 01:16:12.560 --> 01:16:15.240 And we are so sorry, Father, for our sins. 01:16:16.460 --> 01:16:21.620 Yeshua, we acknowledge that terrible sacrifice and we ask for You to examine 01:16:21.620 --> 01:16:21.900 us. 01:16:22.000 --> 01:16:25.160 Send Your Holy Spirit to us and convict us of the sins that are in our life. 01:16:26.320 --> 01:16:29.460 Convict us with the conviction that will lead to tearful repentance. 01:16:31.400 --> 01:16:34.580 You told, Father, Your power is made perfect in our weakness, Father. 01:16:34.620 --> 01:16:38.480 And we acknowledge our weakness and we ask for Your power to be made perfect in our 01:16:38.480 --> 01:16:40.160 lives, in our weakness. 01:16:40.760 --> 01:16:42.180 May Your power be made perfect. 01:16:43.100 --> 01:16:44.280 We praise You, Lord. 01:16:44.400 --> 01:16:45.340 We praise You, Lord. 01:16:45.440 --> 01:16:47.420 We honor and glorify You, Father. 01:16:47.560 --> 01:16:52.120 With our praise and with our lives, Father, we dedicate to live a life that 01:16:52.120 --> 01:16:53.420 glorifies and honors You. 01:16:53.800 --> 01:16:55.280 Praise the name of the Lord God. 01:16:55.440 --> 01:16:57.460 Praise the Son of the Lord God, Yeshua. 01:16:58.200 --> 01:17:00.380 We ask all things in Your mighty name. 01:17:00.640 --> 01:17:00.840 Amen.